Kushal Sen

Kushal Sen
Indian Institute of Technology Delhi | IIT Delhi · Department of Textile Technology

B. Tech. IIT Delhi, June 1977; Ph. D. , IIT Delhi, March 1981

About

60
Publications
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1,563
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Publications

Publications (60)
Book
This monograph reviews electrically conducting polymers, fibres and fabrics prepared by in situ chemical, electrochemical, and vapour-phase polymerization. It describes different inherently conducting monomers viz. aniline, pyrrole, thiophene and their derivatives that are often used to prepare flexible non-metallic electro-conductive textiles. It...
Article
In this work, the dynamics of electrochemical polymerization of pyrrole was assessed by measuring the system current and polymer yield under different cell dimensions and polymerization conditions. The effects of distance between electrodes on the yield and system current were described. Also, the effects of monomer concentration and electrode size...
Article
This issue of Textile Progress reviews research carried out on electrically conducting polymers, fibres and fabrics prepared by in situ chemical, electrochemical and vapour-phase polymerisation. It provides information about various inherently conducting polymers prepared from aniline, pyrrole, thiophene and their derivatives that are often used to...
Article
Three different Indian wools of significantly different characteristics are selected for the study. Structurally different yarns were produced using different approaches of fibre mixing and spinning systems. The performance and functional properties of handloom carpets made from structurally different yarns were studied. Carpets made of multi-compo...
Article
Three different Indian wools viz. Malpura, Magra and Chokla, significantly different in terms of fibre diameter, proportion of medullated fibres and extent of medullation are selected for this study. Two different mixing approaches i.e. homogeneous and strategic mixing of fibres of different characteristics were used. Three-layered yarn structures...
Article
This paper reports a study on electro-conductive fabrics prepared by a combined in situ chemical and electrochemical polymerization of pyrrole. Specific observations are made to establish the roles of add-on and surface roughness on the surface resistivity of the electro-conductive fabrics. The performance characteristics of the fabrics are reporte...
Article
Full-text available
This paper describes the measurement of packing density and radial packing density of newly developed three-layered, wool structure yarn for pile carpets. Three different varieties of Indian wool, in terms of fibre diameter, medullation and bending rigidity, were strategically positioned in the (ring spun) yarn cross-section. The measurements of al...
Article
Full-text available
Invariably different fibres are mixed homogeneously at yarn stage to obtain the desired carpet characteristics such as resiliency, lustre, reduced shedding and cost reduction. In order to fully exploit the individual fibre characteristics, i.e. fibre diameter, medullation and bending rigidity, an attempt has been made to engineer the carpet yarns t...
Article
Full-text available
This article reports on development, characterization, and performance of electro-conductive textiles prepared by in-situ chemical polymerization of mixtures of pyrrole and thiophene onto a polyester fabric. It was observed that a mixture of pyrrole and thiophene at 4:1 molar ratio resulted in the lowest surface resistivity among all the mixtures a...
Article
This work deals with the electrochemical polymerization of pyrrole. The electrochemical polymerization process is evaluated in terms of polymer yield and conversion with respect to monomer and dopant concentrations, applied voltage, and polymerization temperature. An expression for predicting the system current as a function of the aforesaid proces...
Article
This work deals with preparation, characterization, and performance of electro-conductive yarns prepared by in situ chemical and electrochemical polymerization of pyrrole. Box-Behnken design in conjunction with response surface analysis has been used to study the electrochemical polymerization process. The effect of electrochemical process paramete...
Article
In this work, the dynamics of electrochemical polymerization of pyrrole was assessed by measuring the system current and polymer yield under different cell dimensions and polymerization conditions. The effects of distance between electrodes on the yield and system current were described. Also, the effects of monomer concentration and electrode size...
Article
This work deals with development, characterization, and performance of an electro-conductive fabric prepared by in situ polymerization of thiophene onto polyester. An attempt was made to optimize the polymerization process to achieve highest level of electro-conductivity of this fabric. The essential characteristics of this electro-conductive fabri...
Article
Full-text available
The behaviour of heterobifunctional reactive dyes, containing a monochlorotriazine and a vinyl sulphone group, on silk has been investigated. Maximum exhaustion and fixation were obtained in a neutral medium at 90d̀ C. The addition of sodium sulphate was found to promote the exhaustion of reactive dyes at pH values above the isoelectric point of si...
