Larry George Campbell

United States Department of Agriculture | USDA · Agricultural Research Service (ARS)

Germplasm lines with resistance to the sugarbeet root maggot (SBRM) have been developed and released to the public, providing a means to generate hybrids with resistance against the most devastating insect pest of sugarbeet in North America. Effective use of this germplasm, however, requires knowledge of relative strengths of SBRM resistance betwee...

It is generally acknowledged that sugarbeet has a narrow genetic base and that genetic diversity is necessary for continued improvement. However, introgression of wild beet germplasm into sugarbeet requires considerable time and resources to recover the root shape, yield, and sucrose concentration of current adapted cultivars. This report describes...

Sugarbeet root maggot is a major insect pest of sugarbeet in many North American production areas. Chemical insecticides are the primary control method. Host-plant resistance that provides consistent reliable control would provide both an economical and an environmentally favorable alternative to complete dependence on chemical insecticides. This r...

Although respiration is the principal cause of the loss of sucrose in postharvest sugarbeet (Beta vulgaris L.), the internal mechanisms that control root respiration rate are unknown. Available evidence, however, indicates that respiration rate is likely to be controlled by the availability of respiratory substrates, and glycolysis has a central ro...

The two stages of potato tuber wound healing, closing layer formation (CLF) and wound periderm formation (WPF), have critical biological differences. The first stage, CLF, involves early induction of DNA synthesis and nuclear division in the absence of cell division. The transition phase from CLF to the second stage, WPF, is marked by a transient d...

While soil nitrogen deficiencies will result in a significant reduction in root yields of sugarbeet, excessive nitrogen will increase the concentration of impurities that interfere with sucrose extraction, decrease sucrose concentration, and reduce the overall value of the crop. Almost all recommendations for nitrogen management attempt to optimize...

F1030 (Reg. No. GP-288, PI 671774), F1031 (Reg. No. GP-289, PI 671775), and F1032 (Reg. No. GP-290, PI 671776) sugarbeet, Beta vulgaris subsp. vulgaris (L.), germplasm lines were released by the USDA-ARS in 2013. All three lines were selected primarily for sucrose concentration from populations formed by crossing a high-sugar line with three previo...

To investigate the effect of defoliation prior to a frost on postharvest storage properties, roots of plants with canopies intact until harvest were compared to roots of plants that had been defoliated prior to a frost on multiple harvest dates following a damaging frost. The average storage respiration rates of roots harvested from plots that had...

Sodium, potassium, amino-nitrogen, and invert sugar are naturally occurring constituents of the sugarbeet root, referred to as impurities, which impede sucrose extraction during routine factory operations. Three germplasm lines selected for low sodium, potassium, or amino-nitrogen and a line selected for high amino-nitrogen concentration from the s...

To investigate the effect of Rhizoctonia crown and root rot (RCRR) on postharvest storage properties, roots with simi-lar symptoms (based upon a 0 = no rot to 7 = 100% rotted scale) were grouped together and extractable sucrose, in-vert sugar, and respiration rate were determined 30 and 90 days after harvest (DAH). The respiration rate of roots 30...

Sugarbeet (Beta vulgaris L.) is a major source of refined sucrose and increasingly grown for biofuel production. Demand for higher productivity for this crop requires greater knowledge of sugarbeet physiology, pathology, and genetics which can be advanced by the development of new genomic resources. Towards this end, a sugarbeet transcriptome of ex...

Amino-nitrogen is a naturally occurring constituent of sugar-beet that interferes with the extraction of crystallized sucrose during normal factory operations. This study examined 1) the extent amino-nitrogen concentration could be altered by selection within a broad-based germplasm line and 2) the impact selection for amino-nitrogen had on other c...

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Mature native periderm that exhibits resistance to excoriation (RE) is the primary defense for potato tubers against abiotic and biotic challenges. However, little is known about the physiology of periderm maturation and associated gene expressions. In this study, periderm maturation events and associated gene expressions were determined in tubers...

Cercospora leaf spot, caused by the hemibiotrophic fungal pathogen Cercospora beticola, is the most economically damaging foliar disease of sugarbeet worldwide. Although most C. beticola populations display characteristics reminiscent of sexual recombination, no teleomorph has been described. To assess whether populations in northern United States...

