Lars Carlsen

• MSc, PhD, DSc
• Professor at Awareness Center

The 29th Conference of the Parties (COP 29) occurred in Baku, Azerbaijan, in November 2024. The conference’s central topic was Sustainable Development Goal 13 (Climate Action). It has been said that COP 29 developed into a “climate finance COP” to get wealthier countries to finance actions in poorer countries to remedy damage from the effects of th...

Halfway through the fifteen-year period stipulated for the seventeen Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), it is evident that we are still far away from having a sustainable world and even complete compliance with the SDGs will only be a step in the right direction. The present paper reflects, with Earth Overshoot Day and the seventeen SDGs, as sta...

Unlabelled: This is the first systematic investigation of occupational exposure to toxic metals among waste recyclers in municipal waste recycling facilities. Concentrations of heavy metals (HMs) in the blood and urine of exposed recyclers in different jobs were compared to control groups (administrative department), identifying possible work-rela...

Cybersecurity is playing an increasing role in society today. Private individuals and small to medium-sized enterprises often do not have the staffing capacity to install their information security team, including IT administrators, who could protect the enterprise against cyberattacks. A crucial step toward improving the company’s defenses against...

This study conducts a health risk assessment on compounds of BTEX (benzene, ethylbenzene, toluene, and xylene) and PAHs (Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons) in a factory's burnt oil processing and recycling unit in the center of Iran. The Chronic Daily Intake (CDI) of BTEX and PAH compounds and the cancer risk and non-cancer risk indices were determi...

The 2022 Sustainable Development Report provides the data for the so-called Planet pillar, i.e., the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) 6, 12, 13, 14, and 15 that are studied to elucidate the state of simultaneous compliance with these five goals as well as the trends in development for the 193 countries included in the report. To the extent that...

Decision-making, bringing in the opinions of several stakeholders, may be a rather time- and resource-demanding process. Partial order-based methods like generalized linear aggregation (GLA) and average ranking appear as advantageous tools for considering several stakeholders’ opinions simultaneously. The present study presents an approach where st...

Earth Overshoot Day is used as an exemplary case to suggest actions to obtain better compliance between the ecological footprints and biocapacities of the world’s regions. This study was based on the Global Footprint Network’s free public data on Earth Overshoot Day. The analyses of the data applied a partial ordering methodology in combination wit...

The seventeen United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) comprise social, economic, and environmental aspects of sustainability, and as such they can be grouped into five so-called pillars, i.e., People, Prosperity, Planet, Peace, and Partnership. The present study elucidates the relative importance of these pillars for 193 countries and...

Infant mortality in Kazakhstan is six times higher compared with the EU. There are several reasons for this, but a partial reason might be that less than 30% of Kazakhstan’s population has access to safe water and sanitation and more than 57% uses polluted groundwater from wells that do not comply with international standards. For example, nitrate...

Cybersecurity is playing an increasing role in society today. Private individuals and small to medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) often do not have the staffing capacity to install their own information security team, including IT administrators, who could protect the enterprise against cyberattacks. Within the project “Awareness Lab SMEs (ALARM) Info...

Three main indicators, i.e., the net greenhouse gas emissions, the net greenhouse gas emissions from land use and forestry, and the population covered by the Covenant of Mayors for Climate and Energy signatories have been suggested by Eurostat as indicators for the description of the climate action—the Sustainable Development Goal 13. The present s...

Based on the data provided in the 2022 Sustainable Development Report the so-called People pillar, i.e., the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) 1–5 are studied to elucidate the state of compliance as well as the trends in development for the 193 countries included in the report. Data for all five SDGs were analyzed by partial ordering methodology...

Based on the data provided in the 2022 Sustainable Development Report the so-called Prosperity pillar, i.e., the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) 7–11 is studied to elucidate the state of compliance as well as the trends in development for the 193 countries included in the report. To the extent that data for all five SDGs were available partial...

Approximately one-third of the food produced globally—close to 1 billion tons—ends up as waste, and, at the same time, more than 800 million people are undernourished, which makes Sustainable Development Goal 12.3, to halve food waste by 2020, rather ambitious if not illusory. In the present study, data on food waste in households, the food service...