Article
The influence of dye reactivity on the exhaustion of reactive dyes on silk has been studied. It was found that if reactivity is reduced by blocking or hydrolysing the reactive groups, exhaustion also decreases. A mechanism by which reactive dyes exhaust onto silk in neutral media is also proposed.
Article
Bifunctional reactive dyes have been found to form crosslinks in silk. These have a significant effect on the solubility of the fibre. Solubility tests can therefore be used to assess the degree of crosslinking in the fibre. A slight improvement in the mechanical properties of silk dyed with bifunctional reactive dyes has been observed.
Article
Silk is a natural protein fibre. It is the only natural fibre available in continuous filament form. Earlier research studies on physical structure and mechanical properties of silk have indicated that the physical and chemical architecture varies between different varieties of silk and a substantial variation of these properties was observed withi...
Article
Fading characteristics of selected bifunctional and monofunctional reactive dyes have been studied on silk and cotton. Dyes were applied in the reactive and hydrolysed forms in order to study the influence of covalent bonding on the photofading of reactive dyes. The active dye-fibre interaction was found to influence the light fastness of dyes. Rea...
Article
Full-text available
The tensile behaviour of fully degummed filaments of two commercial varieties of silk produced in India, namely mulberry (Bombyx mori) and tasar (Antheraea mylitta), has been investigated in dry and wet state. The tensile properties were correlated with the structures and morphologies of these two varieties of silk. The tenacity and elongation at b...
Article
This third in a series of articles deals with the analysis of the dyeing behavior of two mulberry and three nonmulberry varieties of silk. The results of the dyeing tests carried out were discussed in relation to the physical and chemical structure of the silk fibers. Noticeable differences in the dye uptake were observed among the different variet...
Article
This second in a series of articles deals with studies on the structure and physical properties of five varieties of Indian silk: two mulberry (bivoltine and crossbreed) and three nonmulberry (tasar, muga, and eri). A detailed analysis of the microstructural parameters and mechanical properties was reported. Significant differences between and with...
Article
This first in a series of articles characterized the different varieties of Indian silk for their macrostructural parameters, such as filament length, degumming loss, denier, cross section, moisture regain, and intrinsic viscosity, for example. The results of amino acid analysis using a reverse-phase technique were also reported. Five Indian silk v...
Article
The effect of stretching on the thermal behavior of acrylic fibers was investigated with differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetric analysis, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). In air atmosphere, the peak temperature of the dynamic DSC thermogram was significantly lowered from 289 to 273 °C when the gel fibers (undr...
Article
Acrylic fibers are among the most useful synthetic fibers for textile applications, and special acrylic fiber (SAF) has industrial applications. The physical and mechanical properties of fiber are affected by several parameters; one such parameter is coagulation conditions: bath temperature, bath composition, and drawing. Acrylonitrile–carboxylic a...
Article
1H, 13C [1H]-, and 2D HETCOR NMR spectroscopy have been employed to characterize polyacrylonitrile (PAN) homopolymer and copolymers of methacrylic acid (MAA) and itaconic acid (IA) prepared by solvent–water suspension polymerization technique in a mixture containing DMF (solvent) and water. The chemical composition of P(AN–MAA) copolymers was deter...
Article
Polyacrylonitrile (PAN) and copolymer of acrylonitrile–vinyl acids prepared by solution polymerization technique have been characterized by Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) (under dynamic as well as isothermal conditions), themograviemetric analysis (TGA), and on-line DSC-FTIR spectroscopy. The DSC of copolymers was carried out at 5°C/min in...
Article
Dry–jet–wet spinning of three copolymers, poly(acrylonitrile/methyl acrylate), poly(acrylonitrile/methacrylic acid), and poly(acrylonitrile/itaconic acid), was performed with a dimethylformamide/water (60:40 v/v) coagulation bath at different temperatures (10–40°C). The fibers were stretched to different levels (1.1–6×) in boiling water, collapsed,...
Article
Polyethylene‐g‐polyacrylamide membranes were prepared by graft polymerization of acrylamide into polyethylene films using a preirradiation technique. The membranes showed good swelling in water and a maximum of 232% swelling was achieved for a graft level of 590%. The electrical resistance of the membranes decreased with increase in the degree of g...
Article
Radical polymerization of acrylonitrile (AN) with methacrylic acid (MAA) and itaconic acid (IA) was carried out in a mixture of dimethylformamide (DMF) and water at 70°C using , ′-azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN) as an initiator. Monomer feed in the polymerization vessel was 98:2 (AN:MAA/IA) in the molar ratio, and the DMF:H2O ratio was varied between...
