Larry Muzio

Energy Research Company (ERCo) | ERCo

Ammonium bisulfate (ABS) forms in coal-fired power plant exhaust systems when ammonia slip from the NOx control system reacts with the sulfur oxides and water in the flue gas. The critical temperature range for ABS formation occurs in the air preheater, where ABS is known to cause corrosion and pluggage that can require unplanned outages and expens...

Ammonium bisulfate (ABS) can form in the air preheater of coal-fired power plants when the ammonia injected for selective catalytic reduction or selective non-catalytic reduction of NOxreacts with SO3formed from the sulfur in the coal. Ammonium bisulfate is a sticky condensate, and accurate determination of its formation temperature can help preven...

The amount of unburned carbon in ash is an important performance characteristic in commercial boilers fired with pulverized coal. Unburned carbon levels are known to be sensitive to fuel selection, and there is great interest in methods of estimating the burnout propensity of coals based on proximate and ultimate analysis--the only fuel properties...

The Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI) is now releasing v. 2.2 of the NO X LOI Predictor, a software tool that predicts pulverized fuel (p. f.) quality impacts on NO X emissions and loss-on-ignition (LOI). This Windows ®-based package can either be used for stand-alone calculations or within VISTA™, EPRI's comprehensive fuel quality impact so...

Requirements for reduced NOx emissions have required that emissions reduction technologies move beyond combustion controls alone. Post combustion NOx control technologies that are being applied to coalfired utility boilers include selective non catalytic reduction (SNCR), selective catalytic reduction (SCR), and combined SNCR/SCR systems (hybrid SN...

EPRI has developed the NO x LOI Predictor software to aid utilities in assessing the impact of coal changes on NO x and LOI emissions. Version 1.1 of the software has been available for approximately one year, with over sixty copies throughout the utility industry. Using conventional coal properties (proximate and ultimate analysis) along with NO x...

Research in NOx formation and control has advanced significantly since Zeldovich first postulated the thermal NO formation mechanism in 1943. This paper reviews the history of NOx control implementation over this time period, with an emphasis on the role that research has played on NOx control technology, development and implementation. The discuss...

The main objective of the research work is to develop technically feasible and potentially low cost processes to decompose NHâ present in coal gases at high temperatures upstream of the gas turbine. Specific objectives of the work include development of NH3 decomposition processes applicable to both air-blown and oxygen-blown coal gasification-base...

Public Service Company of Colorado (PSCo), in cooperation with the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) and the Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI), is testing the Integrated Dry NOx/SO2 Emissions Control System. This system combines low-NOx burners, overfire air, selective non-catalytic reduction (SNCR), and dry sorbent injection with humidificati...

Direct N2O emissions from fossil fuel combustion have previously been reported to be equivalent to 25–40% of the NOx levels. At these levels, fossil fuels have been suggested to be a major anthropogenic source of N2O. Recent tests have shown these measurements to be in error, most of the N2O having been formed by reaction between NOx, SO2, and H2O...

This report describes a full-scale demonstration of the injection of dry sodium sesquicarbonate and sodium bicarbonate reagents into flue gas upstream of a fabric filter for flue gas desulfurization (FGD). The demonstration was performed at the City of Colorado Springs' R. D. Nixon plant in Fountain, Colorado. This project was separated into two di...

Acoustic pyrometry determines flue gas temperature by measuring the speed of sound along an unobstructed line of sight through the gas. Since the speed of sound varies with the square root of the temperature, temperature can be determined by calculating the distance along the line of sight and the transit time of a sound pulse. Recent tests sponsor...

An artifact in the use of grab sampling techniques for the measurement of N/sub 2/O emissions from fossil fuel combustion has been identified. Storing combustion products containing SO/sub 2/, NO/sub x/ and water for periods as short as two hours can lead to the formation of several hundred parts per million of N/sub 2/O where none originally exist...

An artifact in the use of grab sampling techniques for the measurement of N2O emissions from fossil fuel combustion has been identified. Storing combustion products containing SO2, NOX and water for periods as short as two hours can lead to the formation of several hundred parts per million of N2O where none originally existed. The amount of N2O fo...

A model reactor is used to investigate the extent to which the overall performance and detailed flowfield structure of a non-premixed swirl-stabilized distributed reaction are sensitive to modest changes in inlet conditions (e.g., fuel injection angle, inlet geometry, and swirl vane solidity). Measurements of combustor performance are based on exha...

A compact, optical probe was developed to provide on-line, in situ particle measurements in large scale, high temperature applications. Demonstration tests at the Watson Power Plant were arranged by Southern Company Services. The optical probe was used to obtain measurements of particle concentration, size, and velocity in the furnace (1330°C) and...

