L. Jagan Mohan Rao

Central Food Technological Research Institute | CFTRI · Spices and Flavour Science Department

Objectives: Cocoa beans (Theobroma cacao L) were treated with the starter culture comprising yeasts, lactic acid bacteria (LAB), and acetic acid bacteria (AAB) to accelerate the fermentation so as to reduce fermentation duration and also obtain reliable quality. Methodology: The fermentation process was monitored with physicochemical analysis, incl...

Today, spices are integral part of our food as they provide sensory attributes such as aroma, colour, flavour and taste to food. Further their antimicrobial, antioxidant, pharmaceutical and nutritional properties are also well known. Since spices are seasonal so their availability can be extended year round by adopting different preservation techni...

Unlabelled: In this study, we attempted to explore banana rhizome (BR) as a source of natural bioactive compounds. Dried BR powder was subjected to sequential extraction using solvents with increasing polarity and studied for antioxidant activities. Chloroform and acetone extracts were selected for isolation and identification of bioactive compoun...

Dehydrozingerone, structural half analogue of curcumin, is a phenolic compound isolated from ginger (Zingiber officinale) rhizomes. Dehydrozingerone and several of its derivatives such as glucopyranosides and its tetra acetate derivative and 4-O-acetyl and methyl derivatives of dehydrozingerone were synthesized in the present study. Dehydrozingeron...

Dried leaves of Cinnamomum tamala, also known as Indian bay leaves, are a lesser-known spice used in the Indian subcontinent. It imparts a warm, peppery, clove-cinnamon like flavor to a variety of food preparations. Besides food applications, the leaves have also been traditionally used for curing a number of ailments and for other perceived health...

Microwave-assisted extraction is a process that uses microwave energy to extract target compounds from various matrices. The highly localized temperature and pressure can cause selective migration of target compounds at more rapid rates, providing better extraction than conventional extraction. Process parameters were optimized for the extraction o...

The significance of different variables viz. temperature, time and solvent at constant power in microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) process of ginger was studied and compared with conventional method. Aqueous ethanol (50%) provided higher yields of extract as well as the highest release of total polyphenols (TPP) than alcoholic solvents. The reason...

Phenolics are widespread dietary antioxidants. Among these, chlorogenic acids (CGAs) received considerable attention for their wide distribution and part of human diet with potential biological effects. CGAs (71 compounds), being esters of derivatives of cinnamic acids with quinic acid are widely distributed in plant materials. Coffee is among the...

Ready-to-drink (RTD) tea is a popular beverage in many countries. Instability due to development of haze and formation of tea cream is the common problem faced in the production of RTD black tea beverages. Thus decreaming is an important step in the process to meet the cold stability requirements of the product. Enzymatic decreaming approaches over...

The efficacy of Dehydrozingerone (DZ; dehydroderivative of zingerone) as an antifungal agent and its mode of action against food spoilage fungal pathogens was studied and presented. DZ is a constituent of ginger (Zingiber officinale rhizomes) and structural half analogue of curcumin. Its efficacy against Aspergillus oryzae, Aspergillus flavus, Aspe...

The effects of microwave (MW) drying on the total polyphenol content (TPP) and antioxidant properties of ginger extract (column extraction using 50% ethanol at room temperature) were evaluated using the Folin–Ciocalteau's method, 2, 2′‐diphenyl‐1‐picryl‐hydrazyl assay, reducing power, antioxidant capacity and ferric reducing ability of plasma assay...

Natural sources for novel insecticide molecules hold promise in view of their eco-friendly nature, selectivity, and mammalian safety. Recent progress in understanding the biology of insect olfaction and taste offers new strategies for developing selective pest control agents. We have isolated two natural insecticidal molecules from edible roots of...

Ginger rhizome (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) is widely cultivated as a spice for its aromatic and pungent components. The essential oil and oleoresins from ginger are valuable products responsible for the characteristic flavor and pungency. Both are used in several food products such as soft beverages and also in many types of pharmaceutical formula...

