Kurt A. Rosentrater

Iowa State University | ISU · Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering

Changing to alternative protein sources supports production of more economic aquafeeds. Two isocaloric (3.06 kcal/g) and isonitrogenous (40% db) experimental feeds for juvenile yellow perch were formulated with incorporation of fermented soybean meal (FSBM) and soy protein concentrate (SPC), each of which were at two levels (0 and 20% db), along wi...

A single-screw laboratory extruder was used to conduct an L18 (22 ´ 36) Taguchi fractional factorial study of aquafeed processing. The ingredients were based on a formulation for nutritionally-balanced Nile tilapia diets containing distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) and soybean meal as the main protein sources, in addition to constant amo...

Processing steps including bleaching, deodorizing, and milling are imperative for improving the functionality of distillers grains in various food matrices, as well as improving consumer acceptance. Utilization of distillers grains in food products is of particular interest. Various parameters were explored for the removal of pigments, including ra...

Twin-screw extrusion cooking trials were performed to investigate the differential effects of conventional DDGS (DDGS) and HP-DDG inclusion, as fishmeal replacers, on physical properties (moisture content, water activity, thermal properties, expansion ratio, unit density, bulk density, water absorption, solubility and pellet durability indices, and...

Grains offer a variety of nutrients; it is thought that through the addition of distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) the fiber and protein in baked products may be improved. In this study, all-purpose flour and bread flour were tested with various DDGS substitution levels (0%, 25%, or 50% flour substitution) with the dough conditioner sodiu...

The aim of this study was to understand the environmental and economic impact of the low temperature closed-cycle grain drying system by using techno-economic analysis (TEA) and life cycle assessment (LCA). For TEA, three scales including small (60 bu/batch), medium (600 bu/batch) and large (6000 bu/batch) were chosen for analysis the total annual...

As the world population continues to grow, the demand for human food and animal feed grows exponentially. Aquaculture is the food sector which has been growing at the greatest rate for several years. Because of the expense of fishmeal in aquaculture fees, an inexpensive protein source could be corn-based proteins. Although many studies have focused...

Demands for seafood products are steadily increasing. Alternative protein sources are required to compensate for enormous amounts of fishmeal that is needed for global seafood production. Starch is a food polymer that can be added to fish feed formulations to enhance binding and expanding capabilities of extrudates. Floatability, a key factor for m...

The goal of this study was to make high quality gluten-free pasta using amaranth, quinoa and rice flours, water and eggs using extrusion processing, and to compare these with gluten-free pasta already commercialized. The difficulty was to reproduce the texture provided by the gluten network without using gluten. To do that, an experimental design w...

The worldwide decline and overexploitation of ocean fisheries stocks had provided an incentive for the rapid growth of aquaculture. The aquaculture industry has been recognized as the fastest-growing food production system globally, with a 10% increase in production per year and is one of the most reliable and sustainable growth markets for manufac...

Due to increase of the population affected by Coeliac disease and awareness of consumers about the relationship between food and health, the production of cereal products from raw materials other than wheat is of interest. The aim of the work was to produce good quality gluten-free spaghettis, based on sorghum, amaranth and maize flour. Response su...

This study analyzed the drying efficiency of a prototype low temperature closed-cycle grain drying system. The main principle of this drying system was the heat pump system working as a dehumidifier. The main component of this drying equipment included a compressor, a condenser, twin evaporators, and a fan. Two drying studies (denoted as trial 1 an...

Fast-paced growth in global aquaculture has elevated concerns about the high costs of fish farming production and potential water pollution. Thus, finding eco-friendly and more sustainable alternative protein sources for fish diets is of vital importance to the industry. A twin-screw extrusion processing study was performed using three ingredient b...

The goal of this study was to make quinoa pasta only with flour and water using extrusion processing and to compare quinoa spaghetti with commercial spaghetti from Barilla containing gluten thanks to physico-chemical tests. First, using a KitchenAid, several tests were carried out in order to find the recipe with a suitable proportion of water and...

