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Publications (478)
The need for controlling salinity in arid zones is essential for sustainable agricultural production and irrigation water use. A case study performed for two years in Hetao, Inner Mongolia, China, is used herein to rethink the contradictory issues of arid lands represented by water saving and controlling soil and water salinity. Two sets of static...
The editorial of the current Special Issue (SI) describes and comments the twelve papers included in it. First, the questions relative to update the FAO56 guidelines on crop evapotranspiration are discussed with explaining why the papers of the SI focus on the crop coefficients (Kc) and their consistent importance of after more than half a century...
The objective of the present review article was to update the standard single (Kc) and basal (Kcb) crop coefficients published in the FAO Irrigation and Drainage Paper No. 56 (FAO56), focusing on temperate climate fruit trees (pome, stone and nut fruit trees), vines and shrubs (kiwi, hop and blue- and blackberries). Standard conditions refer to cro...
Traditional edible, spicy and medicinal herbs rarely are included in studies on water requirements, evapotranspiration and crop coefficients (Kc) of vegetable crops. While the latter refer to large markets and are used worldwide, the former has small and specialized markets. They are very rarely grown in large farms but rather in small farming syst...
The Precipitation Deciles Index (DI) and the Precipitation Percentiles Index (PI) are statistically related to the Standardised Precipitation Index (SPI). However, that relation varies, namely with the dryness of the location. This study, therefore, aims at comparing these indices using monthly precipitation totals from 1971 to 2017 using data of 4...
This paper provides an overview of the research carried out over the last 25 years on the FAO56 single and basal crop coefficients of subtropical and tropical orchards and plantations of cactus pear, dragon fruit, fig, jujube, passion fruit, pomegranate, cape gooseberry, cherimoya, guava, longan, lychee, mango, papaya, acerola, carambola, cashew, c...
Wetlands, namely the riparian ones, play a major role in landscape and water resources functionalities and provide enormous opportunities for ecosystems services. However, their area at globe scale is continuously decreasing due to appropriation by the riverain communities or by allocation of water resources to other uses, namely irrigation, in pre...
Flooding rice (Oryza sativa L.) is commonly used in lowlands of Southern Brazil. The sustainability of this production system is threatened by an increase in the production costs, excessive water use and an incipient plateau in yield due to biophysical limitations. Sprinkler irrigation is considered a feasible strategy to improve crop and water pro...
Mulching is a widely adopted agronomic practice, often used as a water-saving strategy due to its effectiveness in reducing soil evaporation. However, effects vary depending on the materials used and the extent of mulch soil coverage. Consequently, the impacts of mulching may differ considerably across production systems, preventing the establishme...
This paper reviews the research on the FAO56 single and basal crop coefficients of fruit trees and vines performed over the past twenty-five years and focus on Mediterranean and warm temperate trees and vines. Two companion papers (López-Urrea et al., (2023) Single and basal crop coefficients for estimation of water use of tree and vine woody crops...
Citrus is one of the most valuable crops in Syria, with the largest production areas being in the coastal provinces of Tartus and Latakia, where this study was performed. A companion paper reported on the basal crop coefficients derived from the field water balance and on the performance assessment of various irrigation methods used in a citrus orc...
The FAO-56 two-step approach (Kc-ETo) is commonly used to estimate crop evapotranspiration (ETc) for various crops and climate conditions. This approach consists of the product of a specific crop coefficient (Kc) and the grass-reference evapotranspiration (ETo). Crop coefficients were adjusted to regional climate conditions aiming at incorporating...
Natural and planted grasslands play a very important role in agriculture as source of various ecosystem services, including carbon sequestration and biodiversity, and are responsible for a large fraction of agricultural water use in rainfed and irrigated fields. It is, therefore, relevant to precisely know their water use and vegetation requirement...
Soil salinization problems are widespread in the Hetao plain, Inner Mongolia, resulting from arid climate conditions , a shallow saline water table, poor irrigation water management, and insufficient drainage. This study follows previous research aimed at evaluating crop water use and controlling the salinity build-up in the region, namely using we...
Orchards consist of complex agricultural systems, with a variety of characteristics (planting density, tree height, training system, canopy cover, irrigation method, interrow management) influencing crop evapotranspiration (ETc). Thus, irrigation water management requires finding crop coefficients (Kc) that represent the characteristics of local or...