The present work was conducted to assess and compare the chemical composition of volatile oils from fresh, dried and cured turmeric (Curcuma longa) rhizomes from a selected single source. In addition, their antioxidant and radical scavenging potentials were correlated with chemical composition. Major components were ar-turmerone (21.0–30.3%), α-...

The antioxidant and cytoprotective properties of 4-hydroxyisophthalic acid (4-HIPA) isolated from the Decalepis hamiltonii roots was examined. 4-HIPA is a potent scavenger of superoxide (O2−), hydroxyl (OH), nitric oxide (NO), and lipid peroxide (LOO) physiologically relevant free radicals with IC50 values in the nanomolar (2–187) range. 4-HIPA als...

The ethanol extract of Decalepis hamiltonii roots was subjected to antioxidant activity-guided fractionation by repeated silica gel column chromatography to get a pure antioxidant compound which was subjected to extensive analysis by UV, IR, LC-MS, and 2D HMQC NMR. The spectral data of the isolated compound was analyzed, and its structure was eluci...

Currently there is a great deal of interest in the study of natural compounds with free radical scavenging activity because of their potential role in maintaining human health and preventing diseases. In this paper, we report the antioxidant and cytoprotective properties of 4-(2-hydroxypropan-2-yl)-1-methylcyclohexane-1,2-diol (HPMCD) isolated from...

Currently, there is a great deal of interest in the study of natural compounds with free-radical-scavenging activity because of their potential role in maintaining human health and preventing diseases. In this paper, we report the antioxidant and cytoprotective properties of 2,4,8-trihydroxybicyclo [3.2.1]octan-3-one (TBO) isolated from the aqueous...

Tea is one of the most popular global beverages. It is widely consumed as a health promoting beverage and its health benefits are mainly due to the presence of polyphenols such as catechins, theaflavins and thearubigins. The purpose of the present study is to evaluate the antioxidant potential of green tea (GT) and black tea (BT) extracts of eight...

The extraction and concentration of isoflavones from defatted soy flour (DSF) is attempted by leaching, membrane process and liquid-liquid extraction. The optimized extraction conditions by response surface methodology (RSM) resulted in an isoflavone content of 3.2 mg/g of DSF. The extracted isoflavones are processed by ultrafiltration for prelimin...

This chapter examines the nutritional content of cumin seeds. Generally, spices produce biologically significant organic compounds, known as secondary metabolites, which include the volatile and non-volatile constituents. These constituents form the characteristic nature of the spice and possess medicinal and pharmacological properties with a possi...

Natural compounds with free-radical scavenging activity have potential role in maintaining human health and preventing diseases. In this study, we report the antioxidant and cytoprotective properties of 14-aminotetradecanoic acid (ATDA) isolated from the Decalepis hamiltonii roots. ATDA is a potent scavenger of superoxide (O2•−), hydroxyl (•OH), ni...

Turmeric powder and its starch were characterized for physical, physicochemical, and microstructural characteristics. X-ray diffractogram indicated that turmeric starch to be of B type. Dried and cured-dried turmeric powder samples showed higher water-holding capacity (3.62 and 4.78 g/g, respectively) compared to isolated starch (1.07 g/g) at 30 °C...

The influence of drying methods on the volatile components of Zingiber officinale rhizomes was studied. The drying methods employed were convection (CD) and microwave (MW) drying. The drying time reduced significantly from 720 min in case of CD to 25–48 min in MW drying depending on the microwave power level (PL 100, 80, 60 and 40 correspond to 800...

The genus Cinnamomum comprises of several hundreds of species, which are distributed in Asia and Australia. Cinnamomum zeylanicum, the source of cinnamon bark and leaf oils, is an indigenous tree of Sri Lanka, although most oil now comes from cultivated areas. C. zeylanicum is an important spice and aromatic crop having wide applications in flavori...