Food transportation is an increasingly important consideration to total food sustainability in a rapidly globalizing world. To maintain the efficiency of regionalized production, food travels great distances to the consumer’s plate. While this long-distance sourcing is often more sustainable from a production standpoint, the routes from origin to c...

The rapid growth of corn-based dry grind ethanol plants over the past decade in the US has resulted in a great increase in production of the coproduct DDGS (distillers dried grains with solubles). Since some physical properties like low bulk density and poor flowability can impact the market potential of DDGS, pelleting of DDGS can be one of the ea...

Corn has six main varieties grown globally for animal feed, human consumption, and commercial/industrial purposes. Flour is an end-product of corn dry-milling. Products that are derived from corn flour often show differences in physical, chemical, and pasting properties due to corn varietal differences, milling methods, differences in flour particl...

The global reliance upon cereal grains, not only for domestic consumption, but also for export in international markets continues to be critical to many countries’ economies. The ecological impacts of the various steps along the supply chain required to get product to the consumer, whether it be fuel, feed, or food, have significant environmental i...

Because of the growth of gluten intolerance and Celiac disease, there is growing interest in development of gluten-free foods. Beyond just being gluten-free, such foods can also have other positive nutritional benefits to human health. Extrusion processing is commonly used to produce a wide variety of human food products. Gluten-free grains can be...

Improperly balanced diets not only impact the quality of animal production but also the profits of a livestock operation. Typically, the nutrient and chemical content of feed ingredients and forages are determined using well-established wet chemistry tests. However, these tests can be expensive and time-consuming. Moreover, the increasing use of va...

Corn oil is a major agricultural commodity, and it is a staple in kitchens worldwide. This comprehensive review aims to provide a holistic understanding of corn oil processing, composition, nutritional benefits, properties, and market dynamics. The processing of corn oil poses challenges in achieving optimal extraction efficiency while addressing e...

Copra meal, the byproduct of coconut oil production, has been widely available at low cost but has been underutilized, with huge portions still becoming waste. Extensive research on different species have been performed to improve its use as an alternative feed ingredient, aiming to reduce the impact of fluctuating feed prices in some parts of the...

Wetlands play a vital role as one of the most important natural habitats on our planet. However, the survival of these natural wetlands is threatened by various factors. The arrival of invasive and non-native aquatic ferns is one of these challenges. In this regard, Azolla filiculoides has become a severe problem for the Anzali wetland. Azolla, as...

White bass (Morone chrysops) are a popular sportfish throughout the southern United States, and one parent of the commercially-successful hybrid striped bass (M. chrysops ♂ x M. saxatilis ♀). Currently, white bass are cultured using diets formulated for other carnivorous fish, such as largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) or hybrid striped bass a...

Hermetic bag storage is a growing innovative technology that can effectively mitigate insect activity in stored grain and preserve quality without pesticides. This study aimed to estimate the environmental and economic impacts of hermetic storage bags as the basis for the sustainable adoption of the technology. This study demonstrated an approach t...

The main insects that deteriorate stored maize grain in the tropics are maize weevils (Sitophilus zeamais). S. zeamais can cause significant post-harvest losses (PHL) in maize during storage. The objective of this study was to help farmers in Ghana appreciate and understand the benefits of using GrainPro bags compared to woven polypropylene bags (W...

The maize weevil (Sitophilus zeamais) is an important cosmopolitan pest and the most detrimental insect of stored maize. This study aimed to investigate the efficacy of the periodic physical disturbance method on S. zeamais mortality. The potential adoption of the technology in Ghana was also considered. Farmers loaded 20 L buckets with maize grain...

High fructose corn syrup (HFCS) 55 (HFCS55) is a sweetener made from corn composed of 55% fructose and a mix of glucose and minor amounts of short chain oligosaccharides. It is widely used in food applications as a sweetener, preservative, flavor enhancer, moisture retainer, and to provide texture. The objective of this study was to assess the crad...

