
Larry L. BaxterBrigham Young University | BYU · Department of Chemical Engineering
Larry L. Baxter
PhD
About
410
Publications
145,243
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11,387
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Introduction
Additional affiliations
October 1986 - February 2001
September 2008 - present
Sustainable Energy Solutions
Position
- Managing Director
October 2000 - present
Education
September 1983 - April 1989
Brigham Young University
Field of study
- Chemical Engineering
Publications
Publications (410)
This investigation presents a new biomass char porosity model as a function of char conversion during gasification and compares it with entrained-flow data from poplar, corn stover and switchgrass particles reacting with H2O, CO2, and combinations of both at temperatures of 1050–1350 °C. The experimental data include particle temperature, mass, siz...
This investigation explores theoretical and experimental trends in biomass char diameter during gasification by collecting essentially continuous particle size data as a function of time for several fuels under many conditions. A theoretical model describes these variations for an arbitrary char-forming particle over its entire reaction history. Th...
Experimental measurements of industrially relevant biomass char particles (12.5 mm and smaller) undergoing kinetics-limited gasification reactions with CO 2 and H 2 O reveal how porosity and surface area change with char conversion. Reactant concentrations range from 0 to 90% CO 2 and 0-50% H 2 O, including mixtures of both reactants. Reactor tempe...
This investigation reviews non-catalytic ash effects on char reactivity based on several biomass chars. Biomass ash contents vary substantially among fuel types and are typified by the three fuels compared in this investigation. These fuels have ash-content ratios of about 40:1, which should allow experimental observation of ash effects. In additio...
During the coal combustion process, the reduction of NOx occurs by two possible routes: homogeneous reduction by hydrocarbons and heterogeneous reduction by char formed during devolitilization of the starting coal. This paper investigates the latter route, which also has potential as the basis for post-combustion NOx clean-up processes. The purpose...
This chapter outlines technologies and performance issues in biomass combustion, summarizing system designs, feedstock properties, and environmental impacts. Combustor design and selection are dictated both by fuel type and end use. Within the class of biomass fuels are solids, gases, and liquids, the latter two being derived by physical, chemical,...
Sustainable Energy Solutions has been developing Cryogenic Carbon Capture™ (CCC) since 2008. In that time two processes have been developed, the External Cooling Loop and Compressed Flue Gas Cryogenic Carbon Capture processes (CCC ECL™ and CCC CFG™ respectively).
The CCC ECL™ process has been scaled up to a 1TPD CO2 system. In this process the flue...
Global warming, fossil fuel depletion and energy security are driving scientists to investigate the mechanism of
hydrocarbons production from CO2 hydrogenation. The need for more comprehensive understanding on
mechanism of CO2 hydrogenation to hydrocarbons remains controversial because of the complex reaction
mechanism and a large number of involve...
This investigation experimentally and theoretically simulates natural gas (NG) treatment system for high CO2 sources of NG using Aspen PlusTM. The concept uses patented novel heat exchangers and process designs developed as part of a cryogenic carbon capture™ (CCC) process to remove enough CO2 that traditional NG treating can handle the treated gas...
Fossil fuel depletion, global warming, energy security, and climate change spur interest in commercial and environmentally friendly alternative fuels. Palladium-based catalytic membrane technology currently produces ultrapure hydrogen from fossil fuels. Palladium exhibits high permeability, selectivity for hydrogen, and good surface properties. Pro...
Recently promulgated regulations of the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) aggressively limit CO2 emissions from the US power industry. Carbon capture and increased utilization of renewable energy sources are viable approaches to reduce CO2 emissions from the power industry. Cryogenic carbon capture considered in this study is a post-combusti...
Conventional distillation control processes use vapor distillate flowrate to control column pressure and condenser heat removal to control the reflux drum level. These intuitive control systems work well for isolated columns or columns with total condensers. However, these controls are not effective when columns with partial condensers occur in ser...
Bench-scale experiments and Aspen Plus™ simulations document full-scale, steady-state performance of the external cooling loop cryogenic carbon capture (CCC-ECL) process for a 550MWe coal-fired power plant. The baseline CCC-ECL process achieves 90% CO2 capture, and has the potential to capture 99+ % of CO2, SO2, PM, NO2, Hg, and most other noxious...
Transient modeling and optimization of two natural gas liquefaction processes have been done using Aspen HYSYS. In case of energy consumption, the optimized model has been chosen for transient modeling. Novel flowrate variation has been done in this investigation to check adjustability of all units especially compressors and heat exchanger. New typ...
