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Introduction
Lars Ramskold currently works as an independent researcher. Lars has shifted his research from Evolutionary Biology, Paleobiology and Systematics (Taxonomy) to Late Roman History. His current project is 'From Rome to Constantinopolis: deciphering events and ideas underlying Constantine’s founding of Constantinopolis'.
Additional affiliations
August 1979 - June 1991
Publications
Publications (64)
Thermal effects and antibacterial properties of an Nd:YAG laser were studied to establish clinically safe levels of energy to deliver into the root canal and to determine the energy level needed to sterilize infected root canals. The results indicate that lasing cycles of 3 J-s for 15 s followed by a 15-s recovery interval can be continued for prol...
THERE is much interest in the early evolution of metazoans with the restudy of the Middle Cambrian 'soft-bodied' fauna of the Burgess Shale. Several other, newly discovered Cambrian 'soft-bodied' faunas provide a wealth of new data. One of the oldest and best-preserved faunas was discovered in 1984 in Chengjiang in southern China. This fauna is of...
The decision of Constantine the Great to build Constantinopolis, a " new Rome " , on the site of Byzantion profoundly changed the course of history. It is no exaggeration to say that without Constantinopolis, Western civilization would have taken a very different course. The establishment of Constantinopolis de facto prevented the Greco-Roman civil...
In AD 326, Constantine executed his son Crispus and his wife Fausta. A die study of the 5-6 months-long Providentiae bronze coin emission of Constantinopolis indicates that Crispus was eliminated early in the emission. Production possibly ended with the elimination of Fausta, dated here to October or November on the basis of coinage from Ticinum. T...
This study describes an important Roman double-sided imperial lead seal. The front bears the image of an emperor wearing a laureate helmet, flanked by a Chi-Rho and the legend AVG N. The bust is closely comparable to that of Constantine I on coins, and the presence of a both a Chi-Rho and Sol supports our identification of Constantine I. Two furthe...
An enigmatic group of 1/24-pound silver multiples has long been thought to commemorate the vicennalia of Constantine Caesar in 336/337. This study adds the mint of Rome to the list of producing mints but removes Constantinopolis and Nicomedia. Six further mints produced these multiples: Treveri, Arelate, Lugdunum, Aquileia, Siscia, and Thessalonica...
The famous SPES PVBLIC (SP) coin of Constantine I was not a small, special emission but part of the regular coinage. A detailed study of all 45 known genuine SP coins is presented. Several die matches between SP coins and coins outside the type are described, and the original number of dies is calculated. The die matches prove conclusively that the...
This study presents the first evidence for a millennium celebration of the foundation of Byzantion, the city re-named Constantinopolis by Constantine I. An emission of silver donatives consists of miliarense and siliquae carrying the letter M, interpreted here to stand for the 1,000 years celebration, dated here to 333/334 CE. Supplementing the aut...
This study describes all 67 known specimens of Constantine I’s Felicitas Romanorum silver emissions, including fragments and forgeries. These donatives were introduced by Constantine in 323/324 CE and produced until 328/329 CE. Three series are defined, each showing the number of princes recognised at the moment. A chronology is established, showin...
A die link study of all 124 traceable examples of Festival of Isis tokens from the reign of Constantine I is presented. The first “Festival of Isis” issues were struck in 306 CE under the second tetrarchy. After a break during Maxentius’ rule, Constantine revived the concept, and his reign produced a profusion of types. All were struck at the imper...
Festival of Isis tesserae were first struck in 306.
Constantine re-introduced Festival of Isis tesserae for New Year 313 immediately after defeating Maxentius and taking Rome.
Constantine issued tesserae annually 313 – 318. Post-318 tesserae may be restricted to Constantine’s five-year celebrations 320-321, 325-326, and 330-331.
Constantine issued...