Introduction The average American diet is high in red and processed meats which increases one's risk for chronic diseases and requires more land and water to produce and yields greater greenhouse gases (GHG) compared to other protein foods. Reduction of red and processed meat intake, such as seen with the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DA...

Lipid and fatty acid digestibility is presumably high in Channel Catfish, but data is lacking. We determined the lipid and fatty acid digestibility of traditional and alternative dietary lipids in Channel Catfish to inform lipid choice for commercial diets. Six diets contained 4% of different lipids: soybean oil (SBO), soybean oil containing conjug...

Air source heat pump drying systems in the agricultural production sector were reviewed in this study in terms of optimal designs, leading to the optimization of the heat pump drying process. Several intricate designs have been used to optimize the heat pump drying process. Multiple evaporators with multiple condensers, multiple drying chambers, ca...

Food systems are energy-intensive, causing ≈25 % of anthropogenic global warming potential (GWP) and contributing to challenges across the food-energy-water nexus. The state of Iowa, USA, is of particular interest as a rainfed agricultural region of the upper Midwest; despite its highly productive landscape, a large proportion of food consumed by I...

White bass (Morone chrysops) is a popular sportfish throughout the southern United States, and one parent of the commercially successful hybrid striped bass (M. chrysops ♂ x M. saxatilis ♀; HSB). Commercial production of white bass does not currently exist in the U.S. due to a lack of information regarding nutritional requirements and cost-effectiv...

Cellulosic butanol production has been of interest because of the attractive properties of butanol as a fuel and its ability in environmental preservation. Biological pathway for butanol production is currently a subject of development efforts from various processing aspects. One crucial stage is the pretreatment process, which has considerably aff...

We have studied the impacts of polypropylene (PP) and poly lactic acid (PLA) to quantify the differences between fossil-based and first generation biosourced plastics. Preliminary results on impact assessment from manufacturing stages suggested that the smaller the lot size and part weight of each injection molded plastic material, the higher the e...

Maize is a major staple crop mainly produced by smallholder farmers in developing nations. Grain losses happen in Sub-Saharan Africa, and therefore the objective of this study was to assess the different kinds of pre-harvest and post-harvest losses that maize farmers in Ghana encounter. The storage practices, and farmers' awareness and knowledge of...

With regard to the growing emphasis on sustainability in recent years, evaluation of the environmental performance of drying is considered. This paper aims to analyze the environmental burdens associated with whole stillage drying in a biorefinery through Life Cycle Assessment(LCA) methodology. The results reveal that the ring dryer has fewer envir...

The public has recommended the use of botanicals with insecticidal properties because of the environmental and human health hazards associated with the utilization of synthetic chemicals. Farmers and other stakeholders need to have optimal knowledge of the chemical treatment of grain. Also understanding how synthetic chemicals and botanicals impact...

A large amount of lab-based research has shown that algae can be used for wastewater treatment and biofuel production. However, on the large scale there are significant practical limitations that must be overcome, including infrastructure costs, energy and water costs, slow algal growth rates, separation of algae from the medium, and algal cell lys...

Agriculture is the main economic activity for the most of the population of developing countries, accounting for a quarter of gross domestic product. Agriculture is mainly dominated by smallholder farmers, with cereal grain constituting the bulk of food production. Cereal grain is a seasonal crop often cultivated once per year, while demand is even...

Since ancient times, the growth and expansion of civilization has depended in large measure upon the domestication, cultivation, improvement, and use of cereal grains and related agricultural commodities. This chapter provides an overall introduction to the fifth edition of this reference book. In this work, we will cover topics and issues related...

This chapter has provided a brief overview of rodents, and why their control is important to grain storage and processing facilities. Various aspects of their life cycles, biology, and identification have been discussed, as have various methods of control, including trapping and poisoning. In essence, rodent control in grain storage areas requires...