This study aimed to assess the possible non-cancer and cancer risks associated with BTEX in a composite manufacturing plant for the first time. Air samples of BTEX were gathered from the breathing zone of participants based on the method of NIOSH 1501 using an adsorbent tube containing activated coconut charcoal and a pump at the recommended flow r...

Multi-criteria decision analyses (MCDA) for prioritizations may be performed applying a variety of available software, e.g., methods such as Analytic Network Process (ANP) and Elimination Et Choice Translating Reality (ELECTRE III) as recently suggested by Kalifa et al. In addition to a data matrix, usually based on indicators and designed for desc...

Kazakhstan is facing environmental problems with the large amounts of residual prohibited obsolete pesticides. More than 1500 tons of banned, obsolete pesticides and mixtures of unknown composition have been disclosed distributed throughout Kazakhstan in store houses that are abandoned, in partially or completely demolished states. However, these l...

Evaluation by ranking/rating of data based on a multitude of indicators typically calls for multi-criteria decision analyses (MCDA) methods. MCDA methods often, in addition to indicator values, require further information, typically subjective. This paper presents a partial-order methodology as an alternative to analyze multi-indicator systems (MIS...

This paper aims to identify the major determinants of the structural differences in gender equality for EU countries, using tools from partial order theory on a system of 6 indicators, pertaining to the Sustainable Development Goal 5 “Achieve gender equality and empower all women and girls”. The paper analyzes the gender equality partial orders, am...

Hasse diagram technique, based on partial ordering is an advantageous method to analyse complex systems of data such as objects characterized by multi-indicator systems. Beside ordered sequences of objects the theory may reveal the impact of each indicator for the set of order relations, which in general is of high interest. A method to measure the...

The inequality between genders is a problem virtually in all countries. A comparison among 28 nations of the European Union together with a data set corresponding to a population weighted average of all European Union nations is performed for the years 2006, 2010 and 2017, respectively. In order to compare the nations mutually, six indicators out o...

Decent work and economic growth are regarded as essential elements for the sustainable development of countries. Thus, the Sustainable Development Goal No. 8 (SDG 8) is specifically devoted to this. The present paper reports on partial ordering-based analyses of the main indicators for the 27 European member states for their complying with SDG 8. T...

Rating the potential land use for crop production and/or ranching is typically a process where production gains counterbalance environmental losses. Whereas the production gains are often easy to verify, the environmental losses may render visibility through the changes in the ecosystem service, such as water and habitat quality, carbon storage, et...

The possible effect of curcumin as a potential natural cancer treatment drug has been intensively discussed. In the present study the probabilities of a series of curcumin analogues to possess potential as antineoplastic, prostate cancer treatment and anticarcinogenic agents has been studied theoretically applying a selection of quantitative struct...

Stakeholders decisions often are based on the construction of an indicative quantity (a composite indicator), which can be obtained by an aggregation process of a series of single indicators. This aggregation process combines single indicators to one quantity, the composite indicator. In the most simple aggregation technique a weighted sum is appli...

The United Nations’ 17 sustainable development goals (SDGs) were adopted in 2015. Following a 2020 status report of the status and development for 102 countries, for which data for all 17 SDGs for the years 2010, 2015 and 2019 were studied. The analyses were carried out applying partial ordering methodology. Four sets of analyses are reported: 1) a...

The inequality within the 27 European member states has been studied. Six indicators proclaimed by Eurostat to be the main indicators charactere the countries: (i) the relative median at-risk-of-poverty gap, (ii) the income distribution, (iii) the income share of the bottom 40% of the population, (iv) the purchasing power adjusted GDP per capita, (...

The UN Sustainable Development Goal 12, responsible consumption and production, is a key element in a sustainable development of our planet as it is closely linked to the exploitation of renewable and non-renewable resources. The present study focuses on five main indicators selected by Eurostat as key factors for the development of the SDG 12, i.e...

Many decisions in environmental chemistry are based on a set of indicators. The task is, how to extract from them (i.e.in our study: from the resulting data matrix of sites vs metals/metalloids) a composite indicator, also called a synthetic indicator. From the composite indicator in turn a ranking may be derived and decisions can be obtained based...

