Kurt Dirks

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A substantial body of research over the last two decades has examined the determinants and outcomes of interpersonal trust within organizations. However, little of this research has considered how the social network that surrounds an interpersonal relationship might influence the interpersonal trust within that relationship and ultimately the effec...

Trust and emotion have been among the most influential and frequently studied constructs in organizational behavior over the last two decades. Although emotion would seem to be integral to interpersonal trust, it has played a minor part in the literature. This article is intended to advance understanding of emotion’s role in shaping trust judgments...

Leaders, particularly new leaders, seek to establish high levels of trust, as it has been associated with higher levels of effectiveness and group outcomes. This study is designed to understand how trust changes and develops for leaders in a new role and the implications of that change. Although calls for research on trust over time have been made...

Do initial trustworthiness beliefs only have a short-term, temporary effect on one’s behavior and perceptions? Or might these initial beliefs have a lasting, robust effect that persists over time and in subsequent interactions? Trust development theories do not provide a consistent answer. Some research predicts the initial trustworthiness belief w...

Research has long emphasized that being trusted is a central concern for leaders (Dirks & Ferrin, 2002), but an interesting and important question left unexplored is whether leaders feel trusted by each employee, and whether their felt trust is accurate. Across 2 field studies, we examined the factors that shape the accuracy of leaders' felt trust-...

CEO transgressions are a common storyline in today's business press. Such incidents result in the need to repair trust for both the CEO and the organisation that the CEO leads. Existing empirical research on trust repair has focused primarily on interpersonal trust, resulting in a body of knowledge that provides many insights to the errant CEO but...

Given the practical importance of interpersonal trust in dyadic negotiations, scholars have increasingly turned their attention to the study of determinants of trust in negotiations. However, research in this area has not been well connected or integrated, which limits the ability of scholars and practitioners to ascertain the state of current scie...

Cumulating evidence from 112 independent studies (N = 7,763 teams), we meta-analytically examine the fundamental questions of whether intrateam trust is positively related to team performance, and the conditions under which it is particularly important. We address these questions by analyzing the overall trust-performance relationship, assessing th...

Trust is essential for effective personal and professional relationships, and a substantial literature has studied the antecedents and consequences of trust. Most of this research has adopted a shared definition of trust: the willingness to be vulnerable based upon positive expectations of the intentions or behavior of another (Davis, Mayer, & Scho...

Cumulating evidence from 123 independent studies (N=8,452 teams), we meta-analytically examine the fundamental question of whether intrateam trust is systematically related to team performance, and the conditions under which it is particularly important. We propose and test a comprehensive framework encompassing seven contingency factors and four q...

Trust has long been recognized by scholars and practitioners alike as an important factor for negotiation success. However, there has been little effort to date to empirically review or theoretically synthesize the research on trust in the context of negotiations. We present a social exchange framework that describes the processes through which tru...

Hong Kong Disneyland, a joint venture between the Walt Disney Company and the Hong Kong government, was conceived during the Asian financial crisis as a strategy for making Hong Kong a major tourist destination and providing Disney with a foothold into the potentially lucrative China market. Unfortunately, the park steadily lost money since opening...

Before a strategy can be developed, the problem it is supposed to address needs to be formulated. We establish the microfoundations of strategic problem formulation by developing a theory that predicts a core set of impediments to formulation that arise when complex, ill-structured problems are addressed by heterogeneous teams. These impediments fu...

This study incorporates insights from research on group decision-making and trust repair to investigate the differences that arise when alleged transgressors attempt to regain the trust of groups as compared to individuals. Results indicate that repairing trust is generally more difficult with groups than individuals, and both groups and individual...

Reports an error in "Beyond shared perceptions of trust and monitoring in teams: Implications of asymmetry and dissensus" by Bart A. De Jong and Kurt T. Dirks (Journal of Applied Psychology, 2012[Mar], Vol 97[2], 391-406). The subscript under Table 7 should have stated that the significance tests were one-tailed, just like the tests summarized in T...