Pyraclostrobin and other strobilurin fungicides have been reported to have beneficial effects on productivity that cannot be attributed to disease control. Enhanced frost tolerance is one such effect that has been observed for sugarbeet (Beta vulgaris L.) after a late season foliar pyraclostrobin application. This phenomenon has been reported in so...

Although jasmonic acid (JA) and JA derivatives are known to activate plant defense mechanisms and provide protection against postharvest fungal diseases for several horticultural crops, JA's ability to protect sugarbeet (Beta vulgaris L.) roots against common causal organisms of storage rot is unknown. To determine the potential of JA to reduce rot...

F1024 (Reg. No. GP-272, PI 658654) sugarbeet (Beta vulgaris L.) germplasm with resistance to sugarbeet root maggot (Tetanops myopaeformis von Röder) was released by the USDA-ARS and the North Dakota Agricultural Experiment Station, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND on 15 Dec. 2009. F1024 was selected from a population formed by crossing F101...

Aluminum tolerant and aluminum sensitive wheat (Triticum aestivum L. em Thell) cultivars representing different parental backgrounds were used to study the inheritance of response to aluminium. F1, F2, F3, and backcross generations from crosses of four soft red winter wheat cultivars were grown in nutrient solutions containing 8 ppm aluminum. There...

Many sugarbeet (Beta vulgaris) processors experience increased sucrose losses during postharvest storage and reduced efficiencies when processing roots from localities with a high incidence of Fusarium yellows (causal agent, Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. betae). This study examined the effects of Fusarium yellows on root storage properties. Postharvest...

Rhizoctonia solani AG-2-2 is the causal agent of Rhizoctonia root and crown rot in sugar beet; however, recent increases in disease incidence and severity were grounds to reevaluate this pathosystem. To assess the capacity at which other anastomosis groups (AGs) are able to infect sugar beet, 15 AGs and intraspecific groups (ISGs) were tested for p...

Seven sugarbeet (Beta vulgaris L.) germplasm lines, F1017 (GP-265, PI 656591), F1018 (GP-266, PI 658401), F1019 (GP-267, PI 656592), F1020 (GP-268, PI 656593), F1021 (GP-269, PI 658402), F1022 (GP-270, PI 656594), and F1023 (GP-271, PI 656595), were released 23 Feb. 2009 by the USDA-ARS and the North Dakota Agricultural Experiment Station. These li...

Ethylene elevates respiration, is induced by wounding, and contributes to wound-induced respiration in most postharvest plant products. Ethylene production and its effects on respiration rate, however, have not been determined during storage of sugarbeet (Beta vulgaris L.) root, even though any elevation in respiration due to ethylene would increas...

Sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) is a significant industrial crop of the temperate zone that provides about a third of all sugar consumed in the world. World acreage of sugar beet harvested is currently greater than 7.7 million hectares. Market value of this crop is in the billions of US dollars. The increase in world population taken together with th...

Sugar beet (Beta vulgaris) roots with rot caused by Aphanomyces cochlioides often are incorporated into storage piles even though effects of disease on processing properties are unknown. Roots with Aphanomyces root rot were harvested from six fields over 2 years. For each field, roots with similar disease symptoms were combined and assigned a root...

More than one-third of the sugar (sucrose) consumed by humans is obtained from sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.). Sucrose extraction begins with the production of a dark opaque juice from strips of sugar beet. This juice is purified with lime and carbon dioxide, thickened by evaporation, and crystallized under a vacuum. Soluble nonsucrose constituents...

Raffinose negatively impacts sugarbeet (Beta vulgaris L.) processing by decreasing extractable sucrose yield and altering sucrose crystal morphology which reduces filtration rates and slows processing. Although increased raffinose concentrations have been observed during cold storage, the physiological and biochemical mechanisms associated with raf...

Sugarbeet root maggot (Tetanops myopaeformis) is a major insect pest of sugarbeet (Beta vulgaris) throughout much of North America. Host plant resistance is a potential alternative to the few chemical insecticides currently being used to control the root maggot. Germplasm lines with root maggot resistance have been identified but only minimal infor...

During storage of sugar beet, respiration and rots consume sucrose and produce invert sugar. Diseases that occur in the field can affect the magnitude of these losses. This research examines the storage of roots with rhizomania (caused by Beet necrotic yellow vein virus) and the effectiveness of rhizomania-resistant hybrids in reducing postharvest...