Partial orders can be a useful interim step, when decisions are to be found within the framework of a Multi-Indicator system. However, the concept of partial order comes to its limit when, due to conflicting values in the data matrix certain the objects can no longer be compared with each other. Alternatively the concept of weighted sums is very of...

Happiness has in the World Happiness Index been described by seven indicators, i.e., GDP per capita, Social support, life expectancy at birth, freedom to make life choices, generosity, perceptions of corruption and the country’s own perception of doing better or worse than the hypothetical country Dystopia, the latter obviously being rather subject...

To compare or rank alternatives is an important step in an alternatives analysis. By applying split-shots as an exemplary case, partial order methodology is shown to be a simple and valuable tool in order to comparing and ranking alternatives. Five possible alternatives to lead split-shots, including, tin, wolfram, bismuth, steel and ceramics have...

Activated carbon (AС) is used in various field of technology as a strong and reliable adsorbent. Often AC is obtained from cheap and affordable materials, e.g., from agricultural waste such as coconut shells, jute, cane sugar bagasse, sawdust, etc. The paper provides a brief overview of the methods for producing AC along with consideration of impor...

Indicators are more and more applied to describe and analyze complex systems. Typical examples: Innovation potential of nations, child-well being, Environmental health, poverty, chemical pollution, corruption of nations. The task is: How can a system of indicators be defined in order to fulfill the above expectations. One possibility is the applica...

Happiness and well-being is closely related. Each year an index is published in a World Happiness Report ranking the countries of the world according to their happiness. Typically this leads to discussions in the media: are we more or less happy than last year? The index is based on seven indicators that by simple arithmetic aggregation are summari...

The United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) includes specific targets addressing factors of importance to reduced gender inequality and promotes gender development. The UN Development Programme (UNDP) has reported on gender inequality and gender development indexes based on available data relating to specific SDGs, the indexes being cal...

The environmental perception in 33 European countries is based on eight indicators: ‘Air Pollution,’ ‘Drinking Water Pollution and Inaccessibility,’ ‘Dissatisfaction with Garbage Disposal,’ ‘Dirty and Untidy,’ ‘Noise and Light Pollution,’ ‘Water Pollution,’ ‘Dissatisfaction to Spend Time in the City’ and ‘Dissatisfaction with Green and Parks in the...

Pollution of water bodies by heavy metals is an acute problem in Kazakhstan. Hence, search for and implementation of sustainable environmental technologies for water purification is of high priority. Activated carbon appears as an appropriate material as reflected in a number of previous studies. Due to a growing interest in low-cost active coals f...

Often objects are to be ranked. However, there is no measurable quantity available to express the ranking aim and to quantify it. The consequence is that indicators are selected, serving as proxies for the ranking aim. Although this set of indicators is of great importance for its own right, the most commonly used practice to obtain a ranking is an...

The Cover Picture shows the Novichok agent A 242 as reported by V. Mirayanov. The agents were developed in Russia by scientists at the GOSSNIIOkhT institute in Moscow (V. S. Mirzayanov, State Secrets. An insider's chronicle of the Russian chemical weapons program, Outskirts, Press, 2009, 604 pages. The photo was generated based on AM1 calculations...

Background The theory of partial order is a branch of Discrete Mathematics and is often seen as pretty esoteric. However, depending on a suitable definition of an order relation, partial order theory has some statistical flavor. Here we introduce the application of partial order for environmental chemistry. Objective We showed that partial order i...

In March 2018 the term Novichok (Hoвичoκ) became publically known following an attempted murder of a former Russian spy in Salisbury, UK. Novichok is the name of a group of nerve agents secretly produced by Russia in the later stages of the Cold War. These compounds were never declared under the Chemical Weapons Convention and very little is known...

Aim and objective: In chemistry, there is a long tradition in classification. Usually, methods are adopted from the wide field of cluster analysis. The present study focusses on the application of partial ordering methodology for the classification of 21 alkyl substituted anilines. Materials and methods: The analyses are based on the concepts fr...

The World Happiness Index is calculated by a simple arithmetic addition of 7 sub-indicators. Such an aggregation is subject to possible compensation effects and may thus hide important information and consequently give a false impression. A posetic-based data analysis allows an evaluation of the data without any presumptions or aggregations leading...