Past research has implicitly assumed that only mean levels of trust and monitoring in teams are critical for explaining their interrelations and their relationships with team performance. In this article, the authors argue that it is equally important to consider the dispersion in trust and monitoring that exists within teams. The authors introduce...

The Hostage Rescue Team (HRT) of the Federal Bureau of Investigation was called in to assist the bureau's Special Weapons and Tactics (SWAT) team in Memphis to apprehend a married couple wanted on drug trafficking charges. The fugitive couple and an adult son, all with criminal records, were believed to be living in trailers in a mountain valley wh...

This paper investigates the repair of trust by examining the cognitive and interpersonal processes through which people resolve differences in their interpersonal beliefs. It begins by discussing the phenomenon of trust, the ease with which trust can be violated, and the challenge of trust repair. It then draws on numerous literatures to develop a...

Although research has focused on the implications of trusting others, little is known regarding how being trustworthy might influence one's own performance. In this article, the relationship between being perceived as trustworthy by one's coworkers and individual performance is examined. Exchange theory is used to consider the implications of the d...

How can relationships be repaired after being damaged? There is a small but growing body of work on the topic from a number of different disciplinary perspectives using different theoretical lenses and at different levels of analysis. We begin by examining the existing streams of work on relationship repair and organizing them into a conceptual fra...

Prior research on responses to trust violations has focused primarily on the effects of apology and denial. The authors extended this research by studying another type of verbal response that is often used to respond to trust violations but has not been considered in the trust literature: reticence. An accused party may use reticence in a sincere a...

Past studies of the determinants of interpersonal trust have focused primarily on how trust forms in isolated dyads. Yet within organizations, trust typically develops between individuals who are embedded in a complex web of existing and potential relationships. In this article, the authors identify 3 alternative ways in which a trustor and trustee...

This study examines how both strong and weak relationship groups (groups with numerous, intense internal friendship ties and few, less intense internal friendship ties respectively) achieve high performance when utilizing strategies that capitalize on the strengths and minimizing the weaknesses associated with their internal social structure. We ex...

This study examines the trust repair implications of apologizing with an internal vs. external attribution after a competence- vs. integrity-based trust violation. By considering theory regarding differences in the perceived diagnosticity of information about competence vs. integrity, we note that the conditions where external attributions would be...

Prior research on trust repair has focused primarily on the effects of apology and denial. We recognize another form of verbal response: reticence. Although reticence is sometimes used for strategic reasons (e.g., to unjustifiably evade culpability), reticence is also used in many situations because it is more appropriate than apology and denial. B...

Four experiments were conducted to investigate the implications of 'substantive' responses for the repair of trust following a violation and the cognitive processes that govern how and when they are effective. These studies examined two forms of substantive responses, penance and regulation, that represent different categories of trust repair attem...

Two studies were conducted to examine the implications of an apology versus a denial for repairing trust after an alleged violation. Results reveal that trust was repaired more successfully when mistrusted parties (a) apologized for violations concerning matters of competence but denied culpability for violations concerning matters of integrity, an...

Trust is a crucial element of effective leadership that can impact followers in ways ranging from the mundane to the heroic. For example, trust has been found to explain why some employees effectively complete their jobs and in addition go above and beyond the call of duty in their work without clear recompense. Among the more heroic aspects, trust...

Trust is critical to organizational effectiveness. Trust enhances cooperation, improves communication, facilitates citizenship behaviors, in addition to improving group and organizational performance (Davis et al. 2000; Dirks 1999; O'Reilly and Roberts 1976; Podsakoff et al. 1990). Despite the importance of trust, however, current organizational en...

This article presents a theoretical framework that identifies three aspects of a socialrelationship that are critical determinants of interpersonal trust, and examinesthe differentiated roles that these three aspects of a social relationship play in trustdevelopment. The study moves beyond the study of unidirectional trust formation in dyadic inter...