Article
The effect of comonomers, methacrylic (MAA 3–6 mol%) and itaconic acid (IA 2–3 mol%) on the glass transition temperature, Tg, hydration melting and thermo-oxidative stabilization of acrylonitrile copolymers has been studied by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). While, two Tg‘s were observed, near 70 and 140°C, for PAN homopolymer, copolymers...
Article
The influence of acrylic, methacrylic, and itaconic acid comonomers in the nitrile oligomerization of acrylonitrile copolymers has been studied by DSC and DSC-FTIR in air and nitrogen atmospheres. Addition of metal salts in poly(acrylonitrile–acrylic acid) copolymer, PA on thermal and rheological behavior has also been reported. Incorporation of Cu...
Article
Production of high-tenacity acrylic fibers with a tensile strength 6-6.2 gpd (0.62-0.64 GPa), modulus 180-250 gpd (18.5-26 GPa) and elongation at break 8-13% by dry-jet-wet spinning of poly(acrylonitrile-methylacrylate-methacrylic acid or itaconic acid) acid content varying 1.5-1.6 wt%, terpolymers has been presented. The effects of fiber forming c...
Article
An attempt has been made to optimize the cooking conditions of tussah silk cocoon (Antheraea mylitta D.) with ethylenediamine using the Box and Behnken factorial design for three variables and three Levels for each variable. It is observed that the duration and temperature of treatment as well as the concentration of ethylenediamine significantly i...
Article
Six varieties of tussah and two varieties of mulberry yarn were assessed by using the Seriplane test method for various appearance grades and also on the Uster evenness tester. The correlation coefficients between evenness, cleanness, and neatness as determined by the Seriplane method and the mass irregularity (CV%), thick and thin place test and t...
Chapter
Polypropylene is the first stereoregular polymer to have achieved industrial importance. The fibres from polypropylene were introduced to the textile arena in the 1970s and have become an important member of the rapidly growing family of synthetic fibres. Today polypropylene enjoys fourth spot behind the ‘big three’ fibre classes, i.e. polyester, n...
Article
Solution copolymerization of acrylonitrile (AN) with various vinyl acids, i.e., acrylic acid (AA), methacrylic acid (MAA), and itaconic acid (IA), was carried out in DMF at 70°C using α,α′-azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN) as an initiator with an acidic monomer of 0.012–0.092 mol %. Copolymers were characterized by FTIR, CHN analysis, 1H-and 13C-NMR, a...
Article
Acrylic fibers are among the most important man-made fibers. They rank third after polyesters and nylons [1]. The first commercially available acrylic fiber was orlon, introduced by DuPont in 1943. Soon thereafter, other companies introduced new acrylic fibers, such as Acrilan, Dralon, and so forth. During the 1950s, the acrylic fiber industry expe...
Article
Full-text available
Cooking of tasar silk cocoon of Deba variety (A. mylitta D.) with tartaric acid has been optimized by using an orthogonal central composite design. Shell weight loss and silk filament recovery are influenced by duration of treatment and acid concentration. Mechanical properties do not change with the process parameters. Hardness of water does not a...
Article
Polypropylene multifilament yarn samples were irradiated by gamma rays in air. The effect of radiation dose on thermal, structural, and mechanical properties was studied. Melting endotherms and crystallization exotherms gave useful information regarding the structural changes. X-ray diffraction, infrared spectroscopy, density, and viscosity data of...
Article
Full-text available
The aim of the present work is to investigate the level of faults present in tussah silk yarn as detected on an Uster instrument for four different varieties of commercially available tussah(tasar) silk yarns. The structure of these faults were analysed further so as to understand the mechanism and source of their generation.
Article
Two spin finishes, one imported and one indigenous, have been characterized and compared for their performance, in terms of frictional behaviour and static charge generation, on nylon 6 monofilament yarn.
Article
Four commercially available tasar silk yarns have been characterized on the basis of physical and mechanical properties. Machine-reeled and organzine (double-twisted) yarns show the highest and lowest value of evenness respectively. Neps contribute maximum towards imperfections in comparison to thick and thin places. Though the tenacity values of b...
Article
Acrylic fabrics have been treated with alkaline solutions based on sodium hydroxide in water, water/methanol and water/dimethylformamide media. Pad-batch and pad-steam methods have been used with aqueous solutions. Treated fabrics have improved charge dissipation and enhanced soil release.