Drought is one of the most severe natural disasters worldwide, but with a particular emphasis in sub-humid and semi-arid climates. Several indices have been created to appropriately identify drought’s characteristics and variability. The main objectives of this study consisted of analyzing the behavior of different indices applied in northeast Alge...
The occurrence of shallow saline water tables in arid zones provides for groundwater-fed natural vegetation and for a substantial amount of irrigated crops’ water needs. This is the case of the Hetao plain, upper Yellow River Basin, Inner Mongolia, China, where one of the major irrigation systems of China and the World is installed. As reviewed, nu...
Citrus is one of the most valuable crops in Syria, with the largest production areas in the Tartus and Latakia provinces. Water-saving policies have been adopted to modernize the irrigation systems and increase water productivity. Following dedicated research, this study aimed to evaluate the water balance in clementine trees irrigated with diverse...
Water scarcity and saline stress are primary threats for water use and agricultural production in arid and semi-arid regions, such as the Hetao Irrigation District, China. The current study, using irrigation with saline water, developed through three seasons (2017–2019) of field experimental surveillance of mulched maize water use in two cropped we...
Vineyards represent complex Mediterranean agrosystems that deliver significant ecosystem services to society. Yet, many vine-growers still need to assimilate the importance of crop and soil management to the conservation of soil and water resources. The main objective of this study was to evaluate water use and the water balance terms in rainfed an...
This article summarizes the essential concepts and methodologies for estimating plant water and irrigation requirements. Reference evapotranspiration is defined relative to a reference crop with constant canopy characteristics, allowing to parameterize the surface and aerodynamic resistances to heat and vapor fluxes. Crop evapotranspiration is obta...
The SIMDualKc model was applied to evaluate the crop water use and the crop coefficient
(Kc) of an irrigated olive grove (Olea europaea L.) located in Sicily, Italy, using experimental data collected from two crop seasons. The model applies the FAO56 dual Kc approach to compute the actual crop evapotranspiration (ETc act) and its components, i.e.,...
Jute mallow (Corchorus olitorius L.) is an annual crop grown for human consumption of its nutritious leaves in many regions of the world. Despite its importance for household food security and farmers’ income, reliable information on the crop’s water requirements is still quite scarce. To overcome this knowledge gap, the irrigation needs of jute ma...
The A&P approach, developed by Allen and Pereira (2009), estimates single and basal crop coefficients (Kc and Kcb) from the observed fraction of ground cover (fc) and crop height (h). The practical application of the A&P for several crops was reviewed and tested in a companion paper (Pereira et al., 2020). The current study further addresses the de...
The present study reviews the research on the FAO56 crop coefficients of fruit trees and vines performed over the past twenty years. The main objective was to update information and extend tabulated single (Kc) and basal (Kcb) standard crop coefficients. The selection and analysis of the literature for this review have been done to consider only st...
This study assesses the accuracy of estimating daily grass reference evapotranspiration (PM-ETo) using daily shortwave radiation (Rs) and reference evapotranspiration (ETREF) products provided by the Meteosat Second Generation (MSG) geostationary satellite delivered by the Satellite Applications Facility on Land Surface Analysis (LSA-SAF) framework...
Many research papers on crop water requirements of vegetables have been produced since the publication of the FAO56 guidelines in 1998. A review of this literature has shown that determination of crop evapotranspiration (ETc) using the Kc-ETo approach, i.e., the product of the specific crop coefficient (Kc) by the reference evapotranspiration (ETo)...
This study reviews the abundant research on FAO56 crop coefficients, published following introduction of the FAO56 paper in 1998. The primary goal was to evaluate, update, and consolidate the mid-season and end-season single (Kc) and basal (Kcb) crop coefficients, tabulated for many field crops in FAO56. The review found that the prevalent approach...
In the past few decades, research has developed a multitude of strategies, methods and technologies to reduce consumptive water use on farms for adaptation to the increasing incidence of water scarcity, agricultural droughts and multi-sectoral competition for water. The adoption of these water-saving practices implies accurate quantification of cro...
Soil and water salinity and associated problems are a major challenge for global food production. Strategies to cope with salinity include a better understanding of the impacts of temporal and spatial dynamics of salinity on soil water balances vis-à-vis evapotranspiration (ET) and devising optimal irrigation schedules and efficient methods. Both s...
The authors wish to make the following corrections to this paper [...]