Social networks provide the architecture to facilitate important socio-emotional and task related exchanges within groups. However, researchers have just begun to explore how relationships form in groups comprised of individuals who differ on one or more dimensions. This paper investigates the role of social categorization and social network theori...

People develop feelings of ownership for a variety of objects, material and immaterial in nature. We refer to this state as psychological ownership. Building on and extending previous scholarship, the authors offer a conceptual examination of this construct. After defining psychological ownership, they address "why" it exists and "how" it comes int...

Hypotheses asserting that reward structures - an omnipresent element of the work context - have a strong influence on interpersonal trust are tested, and the cognitive and behavioral routes through which the effects may occur are explored. Specifically, attribution theory is used to identify several core processes including social perception, self-...

People develop feelings of ownership for a variety of objects, material and immaterial in nature. We refer to this state as psychological ownership. Building on and extending previous scholarship, the authors offer a conceptual examination of this construct. After defining psychological ownership, they address "why" it exists and "how" it comes int...

In this study, the authors examined the findings and implications of the research on trust in leadership that has been conducted during the past 4 decades. First, the study provides estimates of the primary relationships between trust in leadership and key outcomes, antecedents, and correlates (k = 106). Second, the study explores how specifying th...

In this study, the authors examined the findings and implications of the research on trust in leadership that has been conducted during the past 4 decades. First, the study provides estimates of the primary relationships between trust in leadership and key outcomes, antecedents, and correlates (k = 106). Second, the study explores how specifying th...

Existing research and practice has advocated that strong interpersonal relationships among teammates are an important foundation for high group performance. This study examines how both strong (i.e., groups with numerous friendship ties) and weak relationship groups (i.e.,groups with few friendship ties) are capable of high performance if they util...

Numerous researchers from various disciplines seem to agree that trust has a number of important benefits for organizations, although they have not necessarily come to agreement on how these benefits occur. In this article, 2 fundamentally different models that describe how trust might have positive effects on attitudes, perceptions, behaviors, and...

Building upon the observation that individuals feel ownership toward a variety of targets, we suggest that under certain conditions, organizational members can develop feelings of ownership toward the organization and various organizational factors. We define psychological ownership, identify its "roots" and the primary "routes" through which it de...

This study empirically examined the relationship between trust, leadership, and team performance with 2 objectives. The 1st objective was to empirically examine an assumption found in several literatures--that a team's trust in its leader has a significant effect on the team's performance. The 2nd objective was to explore a more complex and dynamic...

This study empirically examined the relationship between trust, leadership, and team performance with 2 objectives. The Ist objective was to empirically examine an assumption found in several literatures-that a team's trust in its leader has a significant effect on the team's performance. The 2nd objective was to explore a more complex and dynamic...

The idea that trust in leadership has an important effect on employeeperformance, behavior, and attitudes has been recognized across numerous literatures and disciplines. In this paper, we amass and summarize findings of empirical research from the past several decades on the consequences of trust inleadership. We conducted a meta-analysis of 47 sa...

This study explored 2 questions: Does the level of trust within a group affect group performance? If so, how does this relationship operate? An experimental method was used to examine 2 roles through which interpersonal trust could affect group performance: a main effect and a moderating effect. The data do not support the main effect that has domi...

Most of the research on trust rests on, or is intended to examine, the following proposition: interpersonal trust exerts positive effects on interpersonal behavior and work group performance. We examine the proposition's validity by reviewing existing research. Finding limited support, we present several alternative roles for trust in organizationa...

Before a strategy can be developed, the situation--or problem as we call it--needs to be formulated. We develop a theory that predicts a core set of impediments that fundamentally limit the comprehensiveness of problem formulation when problems are complex and ill-structured and addressed by a heterogeneous team. We then use these impediments to de...

Pratt and Dirks offer a compelling appraisal of the role of trust in positive relationships at work. They begin by observing that trust is central to all positive relationships. They go on to observe that positive relationships are more resilient than other relationships in that positive relationships can offer their members support even in the fac...