Article
Polypropylene fiber and fibers spun from blends of polypropylene and small amounts of polyester and polystyrene incorporated through melt blending prior to spinning were investigated for dyeing performance in both untextured and textured forms. The dyeing performance improved with the addition of these polymers. While the reduction of crystallinity...
Article
Incorporating small amounts of polyester and polystyrene into polypropylene by melt blending prior to spinning reduces crystallinity considerably. An amount as low as 5% polystyrene reduces crystallinity from 70% for the parent fiber to 34% for the blend. A reduction in feeder yam crystallinity results in a greatly improved performance in texturiza...
Article
Annealing followed by rapid quenching is used to reduce the ctystallinity of poly propylene filaments. The effect of reduced feeder yarn crystallinity on the texturizability of the fibers is studied. The tension-annealed samples show a considerable increase in crimp rigidity values compared to the parent, unannealed samples, particularly when the c...
Article
The effects of heater temperature and contact time on the properties of textured polypropylene yarn are reported. Increases in both contact time and heater temperature increase crimp rigidity. Enhancing the rate of cooling increases crimp rigidity consid erably, particularly when low contact times are used. Texturization reduces crystallinity of th...
Article
A unique system for simultaneously dyeing and texturing polyester/viscose blended yarn is reported. Dyeing and texturing were accomplished by pad-thermosol and alkali shock treatment. A single bath was used, containing a mixture of disperse and reactive dye, along with dimethyloldihydroxyethyleneurea and an acid catalyst. Dye fixation and texturing...
Article
An account is given of a study of various catalysts and mixed-catalyst systems used for texturing viscose staple-fibre yarn by cross-linking with DMDHEU at a high temperature. It is observed that magnesium dihydrogen phosphate and basic aluminium chloride are very efficient catalysts in view of the crimp rigidity and strength retained after texturi...
Article
Union-setting (combined heat-setting and resin-curing) of polyester-viscose blended yarns of varying blend ratios (20/80, 50/50, 65/35, and 80/20) was studied for producing textured yarn by batch (twist-set-detwist) and continuous (false-twist) methods. Basic aluminum chloride and magnesium dihydrogen phosphate were used as catalysts for the settin...
Article
A two-ply 50/50 polyester/viscose spun yarn was textured by the twist-set-detwist process through simultaneous setting of the components. The setting methods employed were 1) heat-setting plus dry-crosslinking by the use of resins at high curing temperatures, and 2) solvent-setting plus wet- crosslinking by a solution of epichlorohydrin in tetrachl...
Article
Full-text available
The characteristic stress-strain behaviour of mulberry and tasar silk filaments is a complex and subtle one and the process involves a proper correlation for the structure and property of these two. The parameters for the correlation are the density, birefringence, orientation index, sonic modulus and amino acid composition. Further, study of the s...
Article
Studies at IIT Delhi reveal that, by optimizing machine parameters, texturing of polypropylene can be economically effected. Cooling time is an important factor. Effects of process variables in a Scragg CS-12 Minibulk machine are presented. Liquid-air cooling improves crimp rigidity. End-uses suggested include sportswear and tracksuits with polypro...
Article
Polypropylene yarns, melt-blended with 2-5% polyester or polystyrene, were studied with regard to false-twist texturing. Melt blending considerably alters the structural and mechanical properties of the resultant fibres and reduces their crystallinity. As a result of reduced crystallinity, the texturizability of the blended yarns is improved signif...
Article
The properties of polyester/viscose rayon blended yarns dyed with disperse/vinylsulphone-type reactive dyes and simultaneously textured by back-twisting or false-twisting were studied. It was found that the simultaneous process did not affect the mechanical or fastness properties of the yarn.
Article
The use of textured polypropylene yarn in apparel applications is discussed with reference to the advantages and disadvantages of the yarn properties. The fibre properties and crimp contraction behaviour of polypropylene fibres are compared with those of polyester, nylon 6 and nylon 66. Methods for improving the techniques for texturing polypropyle...
Article
A small percentage (2 to 5%) of polyester or polystyrene was incorporated into polypropylene through melt blending in order to study the feasibility of this method for improving the dyeability and texturizability of polypropylene. The resultant polypropylene multifilament yarn had a much reduced level of crystallinity. Consequently, a very high cri...

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