Sugar beet root maggot (SBRM; Tetanops myopaeformis) is a major insect pest of sugar beet throughout much of North America. Two insecticides with the same mode of action are used almost exclusively for SBRM control. Alternative control strategies would be required if insecticide-resistant SBRM developed or the insecticides were no longer available...

In the upper Midwest of the United States, up to 15 million tons of sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) are stored in large ex-posed piles for up to 200 days prior to processing. During storage, respiration, rotting, invert sugar accumulation, and physical deterioration decrease the extract-able sucrose concentration of the roots. Invert sugars are conve...

A fluidized combustor is provided with a burning zone having cooling passages in its upper portion and a lower portion beneath said passages yet deep enough so that material therein may be operated in a fluid bed combustor mode with cooling by fluidizing excess air, a separate zone being provided for selective storage therein of materials transferr...

Each year millions of tons of sugarbeet (Beta vulgaris L.) roots are stored in large exposed piles prior to processing. During postharvest storage, respiration and invert sugar formation consume sucrose and even a small reduction in these losses would have substantial economic impact. This study investigated the relative importance of hybrid, envir...

Because of its persistence in the soil and the ineffective-ness of control measures, Aphanomyces cochlioides (causal organism of Aphanomyces root rot) is one of the more prob-lematic pathogens attacking sugarbeet (Beta vulgaris). As a consequence, diseased roots often are included in storage piles; however, information on the consequences of storin...

Sugarbeet (Beta vulgaris L.) root size has been implicated as a factor influencing storage respiration rate, yet the rela-tionship between root size and respiration is unclear. Sugarbeet root size is dependent on cultural, environmental, and genetic factors and can vary significantly within and between fields. To evaluate the effect of root size on...

One of the potential uses of Jerusalem artichoke (Helianthus tuberosus L.) is as a forage crop. Information on inherent differences in forage nutritional quality is essential if the quality of the forage is to be improved through breeding. The objectives of this study were to determine the genotypic variability among and within forage of Jerusalem...

Producers in many North American sugarbeet (Beta vulgaris L.) growing areas rely heavily on organophosphate insecticides to manage the sugarbeet root maggot, Tetanops myopaeformis Röder. The threat of losing organophosphate options because of the potential for development of resistant root maggot strains or regulatory action has prompted a search f...

Respiration is responsible for much of the sucrose loss that occurs during sugarbeet (Beta vulgans L.) storage. Genotypes with reduced storage respiration rates would provide an efficient method for reducing sucrose losses. However, the current techniques for measuring storage respiration are not adapted easily to breeding programs. Internal CO2 co...

This report documents the difficulty breeders have experienced in combining resistance to Cercospora leaf spot (causal agent Cercospora beticola Sacc.) with high yield in sugarbeet (Beta vulgaris L.). Forty commercial hybrids, all recommended for Cercospora-threat areas, were grown in a Cercospora-free and a diseased (inoculated) environment in 199...

A bioassay was developed to study interactions between sugarbeet (Beta vulgaris L.) roots and sugarbeet root maggot larvae (SBRM, Tetanops myopaeformis Roder: Ulidiidae). Sugarbeet root material included seedlings (2 to 3-wk old) and in vitro propagated hairy root cultures of SBRM susceptible (F1010) and moderately resistant (F1016) germplasm. Seco...

The functions of individual sucrolytic enzymes in sugar­ beet (Beta vulgaris) roots are poorly understood, although a positive association between sucrose synthase activity and root size, and a negative association between soluble acid invertase activity and sucrose concentration have been documented. To test the veracity of these relationships and...

One of the potential uses of Jerusalem artichoke (Helianthus tuberosus L.) is as a forage crop. Information on inherent differences in forage nutritional quality is essential if the quality of the forage is to be improved through breeding. The objectives of this study were to determine the genotypic variability among and within wild Jerusalem artic...

The sugarbeet root maggot (SBRM), Tetanops myopaeformis von Roder (Diptera: Otitidae), is the major insect pest ofsugarbeet in the central and western United States and Canada and is capable of inflicting losses ranging from 10 to 100%. Currently, chemical insecticides are the only available measure for control of the maggot and a strong impetus ex...