Storage facilities for grain and grain products play a key role in US agriculture, and fulfill three main functions: (1) postharvest handling and storing of cereal grains, oilseeds, and grain products, (2) conditioning and preserving of these products, and (3) facilitating the transference and delivery of these materials to domestic feeding and pro...

To begin the discussion of grain storage and the technologies and practices that are used, it is instructive to consider the historical roots of cereal grains and their storage, as these have a direct impact on “modern” methods. Thus it is useful to consider human history in the context of cereal grains, and the relationship of grain vis-à-vis the...

Postharvest losses of grain are a significant factor in the world food supply. Estimates of total losses as high as 50% have been reported for some countries, especially developing countries. More about approaches to grain storage in developing countries are discussed elsewhere in this book. Most losses result from infestation by insects, microorga...

Insects are one of the critical reasons why cereal grains and grain products do not retain quality during storage. It is important to identify which pests are present in order to effectively control them. This chapter covers several key aspects of stored grain insects. Key aspects include insect classification, structure, and development; various i...

The maximum quality that a cereal grain will ever achieve is the moment before it is harvested from the plant in the field. Afterward, the quality of that grain will only decrease until it is ultimately consumed for human, animal, or industrial use. Therefore, it is up to human intervention to slow this deterioration and to maintain quality (deteri...

The goal of this chapter is to provide a high-level overview of grain storage facilities. The emphasis is on commercial grain, storage but some discussion of farm storage is also provided. Specifically, this chapter will cover major types of grain storage, structural aspects of grain storage, grain handling, maintaining quality during storage, haza...

Moisture content plays a critical role in the grain industry. The fundamental metrics by which the industry operates inherently include moisture. Moisture levels impact facility design and operations, as well as the marketing of products. Reducing moisture content is critical to extending shelf life. This chapter discusses key issues regarding mois...

The objective of this chapter is to review the fundamentals of various grain kernels, including their structures and compositions, including similarities and differences among cereal grains, and how these play a role in storage and processing. It will be thorough, but not exhaustive. We will also discuss several key physical properties for grains a...

Over recent years, the food industry has striven to reduce waste, mostly because of rising awareness of the detrimental environmental impacts of food waste. While the edible oils market (mostly represented by soybean oil) is forecasted to reach 632 million tons by 2022, there is increasing interest to produce non-soybean, plant-based oils including...

Although vegetables are important for healthy diets, there are concerns about the sustainability of food systems that provide them. For example, half of fresh-market vegetables sold in the United States (US) are produced in California, leading to negative impacts associated with transportation. In Iowa, the focus of this study, 90% of food is impor...

The production of bio-based ethanol has been one of the fastest growing industries in the United States during the past decade. Thus, wider exploration of ethanol coproduct uses is necessary in the ethanol plant. Currently, process steams such as whole stillage, thin stillage, and syrup are processed into distiller dried grains with solubles and fe...

The production of corn-based ethanol in the U.S. has dramatically increasied in recent years, and consequently so has the quantity of coproduct feed ingredients generated from this segment of the grain processing industry. These streams are almost exclusively utilized as livestock feed, which partially offsets the need for corn in feed rations, but...

With the rapid development of the ethanol industry over the past few decades, research on distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS), its main coproduct, has increased in recent years. However, research about the basic properties of DDGS lacks comprehensiveness. This study examined 16 DDGS samples from 10 ethanol plants in the Midwest U.S., and u...

The concern of food waste (FW) impact on the environment, societies, and economies, has triggered many researchers to find alternative ways to utilize these materials. FW can be high in glucose and other sugars (depending upon the food used) and has the potential to be converted into value-added products such as ethanol. Ethanol is an organic mater...

In the context of global energy supply, cellulosic ethanol plays an essential role due to being considered a renewable fuel and minimize environmental emissions when compared to the exploration and utilization of fossil fuels. However, the cellulosic ethanol production requires pretreatment before the fermentation process, which is considered an ex...