Transient modeling and optimization of two natural gas liquefaction processes have been done using Aspen HYSYS. In case of energy consumption, the optimized model has been chosen for transient modeling. These results pertain to Liquified Natural Gas (LNG) generally and to an energy storage process associated with cryogenic carbon capture (CCC) in w...
The CCC (cryogenic carbon capture) process provides energy- and cost-efficient carbon capture and can be configured to provide an energy storage system using an open loop NG (natural gas) refrigeration system. This system stores energy during non-peak times by liquefying and storing natural gas to be used as a refrigerant. This investigation compar...
Energy storage represents one of the most critical needs in our current energy infrastructure and this need will increase as intermittent and alternative energy production increases. Energy storage (ES) is the conversion of energy from one form that is difficult or expensive to store to a different form that stores more conveniently or economically...
Cryogenic Carbon Capture (CCC) is a CO2 mitigation process that can be integrated into existing baseline and load following fossil-fueled power plants. This process consumes less energy than conventional chemical absorption and includes energy storage capability. The CCC process has a fast response time to load changes to allow higher utilization o...
Increasing competitiveness of renewable power sources due to tightening restrictions on CO2 emission from fossil fuel combustion is expected to cause a shift in power generation systems of the future. This investigation considers the impact of the Cryogenic Carbon Capture TM (CCC) process on transitional power generation. The CCC process consumes l...
During the combustion of coal and other carbonaceous materials, the heterogeneous reaction of NO with the evolving char created in the combustion process is important for understanding the formation and reduction of NO. This investigation quantifies the effects of char burnout level and conditions on the kinetics of NO reduction by chars made from...
The structural and functional roles of varying amounts of lanthana in co-precipitated high temperature Fe2O3/Cr2O3/CuO water-gas shift catalysts were studied at 1 atm and 350-425 degrees C temperature range. Addition of 0.5 wt% of lanthana enhanced the reducibility of the catalyst, increased its surface area and its WGS activity from 24 to 31 mmol...
The present study concentrates on the investigation of mercury removal from oil-field brine by co-precipitation process. The produced brine containing heavy metals is usually returned to the reservoir for water flooding or is discarded to the surroundings. Therefore, heavy metal removal seems necessary in order to keep safe the environment and huma...
In this work, by using pinch technology, the preheating section of refinery distillation unit has been studied to reduce energy consumption by creating minimal changes to the existing heat exchanger network. This includes simulation of the unit by Aspen software, extracting the required information, information processing and finally correcting hea...
A new and novel method is proposed for removal of CO2 in raw natural gas streams by cooling the natural gas stream to -130 °C at near ambient pressures, causing CO2 in the natural gas stream to desublimate. Desublimation occurs in a novel desublimating heat exchanger with a low vapor pressure contact liquid and/or liquefied natural gas (LNG). The h...
This work presents in situ measurements of the effective thermal conductivity in particulate coal ash deposits under both reducing and oxidizing environments. Laboratory experiments generated deposits on an instrumented deposition probe of loosely bound particulate ash from three coals generated in a down-fired flow reactor with optical access. An...
A generalized model for describing the pyrolysis behavior of low-grade fuels is being developed for incorporation into larger combustion simulation models. Light gas and tar yields from black liquor or biomass pyrolysis can be predicted using the chemical percolation devolatilization (CPD) model originally developed for coal. The initial approach i...
A one-dimensional model for the thermal conversion of thermally thick biomass particles is developed for the simulation of the fuel bed of biomass grate furnaces. The model can be applied for cylindrical and spherical particles. The particle is divided into four layers corresponding to the main stages of biomass thermal conversion. The energy and m...
This paper describes and provides initial experimental results for a new purification method for raw natural gas (NG) streams. The method removes CO 2, NG liquids, H2S, and most other NG impurities as desublimation or condensation products. The focus of this paper is on CO 2. Desublimation occurs in a patent-pending, desublimating heat exchanger th...
This paper describes CO2 removal method that is integrated rapid response energy storage. With the process of cryogenic carbon capture (CCC™), a novel energy storage system can be integrated by using an open loop natural gas refrigeration system. In this system energy is stored during non-peak times by liquefying natural gas. During peak demand whe...
The spectral emittance of deposits left by bituminous and sub-bituminous coals under oxidizing conditions have been measured in situ. Pulverized coal is injected into a down-fired entrained-flow reactor. Ash accumulates on a probe in the reactor effluent and radiation emitted by the ash layer is recorded using a Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) sp...
An experimental procedure has been developed to make spectral emittance and temperature measurements. The spectral emittance of an object is calculated using measurements of the spectral emissive power and of the surface temperature of the object obtained using a Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometer. A calibration procedure is described i...