Recent Trends in Soft Beverages provides recent developments in value addition of coffee, tea and soft drinks. The book also describes their chemistry, technology, quality control with respect to raw material as well as finished product, value-added product development and marketing strategies. It is an excellent reference for researchers and stude...

This book discusses recent trends in soft beverages. Chapters discuss chemical composition, health benefits and by-products. Recent trends in value addition are also examined in detail.

Ginger rhizome (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) has many diverse properties and medicinal values such as antioxidant potential combined with the properties of a spice. Dried ginger (DG) were extracted with aqueous ethanol and freeze-dried. The extract was evaluated for antioxidant potential, using 1,1'-diphenyl-2- picryl-hydrazyl radical scavenging, an...

Methanolic extract (Me1) obtained from low-grade green coffee beans (LCB), which is one of the major by-products in the coffee industry, was enriched with phenolics by different methods viz., partitioning in solvents, chromatographic separation using dowex & diaion HP20 resins and precipitation by lead acetate. Separated fractions and Me1 were anal...

Mango is one of the important tropical fruits in the world. As it is a seasonal fruit, it is processed for various products. During its processing, peel is one of the major byproducts, which is being wasted. Bioactive conserves were extracted using 80% acetone from peels of raw and ripe mango fruits and subjected to acid hydrolysis. The prominent p...

The rhizomes of turmeric are processed to obtain oleoresin and subsequently curcuminoids are isolated. The mother liquor, after partial isolation of curcuminoids, known as spent turmeric oleoresin (STO), is considered as industrial waste. Curcuminoids enriched spent turmeric oleoresin (CSTO) is prepared by removal of nonantioxidant constituents, an...

Mango ginger (Curcuma amada Roxb.) rhizome is used in the manufacture of pickles and other food preparations due to its unique raw mango flavour. The chloroform extract of mango ginger rhizome was subjected to antibacterial activity-guided purification by repeated silica gel column chromatography to obtain a pure compound. The structure of the isol...

During microfiltration, the permeate flux (Kg/h/m2) of the ELJ was decreased gradually where as permeate collection (cumulative weight in Kg) per minute shows almost linear trend (y=0.2435x +3364, R2= 0.9887) and uniform trend for its gradual increase. The trends in slight increase of total soluble solids (°Brix), pH, acidity, total sugars during e...

Methanolic extracts of low-grade green coffee beans (LCB) and spent coffee were analysed for radical-scavenging activity (α,α-diphenyl-β-picrylhydrazyl radical) and oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC). The extracts were also evaluated for anti-tumour (P388 cell assay), anti-inflammatory (J774A.1 cell assay) and anti-allergenic (RBL-2H3 cell l...

Tea is the most widely used ancient beverage in the world and black tea possesses many biological effects on the organisms. It acts as an effective antioxidant because of its free radical-scavenging and metal-chelating ability. Due to this, it is active against inflammation, clastogenesis, and several types of cancer. Tea reduces DNA damage and mut...

Low-grade coffee beans (triage) are widely known to adversely affect the beverage quality. These represent about 15–20% of coffee production on weight basis and attempts are being explored for their utilization. These beans were evaluated for the physico-chemical characteristics and subjected to soxhlet extraction using the solvents (viz., hexane,...

Black tea is often consumed with milk and sugar. It is still unknown with certainty whether addition of milk and (or) sugar affects its antioxidant activity. The present study is aimed to investigate the effect on antioxidant and radical scavenging activities of black tea on addition of milk and sugar. Four types of black tea brew samples are prepa...

Coffee, consumed for its refreshing and stimulating effect, belongs to the tribe Coffea of the subfamily Cinchonoidea of Rubiaceae family. Coffee is a complex chemical mixture composed of several chemicals. It is responsible for a number of bioactivities and a number of compounds accounting for these effects. Few of the significant bioactivities do...