An artifact in the use of sampling containers for the measurement of nitrous oxide emissions from fossil fuel combustion has been identified. The storage of moist combustion products containing SO2 and NO for periods as short as 2 hours can lead to the formation of several hundreds of parts-per-million of N2O in the sample containers where none ori...

A compact, optical probe (PCSV-P) was developed to provide on-line, in situ particle measurements in large scale combustors. Southern Company Services arranged for a test series of the probe at the Watson Power Plant in Gulfport, Mississippi. The PCSV-P obtained measurements of particle concentration, size, and velocity in the furnace (1330/degree/...

The injection of dry alkaline compounds into the furnace or post-furnace regions of utility boilers to reduce SO/sub 2/ is currently under development as a lower cost option to conventional flue gas desulfurization technology. Part I of this paper focused on the science and process development of the various dry sorbent technologies. Part II will a...

The injection of dry alkaline compounds into the furnace or post-furnace regions of utility boilers to reduce SO2 is currently under development as a lower cost option to conventional flue gas desulfurization technology. Part I of this paper focused on the science and process development of the various dry sorbent technologies. Part II will address...

The utility and industrial sectors continue to come under pressure from both national and local regulatory groups to reduce sulfur dioxide emissions. With a trend in the utility industry for life extension, retrofit technologies are likely to play an important role in any SO2 emission reduction strategy. Potential retrofit technologies include, sin...

Ammonia-based selective catalytic reduction (SCR) has been proposed as a means of reducing NO/sub x/ emissions from coal-fired utility boilers well below current federal standards. EPRI is conducting a technical evaluation of the SCR process on a 5000 scfm pilot-scale facility at the EPRI Arapahoe Test Facility. The pilot-scale system treats a 5000...

The primary objective of the initial research given in this paper has been to experimentally validate the proposed fiber optic concept, and to define the optimum optical configuration for the HOP, consistent with user requirements and practical design constraints. A theoretical analysis of the optimum optical geometry is performed, followed by meas...

Increasingly stringent pollution control requirements for new power plants have nearly doubled the cost of producing electricity. The capital, operating and maintenance costs of wet flue gas desulfurization (FGD) systems are major, and considerable interest is currently being given to less expensive dry systems. One attractive alternative to wet sc...

Combustion tests of a two-stage coal liquefaction (TSL) residual fuel oil were performed at a laboratory scale to evaluate the combustion and emission characteristics of the fuel. The fuels used in the evaluation were produced by EPRI's Coal Liquefaction Development Facility located at Wilsonville, Alabama. Initially, testing was performed with a b...

The objectives of the program were (1) to demonstrate the level of SO//2 removal attainable on a full-scale utility system under typical operating conditions; and (2) to assess the impact of nahcolite injection on the operation of the fabric filter. For a comparable sodium injection rate, trona was not as effective in removing sulfur dioxide as nah...

Method of reducing nox in fuel rich combustion effluents is provided comprising introducing urea at temperatures in excess of about 1900* F. In the presence of excess fuel, wherein said urea is introduced either as a solid or solution in amounts sufficient to reduce the nox concentration.

Several regulatory changes that are at or nearing the proposed rule stage are likely to influence requirements for the control of nitrogen oxide emissions from power plants. The pending changes, all mandated by the 1977 Amendments to the Clean Air Act, include the possible requirement for a short-term ambient standard for NO/sub 2/, prevention of s...

A number of coal liquefaction processes have reached a state of development where limited quantities of the fuels are becoming available for testing. An experimental study was conducted to determine their combustion and emission characteristics. In particular, the tests sought to determine (1) the effect of compositional changes on the combustion a...

Combustion process modificationss to limit NO//x formation are currently a proven means to control NO//x emissions from coal-fired utility boilers. This technology is generally considered to be isolated from other environmental controls and to have no impact on their design or operation. Regulatory trends toward further significant reductions in NO...

Method is claimed for reducing NO/sub x/ in combustion effluents by introducing urea at elevated temperatures in the presence of oxygen, either as a solid or solution in amounts sufficient to reduce the NO/sub x/ concentration. Conveniently, the urea may be introduced as a solid powder or as a solution in a hydroxylic solvent, at temperatures in ex...

The selective homogeneous gas-phase reduction of nitric oxide with ammonia is a promising approach for the control of nitric oxide emissions from combustion sources. A laboratory study at a scale of 3,000,000 Btu/hr was conducted to evaluate the process in coal-fired power plants. Four coals (Utah bituminous, New Mexico subbituminous, Illinois bitu...