Urban air pollution with benzene, toluene, ethyl benzene and xylenes (BTEX) is a common phenomenon in major cities where the pollution mainly originates from traffic as well as from residential heating. An attempt to rank cities according to their BTEX air pollution is not necessarily straight forward as we are faced with several individual polluta...

Classical measurements of performances are typically based on linear scales. However, in analytical chemistry one scale may be not sufficient to measure items appropriately. However, explorative statistics provide more factors, which all tell their own story about the analytical performance. Partial order methodology offers a possibility to evaluat...

When a mutual ranking of a selection of objects is wanted, an initial step is the development of a multi-indicator system (MIS). Many MCDA concepts, e.g., members of the ELECTRE-family or of the different PROMETHEE versions, are available for obtaining rankings from an MIS. On the one side, a major disadvantage applying these models is the need for...

Poverty can be seen as a multidimensional phenomenon. A one-dimensional measure of poverty serving as a ranking index can be obtained by aggregating the different poverty aspects into a single scalar. Ranking indexes are thought of as supporting political decisions. We propose an alternative view based on simple concepts of partial order theory and...

Partial order methodologies appear as advantageous tools to disclose evaluative trends and developments for time series as, e.g., the fragile states index (FSI). The present study focuses on the variations in the 12 individual indicators of the FSI over the years 2011–2015. The FSI includes in total 178 states and the present study analyzes both th...

The assessment of a series of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) based on partial order methodology is reported using available data from six sites in Yokohama, Japan as an exemplary case. The individual VOCs are mutually ranked according to their importance, the ranking being made both based on the recorded concentration and the concentrations adju...

The major social and human problem today is the extreme number of refugees, e.g., politically determined, from various conflicts zone around the world. The European Union currently discusses the possible distribution and relocation of these refugees among the member states. The European Commission suggested keys to the distribution based on aggrega...

Sustainability has components from the environmental, social and economic sections. In the present study, it is suggested to bring in indicators from different sectors and apply them simultaneously without any form of aggregation. Hence, we apply the carbon dioxide emission, the air concentration of small particles as well as the under-five mortali...

Risk assessment of chemicals consists of eight steps: ‘hazard identification, effects assessment, exposure assessment, risk characterization, risk classification, risk–benefit analysis, risk reduction, and monitoring’. The present study deals with the following steps: exposure assessment, effects assessment, risk characterization, and risk reductio...

Free download link (works till May, 13) - http://authors.elsevier.com/a/1SlqK94qqmsBZ Benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylenes (BTEX) comprise one of the most ubiquitous and hazardous groups of ambient air pollutants of concern. Application of standard analytical methods for quantification of BTEX is limited by the complexity of sampling and samp...

Concentrations of selected organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), i.e., 4,4ʹ-dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (p,pʹ-DDT), its metabolites (p,pʹ-DDE, p,pʹ-DDD), and hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs), have been determined in 100 soil samples collected from a contaminated site centered around a former storehouse in the Kyzyl Kairat village, Almaty region, Kazak...

The role of data noise is analyzed for a pair of objects and m indicators (m > 1) with respect to order relations. A general probability scheme is developed and by specifying a noise-model and a distribution for noisy values explicit expressions are derived. These expressions allow an a priori estimation at which noise level effects the order relat...

A priori in partial ordering methodology the input data are understood as exact and true values, which is denoted as the "original data matrix". As such even minor differences between values are regarded as real. However, in real life data are typically associated with a certain portion of noise or uncertainty. Hence, introducing noise may cause ch...

The present paper reviews data analysis applying partial order methodology. Hence, in addition to a short introduction to the basics of partial ordering a series of central tools of partial order methodology is presented and discussed based on exemplary studies applying a dataset comprising 12 obsolete pesticides characterized by their environmenta...

The presence of various agents, including humic materials, nanomaterials, microplastics, or simply specific chemical compounds, may cause changes in the apparent persistence, bioaccumulation, and/or toxicity (PBT) of a chemical compound leading to an either increased or decreased PBT characteristics and thus an increased or decreased hazard evaluat...

Poverty can be seen as a multidimensional phenomenon described by a set of indicators, the poverty components. A one-dimensional measure of poverty serving as a ranking index can be obtained by combining the component indicators via aggregation techniques. Ranking indices are thought of as supporting political decisions. This paper proposes an alte...