The most discussed and controversial of all ancient bronze coins is the so called Pannonian cap coin, discovered in 2003, showing Constantine I wearing a pillbox cap. We have examined every detail of this coin through stereoscopic wet and dry study, physical probing, iconographical analysis, die matching, and two types of radiological analyses: XED...
The most famous and sought after of all coins from antiquity include Constantine the Great's SPES PVBLIC coinage. These small bronze coins were issued 327-328 AD at Constantine's new capital-to-be Constantinopolis. They are the first coins said to carry an unequivocally Christian message from the emperor to his subjects. They are hard to find, and...
Following the end-Ordovician extinction, global clade diversity of Silurian trilobites dropped to about half of Ordovician levels. Although clade diversity failed to recover, this extinc-tion had surprisingly little long-term impact on the number of trilobite species that occupied local habitats (alpha diversity). A new compilation of data from Lau...
Surgical management is intended to eliminate or block infection originating in the root canals. The root end is customarily sealed to prevent pathogenic products remaining in the root canal from reaching the periradicular tissues. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the microbiologic and radiographic outcomes of surgical treatment of periradi...
Cladistic relationships of Trilobita, Naraoiidae (five ingroup taxa), Helmetiida (five ingroup taxa), Xandarellida, and the Cambrian arachnates Retifacies, Sinoburius, Emeraldella, and Sidneyia are investigated based on 29 characters. Documentation of appendage morphology and other ventral structures in Saperion from the Chengjiang fauna permits an...
Odontopleurids are a diverse component of rich silicified trilobite faunas recovered from the Wenlock and Ludlow of the Cape Phillips Formation, central Canadian Arctic. Odontopleurinae and Acidaspidinae are common, but Ceratocephalinae and Koneprusiinae are also represented. This work treats all of the Odontopleurinae, with the exception of the ge...
Cindarella eucalla Chen et al. from the Early Cambrian Chengjiang fauna is the closest relative of Xandarella spectaculum Hou et al. Cindarella and Xandarella are united as Xandarellida, a further component of Cambrian arachnate diversity. Diagnostic of Xandarellida are ventral eyes, a posterior extension of the head shield that covers anterior tru...
Phylogenetically basal, Llandovery parts of the diverse variolaris plexus of encrinurine trilobites havebeen assigned to a grade group, Nucleurus.. Parsimony analysis of 24 exoskeletal characters for adequately known species of Nucleurus and allied post-Llandovery taxa provides a phylogenetic scheme for reclassifying the base of the variolaris plex...
This prospective randomized study compared the outcome of retreatment and surgical intervention in root canal treated teeth with nonhealing periradicular pathosis.
One such tooth from each of 38 patients was randomly allotted to retreatment or root-end resection and root-end filling. Treatment outcome after 1 year was evaluated and compared clinica...
Radiolichas has been a poorly known and exclusively Devonian genus of very limited diversity. Radiolichas raydaviesi sp. nov. and R. davedaviesi sp. nov. are the best-known members of the genus, and extend its stratigraphic and geographic range to the Wenlock of the central Canadian Arctic. A further Silurian occurrence is an unnamed species from t...
The exoskeleton in the Middle Cambrian Burgess Shale arthropod Tegopelte has previously been described as divided into tergites. Evidence from its sister taxon Saperion and from a Naraoia specimen from the Lower Cambrian Chengjiang fauna enables a reinterpretation of the suggested tergite boundaries in Tegopelte as preservational artefacts. They ar...
New interpretations are available from recently published appendages of Eoredlichia intermedia (Early Cambrian Chengjiang fauna), the most primitive trilobite for which appendages are known. The basis (formerly identified as the coxa) is preserved in one appendage. An allegedly long proximal podomere in the endopod is actually subdivided into two a...
THE first chordate recorded from the Early Cambrian is the
ceph-alochordate Yunnanozoon lividum from the 525 million-year-old
Chengjiang fauna. Chordate features of Yunnanozoon are a noto-chord and
an expanded filter-feeding pharynx with an endostyle. Segmented musculature and
metameric branchial arches are shared with cephalochordates and craniate...