The gas-phase decomposition of NO in combustion products by H 2 , CH 4 , C 2 H 6 , CO, NH 3 , and amines was studied over temperatures ranging from 700°K to 1930°K and over a wide range of excess oxygen levels, initial NO levels, and ratios of secondary fuel to initial NO. The NO-reduction tests were conducted in a 58.6 kJ/sec (200,000 Btu/hr) plug...

The use of combustion modification has enabled many utility boilers to meet the emission standards for NOx . Its usefulness in reducing NOx emissions from industrial boilers (ranging from 11 GJ/hr to 528 GJ/hr) has been investigated during a recently completed field test program. The gaseous and particulate emissions from coal, oil, and natural-gas...

Control of the emissions of oxides of nitrogen from conventional utility boilers continues as an environmental problem facing electric utilities. Present control techniques to limit oxides of nitrogen emissions entail combustion modifications which minimize oxygen availability or reduce peak flame temperatures. An alternative to limiting the format...

Emission-absorption techniques in both the ultraviolet and infrared regions of the spectrum were used to measure the temperature of the combustion gases in the cylinder of an operating reciprocating engine. Measurements in the infrared yield results believed to be within 100°K of true temperatures Measurements in the ultraviolet region at 3064 A yi...

The use of chemical kinetic calculations to predict the formation of nitric oxide in spark ignition engines and gas turbine combustors is reviewed. Although the basic chemical kinetic mechanism is the same in both cases, differences in thermodynamics and fluid mechanics account for different NO emission levels. In spark ignition engines it is neces...

Theoretical and experimental investigation has shown that spark ignition engine fuel composition can have a profound influence on exhaust content of potential air pollutants. Carbon monoxide and nitric oxide are two of these products of engine combustion which were studied. Considered were alcohols, hydrogen, ammonia, so-called reformed hexane, and...

A full scale demonstration of the dry removal of SOâ with nahcolite (naturally occurring sodium bicarbonate) was conducted at Public Service Company of Colorado's Cameo Unit No. 1. This is a 22 MW coal-fired boiler retrofitted with a fabric filter. In the dry SOâ removal process nahcolite is pulverized and injected into the flue gas stream ahead of...

The Residual Oil Users' Guidebook concerns the operation, performance, and emissions of oil-fired utility boilers. It was prepared to assist utilities in addressing technical issues associated with the handling, storage, and combustion of residual oil. Since efficient fuel utilization and boiler performance are directly dependent upon achieving com...

The suspension burning investigation was conducted in a horizontal laboratory boiler firing at a nominal heat input of 440 kW. The boiler had been modified to simulate large utility boilers and was further modified to investigate co-firing and tri-firing of coal, RDF, and hazardous liquids. Criteria emissions were obtained for a large number of co-...

A guidebook has been structured to assist utilities in addressing the technical issues associated with conversion of boilers, gas turbines, and diesel engines from conventional petroleum fuels, or natural gas, to methanol. To the extent possible, the information contained in this guidebook is drawn from direct utility experience with methanol. This...

This is the fifth volume of a six-volume reference set designed to provide information required by electric-utility readers to contend with several pending NO/sub x/- related regulatory changes. This volume describes available emissions control technologies for both utility and non-utility combustion devices which are significant sources of NO/sub...

The DOE sponsored Integrated Dry NOâSOâ Emissions Control System program, which is a Clean Coal Technology III demonstration, is being conducted by Public Service Company of Colorado. The test site is Arapahoe Generating Station Unit 4, which is a 100 MWe, down-fired utility boiler burning a low sulfur Western coal. The project goal is to demonstra...

The DOE sponsored Integrated Dry NOâ/SOâ Emissions Control System program, which is a Clean Coal Technology M demonstration, is being conducted by Public Service Company of Colorado. The test site is Arapahoe Generating Station Unit 4, which is a 100 MWe, down-fired utility boiler burning a low-sulfur Western coal. The project goal is to demonstrat...

An instrument to measure the coking tendency of fuel oils has been developed in a project sponsored by the Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI), Empire State Electric Energy Research Corporation (ESEERCO), and Consolidated Edison Company of New York. The instrument, referred to as the HOT FOIL[trademark] Coking Index instrument, is based upon a...

An experimental study was conducted to characterize a process designed to remove SOâ by injecting a dry sodium-based sorbent into the flue gas stream ahead of a fabric filter baghouse. The experimental system consisted of a pulverized coal-fired combustor which fired a 0.45 percent sulfur western coal and produced a flue gas flow rate of about 2500...

A potential approach to the control of nitric oxide in utility boilers, in addition to modification of the combustion process, is the selective homogeneous gas-phase reduction of nitric oxide with ammonia. A laboratory study at a scale of 3,000,000 Btu/hr was conducted to evaluate the applicability of ammonia injection for the reduction of nitric o...