The main challenge faced by agriculture is to produce enough food for a continued increase
in population, however in the context of ever-growing competition for water and land, climate change,
droughts and anthropic water scarcity, and less-participatory water governance. Such a context implies
innovative issues in agricultural water management and...
The main challenge faced by agriculture is to produce enough food for a continued increase in population, however in the context of ever-growing competition for water and land, climate change, droughts and anthropic water scarcity, and less-participatory water governance. Such a context implies innovative issues in agricultural water management and...
The computation of the reference crop evapotranspiration (ETo) using the FAO Penman-Monteith equation (PM-ETo) requires data on maximum and minimum air temperatures (Tmax, Tmin), vapour pressure deficit (VPD), solar radiation (Rs) and wind speed at 2 m height (u2). However, those data are often not available, or data sets may be incomplete or have...
The SIMDualKc model was used to simulate crop water requirements for a super high density olive orchard in the region of Alentejo, Portugal. This model uses the dual crop coefficient approach to estimate and partitioning the actual crop evapotranspiration (ET c act) and therefore to perform the soil water balance. The model was calibrated with 2011...
Experimentally characterizing evapotranspiration (ET) in different biomes around the world is an issue of interest for different areas of science. ET in natural areas of the Brazilian Pampa biome has still not been assessed. In this study, the actual ET (ETact) obtained from eddy covariance measurements over two sites of the Pampa biome was analyze...
This study aims at assessing the accuracy of estimating daily grass reference evapotranspiration (PM-ETo) computed with ERA-Interim reanalysis products, as well as to assess the quality of reanalysis products as predictors of daily maximum and minimum temperature, net radiation, dew point temperature and wind speed, which are used to compute PM-ETo...
Reference crop evapotranspiration (ETo) estimations using the FAO Penman-Monteith equation (PM-ETo) require a set of weather data including maximum and minimum air temperatures (Tmax, Tmin), actual vapor pressure (ea), solar radiation (Rs), and wind speed (u2). However, those data are often not available, or data sets are incomplete due to missing...
Reference crop evapotranspiration (ETo) estimations using the FAO Penman-Monteith equation (PM-ETo) require several weather variables that are often not available. Then, ETo may be computed with procedures proposed in FAO56, either using the PM-ETo equation with temperature estimates of actual vapor pressure (ea) and solar radiation (Rs), and defau...
Due to an oversight, Figure 1 image and Figure 4 caption were incorrectly captured in the original publication. © 2018 Springer Science+Business Media B.V., part of Springer Nature
A better knowledge of droughts is required to improve water management in water scarce
areas. To appropriately cope with droughts, there is the need to adopt adequate concepts relative to droughts and water scarcity, to properly use drought indices that help
characterize them, including ones relative to their severity, and to develop prediction to...
This study aims to model the impacts of the frequency of cuttings of Tifton 85 bermudagrass on the dynamics of evapotranspiration (ETc) and to derive crop coefficients appropriate for grass water management. Two seasons of experimentation were used with four different cutting treatments which provided field data for calibration and validation of th...
Water resources management in the Yellow River basin, China, is facing a paradigmatic change in consequence of an unbalanced supply and demand due to an increased demand for water from non-agricultural sectors and a reduced supply due to climate change that reduced precipitation and increased climatic demand. The problem is aggravated by low equity...
The spatial and temporal variability of droughts were studied for the Northeast Algeria using SPI and RDI computed with monthly precipitation data from 123 rainfall stations and CFSR reanalysis monthly temperature data covering the period 1979–80 to 2013–14. The gridded temperature data was interpolated to all the locations having precipitation dat...
Drought and wetness events were studied in the Northeast Algeria with SPI and RDI. The study area includes a variety of climatic conditions, ranging from humid in the North, close to the Mediterranean Sea, to arid in the South, near the Sahara Desert. SPI only uses precipitation data while RDI uses a ratio between precipitation and potential evapot...
The sustainability of the Hetao Irrigation System, located in the water scarce upper Yellow River basin, is a priority considering the need for water saving, increased water productivity, and higher farmers’ incomes. The upgrading of basin irrigation, the main irrigation method, is essential and includes the adoption of precise land levelling, cut-...
Two years of experimental field data on potato (var. Spunta) were used to calibrate and validate the SIMDualKc model. This model adopts the FAO dual Kc approach that provides the partition of crop evapotranspiration into crop transpiration and soil evaporation. Results of model calibration show a good agreement between soil water observations and p...