NomenclatureIntroductionCombustion SystemsFundamentals of Biomass CombustionPollutant Emissions and Environmental ImpactsReferences
Unlike pulverized coal, biomass particles are neither small enough to neglect internal temperature gradients nor equant enough
to model as spheres. Experimental and theoretical investigations indicate particle shape and size influence biomass particle
dynamics, including essentially all aspects of combustion such as drying, heating, and reaction. T...
This work presents in situ measurements of the effective thermal conductivity in particulate coal ash deposits under both reducing and oxidizing environments. Laboratory experiments generated deposits on an instrumented deposition probe of loosely-bound particulate ash from three coals generated in a down-fired flow reactor with optical access. An...
An air sepn. unit is integrated with a power generating plant to improve the efficiency of power generation. The methods and systems improve the efficiency of power generation by utilizing liq. nitrogen from the air sepn. unit as the working fluid in a turbine. The liq. nitrogen is pressurized while in the liq. state. After warming the pressurized...
An air sepn. unit is integrated with a power generating plant to improve the efficiency of power generation. The methods and systems improve the efficiency of power generation by utilizing liq. nitrogen from the air sepn. unit as the working fluid in a turbine. The liq. nitrogen is pressurized while in the liq. state. After warming the pressurized...
Coal remains a primary fuel for power generation. Herein we present time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectra (ToF-SIMS data) taken with a Ga primary ion beam from ca. 30 coal specimens. These commercially different coal specimens were obtained from coal mining companies and/or power plants. They represent all major coal types used in power generat...
A side benefit of cryogenic carbon capture is the removal of other pollutants such as Hg, HCl, SO2, SO3, NO2, and NO. While cryogenic carbon capture alone can be an expensive process, the ability to remove these other pollutants within the same cycle provides an added economic benefit. Although Hg, HCl, SO2, SO3, NO2, and NO are common pollutants,...
Sub-cryogenic CO2 capture uses some unconventional technology that involves cooling the flue gas stream and separating the SOx and other contaminates by freezing and liquefying them out. CO2 desublimation and separation takes place in a turbine expansion chamber and is the focus of this presentation. Sub-cryogenic CO2 capture requires massive depre...
Various methods are being developed to reduce CO2 emissions from energy and chemical industry processes. A novel concept being explored desublimates CO2 from a light gas stream such as flue gas by adjusting the lowest temperature in the system to determine the CO2 capture efficiency. Phase changes that occur at temperatures from 135 to 185 K at 1 b...
This document reports experimental, laser-based velocity and velocity fluctuation measurements in the near-burner region of an operating, utility-scale boiler firing a blend of coal and straw. These measurements are part of a larger campaign to characterize the near-burner flame structure with experimental and theoretical velocity, temperature, gas...
Ash deposition represents a long-standing operational and design research issue. Coal or biomass ash may deposit on a variety of surfaces and grow at a variety of rates. As ash deposits grow, they increase the heat transfer resistance between the deposition surface and the adjacent medium. This increased resistance is due to a decrease in the heat...
Cryogenic carbon capture (CCC) is a carbon capture technology that has significant energy and cost advantages compared to alternatives. The process is a post-combustion technology that cools CO2-laden flue gas to desublimation temperatures (-100 to -135 °C), separates solid CO2 from the light gases in the flue gas, uses the cold products to cool in...
This investigation explores the reasons for and technical challenges associated with co-combustion of biomass and coal in
boilers designed for coal (mainly pulverized coal) combustion. Biomass-coal co-combustion represents a near-term, low-risk,
low-cost, sustainable, renewable energy option that promises reduction in effective CO2 emissions, reduc...
As part of the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Office of Industrial Technologies (OIT) Industries of the Future (IOF) Forest Products research program, the mechanisms of particle deposition and properties of deposits that form in the convection passes of recovery boilers were investigated. Research from experimental facilities at Sandia National La...
Although remarkable progress has been made in developing technologies for the clean and efficient utilization of coal, the biggest challenge in the utilization of coal is still the protection of the environment. Specifically, electric utilities face increasingly stringent restriction on the emissions of NO and SO, new mercury emission standards, an...
Experimental and theoretical investigations indicate particle shape and size influence biomass particle dynamics, including drying, heating rate, and reaction rate. Experimental samples include disc/flake-like, cylindrical/cylinder-like, and equant (nearly spherical) shapes of wood particles with similar particle masses and volumes but different su...