The repowering of existing utility steam boilers with a combustion gas turbine to supply hot vitiated combustion air to the windbox of a fired boiler, in place of the normal forced draft fans and air preheaters, can lead to increased power output at improved heat rates. A major consideration in converting to combined cycle operation is the impact o...

The second phase of a full scale demonstration of the integration of the dry injection of sodium sorbents coupled with a fabric filter baghouse was conducted at Public Service Company of Colorado's Cameo Unit 1, a 22 MW coal-fired utility boiler equipped with an eight compartment baghouse. An initial test series conducted in 1980 had demonstrated t...

The attractiveness of dry SOâ removal processes may be enhanced if NOâ could be removed along with SOâ using a single dry sorbent. A modified hydrate was developed that simultaneously removes SOâ and NOâ. The hydrate is prepared by hydrating quicklime, CaO, with a urea water solution. Pilot-scale results of injecting this single dry lime-urea hydra...

The DOE sponsored Integrated Dry NOâSOâ Emissions Control System program, which is a Clean Coal Technology III demonstration, is being conducted by Public Service Company of Colorado. The test site is Arapahoe Generating Station Unit 4, which is a 100 MWe, down-fired utility boiler burning a low sulfur western coal. The project goal is to demonstra...

The report gives results of testing 19 coal, oil, and gas-fired industrial boilers to determine their normal emissions and the effectiveness of combustion modifications in reducing NO(x) emissions without increasing the emission of particulates and other pollutants. Combustion modifications investigated were: reducing excess air, recirculating flue...

The DOE sponsored Integrated Dry NOâ/SOâ Emissions Control System Program, is a Clean Coal Technology III demonstration, being conducted by Public Service Company of Colorado. The test site is Arapahoe Generating Station Unit 4, a 100 MWe, down-fired utility boiler burning a low-sulfur Western coal. The project goal is to demonstrate up to 70 perce...

Various technologies are available to control NOx from fossil fuel-fired power plants, ranging from combustion and operational modifications to post-combustion selective catalytic NOx reduction. One potentially attractive option for gas- and oil-fired power plants is selective noncatalytic reduction (SNCR). SNCR appears capable of reducing NOx in t...

Experimental testing of pulverized coal-fired two-stage combustion has been carried out to study the fundamental processes that govern the reduction of nitrogen oxides (NO/sub x/) emissions during staged combustion of pulverized coal. These tests were conducted in a 0.5 million Btu/hr vertically downward-fired furnace designed to simulate the combu...

A method for simultaneously reducing sulfur and nitrogen oxides from a gaseous oxygen containing stream at a temperature of at least about 400°F is described comprising: introducing into the stream at a predetermined ratio as a sorbent for the sulfur and nitrogen oxides, a composition comprising hydrated lime and a carboxamide in an amount suffici...

The current work addressed the potential of NâO production from two NOâ reduction techniques: selective non-catalytic NOâ reduction (SNCR processes) and reburning with pulverized coal. The effects of SNCR processes (utilizing ammonia, urea, and cyanuric acid injection) and reburning processes (with bituminous and lignite coals) upon NOâ and NâO lev...

A guidebook has been structured to assist utilities in addressing the technical issues associated with conversion of boilers, gas turbines, and diesel engines from conventional petroleum fuels, or natural gas, to tar sands and shale oil-derived fuels. To the extent possible, the information contained in this guidebook is drawn from direct utility o...

An important step in starting up an SCR system is tuning the AIG to obtain uniform NH 3 /NO x ratios across the catalyst. In addition, it is also of interest to assess the velocity distribution across the catalyst surface. FERCo utilizes a technique involving NO x measurements alone at the catalyst exit to characterize the NH 3 /NO x distribution a...

Increased interest in developing ac-ceptable methods for recovering usable e n e r g y f r o m m u n i c i p a l w a s t e h a s brought about the need to investigate potential emissions from three combus-tion modes which could be used in burning refuse-derived fuels (RDF). Laboratory-scale experimental studies were carried out to evaluate fuel/com...

The primary parameters affecting NO, reduction performance of SNCR processes Include injedon temperature and the chemical NINO, molar ratio. Previous work showed that SNCR performance was also dependent upon initial NO, levels. This is of concern for future applications to oil-and gas-fired systems, where initial NO, levels of 30 to 100 ppm may be...

In the 25 years since the first commercial installations in Japan, SCR technology has evolved in response to changing application conditions. For example, present-day catalysts feature thinner walls, improved mass transfer and activity, and better poison resistance than earlier generation products. Additionally, catalyst management strategies frequ...

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of California, Berkeley, 1970. Includes bibliographical references. Photocopy.