The arthropod Fuxianhuia from the Chengjiang fauna displays primitive aspects of cephalic segmentation and trunk limb morphology that indicate a basal position within Euarthropoda. The cephalon consists of an eye-bearing sclerite that articulates with a head shield bearing antennules and subchelate appendages. Eye stalks, antennules, and subchelate...
ABSTRACT - Microdictyon was a soft-bodied onychophoran-like animal, forming a significant component in many Early Cambrian faunas. It was for long known only from disarticulated, mineralized plates. The discovery of the first complete specimens of Microdictyon (Chen et al. 1989) unexpectedly showed that such plates attached to the trunk sides of a...
Alcymene n. gen. comprises a monophyletic group of calymenids known from the Ludlow Series of Sweden and the British Isles. The sister species Alcymene alveus and A. lindstroemi n. gen. and spp. (Hemse Beds, Gotland, Sweden) are most closely related to the type species A. neointermedia (Richter and Richter), which occurs in overlying and underlying...
The microleakage of four retrograde filling materials was compared in vitro. Fifty-three single rooted teeth were instrumentated and root filled with resin chloroform and gutta-percha. The gutta-percha cones were left extruding from the access opening. All teeth were apicected and retrograde fillings placed. The materials used were a non gamma 2 am...
An early Lochkovian trilobite faunule from the Catavi Formation, Cochabamba Department, Bolivia, includesPaciphacops waisfeldae n. sp. andKazachstania gerardoi n. sp. The latter species also occurs in the upper part of the Los Espejos Formation in the Precordillera of San Juan, Argentina,
and the former is sister species toP. argentinus (Thomas 190...
The Chinese Early Cambrian Chengjiang fauna includes three different anomalocaridids, a globally spread, extinct marine group including the largest known Cambrian animals. Anomalocaridids were active predators, and their presence implies that a complex ecosystem appeared abruptly in the earliest Phanerozoic. Complete specimens display several sets...
A group of late Llandovery and, exceptionally, earliest Wenlock encrinurine trilobites from the Baltic area, the British Isles, and Canada, is recognized as monophyletic. The generic nameWallacia Lamont 1978 is available for this group.Wallacia is regarded as sister taxon toEncrinurus sensu stricto. A systematic revision of species from Gotland rec...
A temporary exposure of Middle Llandovery (Aeronian) shales in the Swedish town of Motala has yielded a rich collection of
shelly fauna and graptolites. The shelly fauna is restricted to a thin mudstone band in a graptolitic shale sequence, and
is within theconvolutus Biozone. This mudstone band may be correlated with a similar mudstone in the Kolk...
An onychophoran-like fossil animal, Paucipodia inermis gen. et sp. nov., is described from the Lower Cambrian Chengjiang lagerstatte in Yunnan, China. The animal was soft-bodied, and possessed six pairs of unjointed legs, each having two claws distally. The body was finely annulated, lacked trunk plates, and apparently terminated posteriorly with t...
Acastid trilobites from Ludlow strata on Gotland include three stratigraphically non-overlapping species ofAcastella Reed:Acastella madidipes n. sp. (Hemse Marl and Eke Beds),A. breviceps (Angelin 1851) (Burgsvik Beds), andA. amatrix n. sp. (Hamra Beds, and probably Burgsvik Beds). Type and other material ofA. breviceps (Angelin) from the Klinta Fo...
A revision of the Pterygometopinae from Baltoscandia has revealed that the subfamily is more diverse at the generic level than previously known. New genera are Ingriops, Oelandiops, Upplandiops, and Keilapyge.The earliest species of Achatella are included in the new subgenus A. (Vironiaspis). The new species Oelandiops mirificus, Upplandiops calvus...
