Lars Herre

Technical University of Denmark | DTU · Center for Electric Power and Energy

Due to the increased use of variable renewable energy sources, more capacity for reserves is required. Non-generating resources such as thermostatically controlled loads (TCLs) can arbitrage energy prices and provide reserves due to their thermal energy storage capacity. The quantity of reserves depends not only on the aggregate power capacity, but...

Non-generating resources such as thermostatically controlled loads (TCLs) can arbitrage energy prices and provide balancing reserves when aggregated due to their thermal energy storage capacity. An aggregator that wants to quantify this flexibility in order to place optimal bids before gate closure, would be affected by market timing. The market ti...

Various aspects of power system flexibility are evaluated within the multi-country study framework of IEA Wind Task 25. Grid components and actions which have been adopted for enhancing flexibility in different areas, countries, regions are addressed, as well as how Transmission System Operators, Independent System Operators, Utilities intend to ma...

Current reserve procurement approaches ignore the stochastic nature of reserve asset availability itself and thus limit the type and volume of reserve offers. This paper develops a reliability-aware probabilistic approach that allows renewable generators and load ensembles to offer reserve capacity with reliability attributes. Offers with low relia...

Demand side management enables flexible electricity consumers to participate in system services that contribute to enhanced integration of renewable energy sources. The specific market timing, pricing scheme and demand response program decide in which way consumers receive and react to incentives. Aside from pricing, several other parameters were f...

The FLEXGRID project develops a digital platform designed to offer Digital Energy Services (DESs) that facilitate energy sector stakeholders (i.e. Distribution System Operators - DSOs, Transmission System Operators - TSOs, market operators, Renewable Energy Sources - RES producers, retailers, flexibility aggregators) towards: i) automating and opti...

Current reserve procurement approaches ignore the stochastic nature of reserve asset availability itself and thus limit the type and volume of reserve offers. This paper develops a reliability-aware probabilistic approach that allows renewable generators to offer reserve capacity with reliability attributes. Offers with low reliability are priced a...

Local flexibility markets will become a central tool for distribution system operators (DSOs), who need to ensure a safe grid operation against increased costs and public opposition for new network investments. Despite extended recent literature on local flexibility markets, little attention has been paid on how to determine the flexibility request...

To the best of our knowledge, this paper proposes for the first time a design of a continuous local flexibility market that explicitly considers network constraints. Continuous markets are expected to be the most appropriate design option during the early stages of local flexibility markets, where insufficient liquidity can hinder market developmen...

Non-generating resources such as thermostatically controlled loads (TCLs) can arbitrage energy prices and provide balancing reserves when aggregated due to their thermal energy storage capacity. Based on a performed survey of Swedish single- and two-family dwellings with electric heating, this paper quantifies the potential of TCLs to provide reser...

Due to the increased use of variable renewable energy sources, more capacity for reserves is required. Non-generating resources such as large industrial consumers can arbitrage energy prices and provide reserve capacity by exploiting the inherent flexibility in selected industrial processes. A large enough industrial consumer can capitalize on this...

Aggregators of controllable loads can offer flexibility services to different markets. The provision of multiple services to both energy and reserve markets can improve the economic viability of demand response and energy storage systems. In this paper, the day-ahead profit maximization of a risk-averse virtual battery operator providing multiple s...

The imbalance of a balance responsible party is the deviation of its real-time energy use/delivery from its contracted position. Real-time imbalance is today settled in different ways depending on the country and price area. However, the design of the imbalance settlement system can have a high impact on the bidding strategy of a balance responsibl...

System operators have the option to trade balancing reserves among countries and operators. In order to trade balancing reserves with other system operators the markets should be harmonized. While the spot and intraday markets are already harmonized within the Nordics, the balancing markets still display differences. The differences can be subtle,...

Power systems with increasing shares of renewable energy sources require sufficient flexibility sources. One source of flexibility for future power systems is constituted by flexible electric loads. The concept of demand response captures the utilization of demand side flexibility to provide services to the power system. To efficiently exploit dema...

Due to increased use of variable renewable energy sources, more capacity for reserves is required. Non-generating resources such as large industrial consumers can arbitrage energy prices and provide reserve capacity by exploiting the inherent flexibility in selected industrial processes. A large enough industrial consumer can capitalize on this fle...

Electric vehicles (EV) can be considered as energy storage with availability, energy and capacity constraints that can provide flexibility to the power system in the form of balancing products when aggregated. In this paper, we develop a two-stage stochastic optimization problem that maximizes the profit of a risk-averse EV aggregator for bids on t...

A good understanding of forecast errors is imperative for greater penetration of wind power, as it can facilitate planning and operation tasks. Oftentimes, public data is used for system studies without questioning or verifying its origin. In this paper, we propose a methodology to verify public data with the example of wind power prognosis publish...

This report describes the forecasting model which was developed by team “4C” for the global energy forecasting competition 2017 (GEFCom2017), with some modifications added afterwards to improve its accuracy. The model is based on neural networks. Temperature scenarios obtained from historical data are used as inputs to the neural networks in order...

The Nordic power system is facing the challenge of the ongoing decrease of synchronous generation along with increased penetration of inverter based renewable generation leading to reduced system inertia. Meanwhile, the electrification of the transport sector will result in a significant amount of additional electrical loads. However, the electrifi...

This paper proposes a hybrid model for electricity load forecasting. Symbolic regression is initially used to automatically create a regression model of the load. Then the explanatory variables and their transformations that have been selected in the model are used as input in an artificial neural network that is trained to predict the electricity...

The stochastic nature of wind imposes challenges on accurate predictions of wind power generation. A good understanding of the errors that may occur is imperative for greater penetration of wind power into the system, as it can facilitate planning and operation tasks. In this paper, Swedish wind power forecast accuracy over the forecast horizon is...

Advances in communication infrastructure and electric appliances have enabled demand side participation in power system operation. However, the full potential of demand flexibility is yet to be exploited. Existing demand response programs require flexibility in a set time frame from the electricity consumers in reaction to economic incentives. For...

Energy forecasting provides essential contribution to integrate renewable energy sources into power systems. Today, renewable energy from wind power is one of the fastest growing means of power generation. As wind power forecast accuracy gains growing significance, the number of models used for forecasting is increasing as well. In this paper, we p...

Demand Side Management enables flexible electricity consumers to participate in services that contribute to reliable operation of the power system. The specific market, pricing scheme and demand response program decide in which way consumers receive incentives and provide services. The consumers’ response depends on the price and other parameters....

Power systems with a large share of inherently intermittent energy sources require new approaches to system operation. Demand side management is seen as one potential resource for maintaining power balance in a future energy system with large amounts of volatile renewable energy generation. Existing demand response programs require flexibility in a...

Transmission system limits, originating from right-of-way permission processes for new corridors, can be surpassed by erecting new circuits in close proximity, or even on common structures. Especially for long distance bulk power transfer, high voltage direct current technology promises superior features. Adding a circuit to a transmission corridor...