Changes in volatile compounds of fruit pulp of Annona squamosa, as influenced by the conditions of processing, were studied. Sweet and pleasant flavored pulp from mature ripe fruits was subjected to treatments such as frozen and stored (for 12 months), heated to 55°C (critical temperature) and 85°C (pasteurization temperature) for 20min each, and s...

Roots of Decalepis hamiltonii are consumed as pickles and as a beverage and are believed to possess health-promoting properties. Roots of D. hamiltonii exhibit antioxidant properties. We have isolated an antioxidant compound from the aqueous extract of the roots of D. hamiltonii and identified it as ellagic acid (EA), based on NMR and MS. EA exhibi...

Volatiles from (i) fresh, (ii) clarified and (iii) fermented coconut sap neera were isolated by a simultaneous distillation and solvent extraction method using a Likens-Nikerson apparatus and subjected to GC–MS analysis for identification of chemical constituents. Twenty-one compounds (5.33ppm), constituting more than 98% of the volatiles from fres...

The sunflower seed wax (10–12%) from oil refineries was purified through two steps, namely, extraction using solvents and precipitation with chilled acetone. Fatty esters, free fatty alcohols and free fatty acids were separated by thin-layer chromatography (TLC). The fractions of fatty esters and free fatty alcohols were separated and identified by...

Oleoresin of curry leaves (Murraya koenigii Spreng.), obtained using acetone, was evaluated for its antioxidant activity using a β-carotene–linoleic acid model system along with the other extracts obtained using methanol, water and volatile oil. The oleoresin showed maximum activity of 83.2% at 100ppm among all other extractives in comparison to a...

L'index glycemique a plus de 25 ans et pourtant il a du mal a s'imposer. Plusieurs etudes ont cependant montre qu'une alimentation avec un index glycemique eleve etait un facteur de risque de diabete de type 2 mais aussi d'autres pathologies notamment celles pouvant induire un stress oxydatif. Une des difficultes majeures reside dans le fait que l'...

Defective (triage) coffee beans are beans rejected after separating the graded ones according to the size and color. These coffee beans represent about 15% to 20% of coffee production in India but are not utilized for beverages since these affect the quality of coffee brew. In the present study, physical characteristics such as bean density, bright...

Morellic and isomorellic acids (2 and 3), present in the seed coat as well as resinous exudate of Garcinia morella Desr., are geometric isomers and structurally related to morellin (1), the major chromenoxanthone pigment. Both form crystalline complexes with pyridine and afford guttiferic acid (7), a novel skeletal rearrangement product, when heate...

Cinnamomum zeylanicum Blume, the cinnamon of commerce, provides various types of oils depending on the part of the plant distilled. At present, cinnamon fruits are not being used for the production of volatile oils, also no report is available on its biological activities. Cinnamon fruits were powdered and extracted with benzene, ethyl acetate (EtO...

Rosemary, a hard stemmed herb, is characterized by an aroma similar to pine. Twenty-five components of Indian rosemary oil have been identified by GC and GC-MS analysis. Fresh rosemary volatiles contained 75–80% oxygenated terpenes which included, a character-impact compound, verbenone, in a high concentration of 5.7%. Fresh rosemary leaves were su...

Recently, a number of studies on the health benefits associated with natural compounds have been demonstrated. Phenolics in fruits, vegetables, herbs and spices possess potent antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimutagenic and anticarcinogenic activities. In the present study, the dried fruits of cinnamon were extracted with ethyl acetate, acetone,...

A convenient semi-preparative high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method for separating a mixture of triterpenoids (α-amyrin, β-amyrin, and lupeol) and their corresponding acetates from the swallow roots (Decalepis hamiltonii Wight and Arn), which are known to have potential bioactive properties, is described. The swallow roots are found...

Garlic cloves in the form of bits were dried in a cabinet tray dryer and a microwave dryer, and pulverized to obtain free flowing powder. The volatile oil was obtained by hydro-steam distillation method. Fresh cloves and the powders resulting from the two drying methods were used for obtaining the volatile oil, which was analyzed by GC-MS. The stud...