Ramskold and Hou (1991) identified Hallucigenia as a member of a previously unrecognized group of Cambrian onychophorans. The previous dorso-ventral orientation was reversed, and the alleged "dorsal tentacle row' was reinterpreted as a row of legs. The other leg row was predicted to be concealed in the rock. The reinterpretation of Hallucigenia has...
Marine animals related to Recent onychophorans form a significant component in Cambrian faunas. Twelve characters are analysed for homologies in the seven best known Cambrian onychophorans. New morphological evidence and homology analyses for several characters indicate an anteroposterior reversal of Hallucigenia and Microdictyon. Proposed expansio...
The first Laurentian records of Pacificurus Ramsköld, 1986 are provided by Pacificus chilorhodus n. sp. (latest Llandovery?–early Wenlock, Mackenzie Mountains, Canada) and Pacificurus sp. A (early Ludlow, northern Maine). These closely related species represent an early divergence (minimally late Llandovery) from Australian/Asian congenerics.
Silurian (Llandovery–Ludlow) Encrinurinae from Wisconsin, Indiana, and Illinois include species of Balizoma Holloway, 1980, Curriella Lamont, 1978, Distyrax Lane, 1988, Encrinurus Emmrich, 1844, Mackenziurus Edgecombe and Chatterton, 1990a, and Nucleurus Ramsköld, 1986. Mackenziurus lauriae n. sp. is described from Wenlock strata of the Racine and...
Abstract A data matrix of 32 characters, with a total of 132 character states and 48 terminal taxa of phacopid trilobites, was analysed using parsimony. The 108 most parsimonious trees have a length of 301 steps and a consistency index of 0.29. Two major clades were found, one including species referred to Acernaspis and one with species referred t...
The Lower Cambrian Chengjiang fauna is reviewed and shown to be closely comparable with the younger Burgess Shale fauna. but with various differences in detail. A diverse group of more or less annulated lobopod animals including ‘armoured lobopods’ are regarded as representatives of the phylum Onychophora. ‘Trilobitomorphs’ include several new type...
A data matrix of 32 characters, with a total of 132 character states and 48 terminal taxa of phacopid trilobites, was analysed using parsimony. The 108 most parsimonious trees have a length of 301 steps and a consistency index of 0.29. Two major clades were found, one including species referred to Acernaspis and one with species referred to Ananasp...
A phylogenetic analysis is performed on all species previously assigned to the odontopleurid trilobite genus Leonaspis. The PAUP analysis shows this genus, as conventionally defined, to be polyphyletic, composed of four groups of equal taxonomie rank. Leonaspis (s.s.) is here restricted to one of these groups only, a monophyletic set of species cha...
The subfamily Koneprusiinae is revised as part of a larger study of the Odontopleuridae, and Laethoprusia gen. nov. is described. The type species L. salax sp. nov. is from the Wenlock of Gotland, Sweden, and the genus is known also from the Wenlock of the Montagne Noire in south France, and from the Lower Devonian of Australia. The type species is...
The systematics of parts of the Odontopleuridae are revised using character analyses tracing homologous structures, and a computerised cladistic analysis. The choice of outgroup is shown to affect the result of the analysis. Several synapomorphies place Selenopeltis, the type genus of the Selenopeltinae Hawle & Corda, 1847 as sister genus to Dicran...
Fortey's and Whittington's recent refutation of Lauterbach's hypothesis of a paraphyletic Trilobita is supported. However, much of the character evidence raised by Fortey and Whittington to substantiate the monophyly of the Trilobita (including, inter alia, "Olenellinae”; and Agnostoidea) is ambiguous. Of seven proposed synapomorphies, only one (do...
New material of early growth stages of the Silurian (Llandovery) trilobite Acernaspis is described. Pre-adult ontogenetic stages of this genus closely resemble adults of the post-Llandovery genus ***Ananaspis. A heterochronic descent of Ananaspis from Acernaspis is proposed. ***Ananaspis is interpreted as pae-domorphic, having arisen largely throug...