Population growth, increasing demands for food, ever-growing competition for water, reduced supply reliability, climate change and climate uncertainty and droughts, decline in critical ecosystems services, competition for land use, changing regulatory environments, and less participatory water resources governance are contributing to increasing dif...
Aiming at improved knowledge on water use, productivity and irrigation scheduling of processing pea, the soil water balance model SIMDualKc was calibrated and validated using field data observed in two farmers’ fields in a wet and a dry year. The model uses the dual crop coefficient approach for partitioning crop evapotranspiration into crop transp...
In this study, hyperspectral reflectance (HySR) data derived from a handheld spectroradiometer were used to assess the water status of three grapevine cultivars in two sub-regions of Douro wine region during two consecutive years. A large set of potential predictors derived from the HySR data were considered for modelling/predicting the predawn lea...
Data relative to two soybean seasons, several irrigation scheduling treatments, including moderate and severe deficit irrigation, and rain-fed cropping were used to parameterize and assess the performance of models AquaCrop and SIMDualKc, the latter combined with the Stewart's yield model. SIMDualKc applies the FAO56 dual crop coefficient approach...
Coping with water scarcity using supplemental irrigation of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in the semi-arid northeast Syria is a great challenge for sustainable water use in agriculture. Graded borders and set sprinkler systems were compared using multi-criteria analysis. Alternative solutions for surface irrigation and for sprinkler systems were dev...
The previously field calibrated approach of coupling the SIMDualKc soil water balance model with the Stewart’s water-yield model was used to assess the impacts of alternative sowing dates and irrigation schedules upon malting barley (Hordeum vulgare L. cv. Publican) yields. To properly support modelling, the study was based upon field observations...
Drought indices, such as the Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) are used to quantify drought severity. Due to the SPI probabilistic and standardized nature, a given value of SPI computed in distinct time periods or locations indicates the same relative drought severity but corresponds to different amounts of precipitation. Thus, the present stu...
This study focuses on assessing trends of reference evapotranspiration (ETo) considering aridity. Weather data sets of 54–62 years of Inner Mongolia, a Chinese Province where climate varies from hyper-arid in the West to wet sub-humid in the East, were used. Trends were analyzed for ETo computed with the FAO Penman-Monteith method (PM-ETo) using fu...
Abstract When weather data sets available for computing the reference evapotranspiration
are incomplete or of questionable quality, there is the need to replace the FAO Penman-
Monteith (PM-ETo) method by approaches requiring reduced sets only, particularly maximum
and minimum temperature. The Hargreaves-Samani (HS) equation and the PM-ETo using on...
Computing crop reference evapotranspiration (ETo) with the FAO Penman–Monteith method (PM-ETo) requires maximum and minimum air temperature, shortwave radiation, relative air humidity and wind speed. These data are often not available, thus requiring alternative computation procedures. Although some proposed approximations may provide ETo values wi...
:Variousmaizeirrigationtreatmentsincludingfullanddeficitirrigationwereusedtocalibrate andvalidatethesoilwaterbalanceandirrigationschedulingmodelSIMDualKcatPaysandú,western Uruguay. Themodeladoptsthedualcropcoefficientapproachtopartitionactualevapotranspiration (ETcact) into actual transpiration (Tcact) and soil evaporation (Es). Low errors of estim...
Spectral reflectance data have increasingly been used in the study of vegetation, including studies of crop water status and plant water stress. The reflectance data are often used in the form of spectral vegetation indices (VI), which describe biophysical parameters of interest. The rising availability of instruments with better spectral resolutio...
Soil salinization is an increasing threat in agricultural water scarce regions, where even saline irrigation
waters can be seen as an important resource. The sustainable use of these waters requires a precise
knowledge of the processes involved, with modeling assuming a critical role in irrigation water management.
The objective of this study was t...
The Horqin sandy steppe is a landscape mosaic of semi-arid lands of Inner Mongolia. For conservation purposes, it is necessary to know better the hydrologic behavior of its main components, as it is the case of grasslands. To study the dynamics of soil water and evapotranspiration, and its partition into transpiration and soil evaporation, the soil...
Semi-natural grasslands are a main landscape of Graciosa and other Islands of Azores. The present study aims at calibrate and validate the soil water balance model SIMDualKc for those grasslands aiming at assessing the dynamics of soil water and evapotranspiration.