A side benefit of cryogenic carbon capture is the removal of other pollutants such as Hg, HCl, SO 2 , SO 3 , NO 2 , and NO. While cryogenic carbon capture alone is an expensive process, the ability to remove these other pollutants within the same cycle provides an added economic benefit. This process, however, would not be economical by itself if o...
This document describes a chemical dissolution model that accounts for refractory wear in biomass (and coal) combustion and gasification systems. This model assumes diffusion-dominant mass transport and incorporates the effects of slag flow and heat transfer on the corrosion rate. Boundary layer theory provides an analytical mass transfer expressio...
An air sepn. unit is integrated with a power generating plant to improve the efficiency of power generation. The methods and systems improve the efficiency of power generation by utilizing liq. nitrogen from the air sepn. unit as the working fluid in a turbine. The liq. nitrogen is pressurized while in the liq. state. After warming the pressurized...
This document reports experimental, laser-based velocity and velocity fluctuation measurements in the near-burner region of an operating, utility-scale boiler firing a blend of coal and straw. These measurements are part of a larger campaign to characterize the near-burner flame structure with experimental and theoretical velocity, temperature, gas...
This document updates the status of a carbon capture technology called cryogenic carbon capture (CCC) that has significant energy and cost advantages compared to alternatives. The process is a post-combustion technology that cools CO 2 -laden flue gas to desublimation temperatures (-100 to -135 °C), separates solid CO 2 that forms from the flue gas...
Biomass particles differ from coal and other low-grade fuels in that they are neither small enough to neglect internal temperature gradients nor equant enough to model as spheres. Experimental and theoretical investigations indicate particle shape and size influence biomass particle dynamics, including essentially all aspects of combustion such as...
This disclosure describes a desublimating heat exchanger, or a heat exchanger that can operate continuously when one or more of the heat transfer fluids is desublimating (condensing from the gas phase to form a solid). The same design applies to any other system in which one of the fluids forms a condensate that might foul or otherwise impair heat...
Ash deposition represents a long-standing operational and design research issue. Coal or biomass ash may deposit on a variety of surfaces and grow at a variety of rates. As ash deposits grow, they increase the heat transfer resistance between the deposition surface and the adjacent medium. This increased resistance is due to a decrease in the heat...
Consider a turbine running at several thousand rpm being pelted by thousands of tiny solid CO2 particulates traveling at near sonic speeds. In this paper, we investigate solid CO2’s ability to abrade the surface of a stainless steel 304 sample. The abrasion testing done is in accordance with ASTM standard G 76 - 071 with slight variances. We imping...
A side benefit of cryogenic carbon capture is the removal of other pollutants such as Hg, HCl, SO 2 , SO 3 , NO 2 , and NO. While cryogenic carbon capture alone is an expensive process, the ability to remove these other pollutants within the same cycle provides an added economic benefit. This process, however, would not be economical by itself if o...
A method for sequestering carbon dioxide in an aquifer includes providing a carbon dioxide stream; providing an aquifer that includes water and porous rock having interstitial pores; and injecting the carbon dioxide stream into the aquifer under conditions suitable for trapping at least about 1.5 vol% of the injected carbon dioxide into the interst...
A side benefit of cryogenic carbon capture is the removal of other pollutants such as Hg, HCl, SO 2, SO 3, NO 2, and NO. While cryogenic carbon capture alone is an expensive process, the ability to remove these other pollutants within the same cycle provides an added economic benefit. This process, however, would not be economical by itself if only...
Sulfation occurs when commercial vanadia SCR catalysts are exposed to SO2-laden coal combustion flue gases. Effects of sulfation on the surface chemistry of vanadia/titania catalysts and SCR activity have not been adequately addressed in previously published work. In this work, in situ FTIR spectroscopy and post situ XPS investigations were perform...
Year 2009 will be remembered for two reasons. Firstly, 2009 will probably be one of the most difficult years in the history of the pulping industry. Hard times are globally present and several pulp mills have been permanently closed. All the companies have experienced diminished revenues and have begun cost-cutting measures. Secondly, year 2009 wil...
An innovative CO 2 capture technology called the cryogenic CO 2 capture (CCC) process has significant energy and cost advantages compared to alternatives. The process is a post-combustion technology that cools CO 2 -laden flue gas to desublimation temperatures (-100 to -135 °C), separates solid CO 2 that forms from the flue gas from the light gases...
A noncontact, color-band pyrometer, based on widely available, inexpensive digital imaging devices, such as commercial color cameras, and capable of pixel-by-pixel resolution of particle-surface temperature and emissivity is demonstrated and described. This diagnostic instrument is ideally suited to many combustion environments. The devices used in...