Lignin and hemicellulose structures in cellulosic materials serve as a barrier for enzyme reactions. A pretreatment step is often needed to break these components to allow the biomass to be utilized as a source of value-added products. Various available pretreatment methods possess common drawbacks of the high amount of liquid and chemical requirem...

With the development of agricultural biorefineries and bioprocessing operations, understanding the economic efficiencies and environmental impacts for these have gradually become popular for the deployment of these industrial processes. The corn-based ethanol and soybean oil refining industries have been examined extensively over the years, especia...

Most people in the world live in urban areas, and their high population densities, heavy reliance on external sources of food, energy, and water, and disproportionately large waste production result in severe and cumulative negative environmental effects. Integrated study of urban areas requires a system-of-systems analytical framework that include...

PurposeDue to increasing environmental concerns about petroleum-based products, the replacement of petro-products has attracted much attention in recent years. The purpose of this paper was to evaluate the potential environmental impacts of glycerol-based structural bio-adhesive produced through the reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer...

Aspartic acid, or “aspartate,” is a non-essential, four carbon amino acid produced and used by the body in two enantiomeric forms: L-aspartic acid and D-aspartic acid. The L-configuration of amino acids is the dominant form used in protein synthesis; thus, L-aspartic acid is by far the more common configuration. However, D-aspartic acid is one of o...

There has been an increasing global demand for large bluegill (Lepomis macrochirus) to supply the food‐fish market. Current bluegill diets resemble those for largemouth bass and contain a high percentage of marine fish meal (FM). Research into the use of alternative protein ingredients for bluegill diets need to be conducted to not only conserve fi...

This study evaluated high-protein distillers dried grains (HP-DDG; 40% CP) as a direct replacer for fishmeal (herring FM; 72%CP) in juvenile Yellow Perch (YEP) Perca flavescens diets in a 105-day feeding trial. Four fish-meal replacement levels (25%, 50%, 75%, and 100%) using HP-DDG were compared with a fish meal control diet. Significant differenc...

Background and Objectives: Following mechanical harvest, shelled corn is susceptible to decreased quality in storage environments. The rate at which shelled corn deteriorates is dependent upon numerous factors, but temperature and moisture content are predominant. The standard methodology for quantifying grain deterioration is to express it as a pe...

Highlights Techno-economic analysis was performed for multiple scales of bioreactors operated under a variety of conditions. The unit cost decreased as the bioreactor size increased. The unit cost increased in bioreactors with longer HRTs and bypass flow due to reduced treatment capacity. One large bioreactor was more cost-effective than multiple s...

According to the importance of vitamin B6 (pyridoxine) as a water-soluble vitamin on the physiological conditions of aquatic animals, the present study aimed to investigate effects of different concentrations of this vitamin in recycle system culture water on the Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Treatments including 0 (control), 10, 20, 30, an...

Formaldehyde-based adhesives have been used for several decades due to its convenience. In this paper, we aimed to explore the economics of urea–formaldehyde (UF) adhesives that can be used in wood panels. Two formaldehyde production pathways: metal oxide pathway and silver pathway, were compared in this study. SuperPro Designer v9.5 software was e...

This study is a comparative evaluation of three approaches to biofuel production from energy crops including biogas, bioethanol and biodiesel to ascertain which one is the most effective and more energy-efficient than the others. Moreover, the potential of biofuel production from the best option was studied. For this purpose, biogas generation from...

Traditional formaldehyde-based adhesives still play a crucial role in the current market, despite increasing environmental concerns resulting from their production. The purpose of this paper was to evaluate the environmental impacts of formaldehyde-based adhesives, urea-formaldehyde (UF) adhesive and phenol-formaldehyde (PF) adhesives, mainly used...

The stimulation of renewable fuel production is related to the environmental issues resulting from the extraction and utilization of fossil fuels. Although corn-based ethanol is one of the leading renewable fuels and promises to mitigate these environmental impacts, it generates large volumes of wastewater with high concentrations of organic materi...