When facing necessary remediation actions a series of potential technologies may be considered. Typically the eventual selection of the more appropriate remediation technology cannot be made based on a single indicator. Thus, the analysis turns into a multi-criteria decision analysis and an initial step is consequently the development of a multi-in...

Classical measurements of performances are typically based on linear scales. However, in analytical chemistry a simple scale may be not sufficient to analyze the analytical performance appropriately. Here partial order methodology can be helpful. Within the context described here, partial order analysis can be seen as an ordinal analysis of data ma...

Decision making is to an increasing extent supported by multi-criteria decision analysis (MCDA) software. Especially when a ranking of objects (chemicals, geographical units, nations, strategies etc) is wanted, an initial step is the development of a multi-indicator system (MIS). One of the famous MCDA concepts to obtain a ranking from MIS is reali...

The article represents new method for discovery of adulterated cognacs and brandies based on solid-phase microextraction (SPME) in combination with gas chromatography – mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The work comprised optimization of SPME parameters (extraction temperature and time, concentration of added salt) with subsequent analysis of authentic sa...

Chloromethane, accounting for approximately 16% of the tropospheric chlorine, is mainly coming from natural sources. However anthropogenic activities, such as combustion of biomass may contribute significantly as well. The present study focuses on the thermal solid state reaction between pectin, an important constituent of biomass, and chloride ion...

Simple elements of partial order theory appear helpful for a causal analysis in the context of ranking. The Hasse diagrams may seem as a confusing system of lines and a high number of incomparabilities. Thus, they indicate that metric information may be lost, but, on the other side partial order tools offer a wide variety of additional information...

When newer compilations of decision support methods are examined, partial order methods as a central methodological aspect are rarely found. This is strange, since the role of multi-indicator systems is worldwide increasing. Multi-indicator systems induce in a natural manner partial orders. Why is partial order not seen as that important tool? The...

Often from multi-indicator system (MIS), a composite indicator is derived by applying weighted sums of the single indicators. The eventual ranking being based on composite indicator yields a total (linear) ranking. In contrast, partial order ranking constitutes an alternative approach where assumptions about linearity or distribution of the indicat...

Transformation products (TPs) of 1,1-dimethylhydrazine (DMH), a highly toxic and reactive rocket fuel, are of huge fundamental and practical interest to scientists working in the field of chemical transformations in the environment. Due to the high reactivity of 1,1-DMH, its transformation occurs in a series of chemical reactions. This chapter desc...

The chemical or microbiological degradation or transformation of the primary pollutant may lead to a series of transformation products (TPs) that may well constitute an additional environmental and human health risk to that posed by the primary pollutant. The environmental pollution by rocket fuel residues following launches of heavy rocket carrier...

The role of indicators to measure trends in every area of interest is increasing. Especially in the field of politics and sociology, where modeling based on multiple indicators typically is difficult, multi-indicator systems call for attention. Multi-indicator systems are most often the first step to derive a ranking indicator. Correspondingly ther...

When partial orders are applied on data matrices in order to perform a ranking then incomparabilities may appear, i.e., directed graphs have vertices, which are not connected and therefore not in a mutual ranking relation. Consequently, often partial order is not considered as a decision support system but rather as an analytical tool to explore da...

"Multi-indicator Systems and Modelling in Partial Order" contains the newest theoretical concepts as well as new applications or even applications, where standard multivariate statistics fail. Some of the presentations have their counterpart in the book; however, there are many contributions, which are completely new in the field of applied partial...

The software PyHasse is an elaborated “experimental” software for ordinal analysis of data matrices. PyHasse is based on the interpreter programming language Python. A brief introduction to the programming language Python is given and the general principles behind PyHasse are outlined. An actual overview about PyHasse (status, April 2013) is provid...

Studies on fate and toxicity are important aspects in environmental impact assessments of chemicals. In order to elucidate “what is worst” a ranking of the chemicals under investigation is of significant interest, which obviously constitutes a multi-indicator system (MIS). Partial order methodologies turn out to be advantageous tools for analyses o...

Adulteration of alcoholic beverages in Kazakhstan and many developing countries around the world is a wide-spread problem causing health risks to population. For law enforcement agencies, forensic examination of actual products is generally the only tool to obtain proper evidence against responsible individuals and companies. Solid-phase microextra...