Sugarbeet root maggot, Tetanops myopaeformis von RÖder, is a major insect pest of sugarbeet throughout much of North America. Root maggot damage is routinely rated on a 0 (no damage) to 5 (severe damage) scale. In 42 trials, the relationship between visual damage and root yield was examined. The mean damage rating in the absence of insecticides was...

Triphenyltin hydroxide (TP'I H) has been used exten­ sively for control of Cercospora (Cercospora betiola) leaf spot of sugarbeet (Beta vulgaris) in Minnesota and North Dakota following the development of benz­ imidazole resistant strains in t he early 19808. The discovery of tolerance to TPTH in 1994 prompted ex­ tensive sampling throughout the re...

Third instar larvae of the sugarbeet root maggot (Tetanops myopaeformis von Röder) were challenged with three strains of Steinernema carpocapsae (Weiser), two strains of S. feltiae (Filipjev), and one strain of S. glaseri (Steiner). Steinernema carpocapsae "SCANMASK" (1.3%) showed the lowest level of infectivity, followed in ascending order by S. c...

Phenmedipham + desmedipham [3-methoxycarbonylaminophenyl-3-methylcarbanilate plus ethyl m-hydroxycarbanilate carbanilate (ester)], is a herbicide which controls a number of broadleaf weeds in sugarbeet (Beta vulgaris L.) by inhibiting Photosystem II. This hericide also decreases the photosynthetic activity of sugarbeet. Field tests at Fargo, ND, in...

Among the major problems facing sugarbeet breed­ ers are lack of genetic diversity and the negative association between root yield and sucrose concen­ tration. The USDA-ARS Beta collection contains a wide array of material that has not been utilized fully. In this study 167 accessions of the NC-7 collec­ tion were evaluated for sucrose concentratio...

Five sugar beet germplasm lines resistant to storage rot caused by Phoma betae also were resistant to Phoma damping-off in the seedling stage. Seedling resistance to P. betae was not significantly affected at 15° or 25OC. Seedlings resistant to P. betae were not resistant to AG-2-2 or AG-4 of Rhizoctonia solani. Thus, genetic resistance to Phoma da...

An effective cultivar development or testing program depends on the identification of nursery locations and testing sites that are representative of those encountered in commercial production. Defining unique production areas within a region often is complicated by the inability of the researcher to accurately determine the factors influencing crop...

This study was prompted by the special interest in sugar crops, at a time of high petroleum prices and fuel shortages, as potential renewable resources which could supplement non-renewable fossil resources. Four to six sweet sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) cultivars were evaluated 4 yr for fermentable sugar production potential at eight locat...

Increasing the yield or quality, or both, of a crop through plant breeding or changing production practices is often futile if one does not have some knowledge of plant response to environmental changes. Data from 17 environments (years ✕ locations) and nine sugarbeet (Beta vulgaris L.) cultivars were used as a basis for examining relationships amo...

Sugarbeet ( Beta vulgaris L.) yield and quality data from 5 locations and 4 years were used to determine the presence and magnitude of cultivar ✕ environment interactions in a major sugarbeet producing area, the Red River Valley of North Dakota and Minnesota. The cultivar ✕ location interaction for root yield indicated that cultivars tended to rank...

Yields of entries in the Uniform Eastern Soft Red Winter Wheat ( Triticum aestivum L. em Thell) Nursery at 12 locations were correlated with corresponding yields at each of the other locations for 7 years to access the relative yield response at various locations and to determine the influence of years upon relative yields at locations. All but one...

Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench was emasculated by clipping the spikelets with scissors. The amounts of seed set from crossing and selfing were similar for tweezer and scissor emasculation. Scissor emasculation produced 3.6 times as many crossed seed per unit of time as did tweezer emasculation. An acceptable percentage of seed set was obtained as late...

Kansas wheat breeding research since 1949 has indicated that two-gene semidwarf wheats are not well adapted to Kansas conditions, primarily because of severe lodging. One-gene semidwarfs may be useful, but they often have lower test weight, lighter kernel weight, and lodge more than hard red winter wheat cultivars used as parents. Other characteris...

Results of a preliminary study comparing culm elongation rates of isogenic lines of ‘Japanese Dwarf’ broomcorn ( Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) differing by a single height (Dw 3 ) gene are reported. Culm elongation proceeded slowly until 36 to 39 days after seedling emergence and then proceeded rapidly until near the time of anthesis. The line with...