Headspace solid phase microextraction (HS-SPME) in combination with gas chromatography and mass-spectrometry (GC/MS) was studied for analysis of water samples. The organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), p,p'-DDT, p,p'-DDD, and p,p'-DDE were collected and analyzed by GC/MS. To select of effective fiber coatings four types of SPME fibers were examined and...

Associated petroleum gas (APG) is a form of natural gas, which is found associated with oil deposits. These gasses have traditionally been considered as unwanted byproducts in connection with oil exploitation. For decades the practice of flaring has been applied. However, this practice is highly controversial as it is environmentally polluting and...

The air quality of Almaty, the largest city in Kazakhstan, has been assessed applying the DPSIR (Driving forces, Pressures, Sate, Impacts, Responses) approach as overall framework. The paper focuses on the traffic component that is responsible for approx. 80% of the air pollution in the city. Further factors comprise power plants, minor industrial...

In our research, three fall places of first stages of Proton rockets have been studied for the presence and distribution of transformation products of 1,1-dimethylhydrazine (1,1-DMH). Results of identification of transformation products of 1,1-DMH in real soil samples polluted due to rocket fuel spills allowed to detect 18 earlier unknown metabolit...

The paper of Huang, Keisler and Linkov (HKL) (Huang et al., 2011) has motivated us to this note about the relation between ranking procedures and Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA) tools. The key concept in the HKL-paper is in our eyes the 'trade-off'. A 'trade-off' seems necessary, when conflicting indicator values are present. HKL stress tha...

Formaldehyde dimethylhydrazone (FADMH) is one of the important transformation products of residual rocket fuel 1,1-dimethylhydrazine (1,1-DMH). Thus, recent studies show that FADMH toxicity is comparable to that of undecomposed 1,1-DMH. In this study, a new method for quantification of FADMH in water based on solid phase microextraction (SPME) in c...

Comparison of objects characterized by a multitude of criteria will typically not lead to a linear order, but to a partial order. However, often a linear order is desirable or even required. The present paper presents an improved – extended – approximate local partial order model to estimate a weak or linear order based on averaged ranks of the stu...

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.

The paper describes a novel SPME-based approach for sampling and analysis of transformation products of highly reactive and toxic unsymmetrical dimethylhydrazine (UDMH) which is used as a fuel in many Russian, European, Indian, and Chinese heavy cargo carrier rockets. The effects of several parameters were studied to optimize analyte recovery. It w...

IntroductionMass SpectrometryFragmentation ProcessesRearrangements of Molecular IonsSkeletal RearrangementsReferences

Introduction Mass Spectrometry ( MS ) Ionization Nitro Compounds Nitroso compounds

The mutagenic effect of the rocket fuel 1,1-dimethyl hydrazine has been studied experimentally and compared to the well-recognized mutagene N-nitroso dimethylamine. The manifestation of the effect for both compounds was disclosed through a significant increase in the chromosome aberration frequency in the bone marrow cells of intoxicated rats. The...

The often observed scarcity of physical-chemical and well as toxicological data hampers the assessment of potentially hazardous chemicals released to the environment. In such cases Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationships/Quantitative Structure-Property Relationships (QSAR/QSPR) constitute an obvious alternative for rapidly, effectively and in...

The possible impact of the rocket fuel 1,1-dimethyl hydrazine (heptyl) (1) and its transformation products on human health has been studied using (Quantitative) Structure Activity/Toxicity ((Q)SAR/(Q)STR) modelling, including both ADME models and models for acute toxicity, organ specific adverse haematological effects, the cardiovascular and gastro...

The fate of di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP) is modeled in Roskilde fjord, Denmark. The fjord is situated near Roskilde, which comprises 80,000 PE, various industries, a central wastewater treatment plant, and adjacent agricultural fields. Roskilde fjord is thus a suitable recipient for studying the transport and fate of DEHP, which is used in a va...

This review summarizes the use of partial order ranking (POR) techniques for the assessment of chemicals. Simple partial order ranking may advantageously be applied to give the single chemicals investigated an identity in relation to other substances. Thus, it constitutes an effective tool for the prioritization of chemicals, e.g., based on their P...