Kumaraperumal Ramalingam

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• PhD in Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry
• Professor (Associate) at Tamil Nadu Agricultural University

LULC (Land use and land cover) mapping is crucial for understanding environmental monitoring, supporting sustainable development, and managing natural resources. This study evaluated the accuracy of object-based LULC classification using Sentinel-2 data and machine learning classifiers in the Ariyalur, Perambalur, and Mayiladuthurai districts of Ta...

This review provides an overview of the analytical methods utilized across laboratory, field, landscape, and regional scales for assessing soil organic carbon (SOC) in agricultural soils. The significance of soil depth in SOC estimation underscores the importance of selecting appropriate sampling designs, soil depths, analytical methods, and baseli...

Sentinel-1A Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) satellite is highly beneficial for continuously monitoring the evaluating changes in agricultural areas and water spread area assessment. Having reliable information about water availability is crucial for effective regional planning. By analyzing water spread dynamics using SAR satellite data at the tank...

This study assessed groundwater quality in the Erode and Namakkal districts of Tamil Nadu, India, areas undergoing rapid urbanization and industrialization. Water quality parameters, including pH, Electrical Conductivity (EC), Calcium (Ca²⁺), Magnesium (Mg²⁺), Sodium (Na⁺), Potassium (K⁺), Carbonate (CO₃²⁻), Bicarbonate (HCO₃⁻), Chloride (Cl⁻), an...

Despite their vital roles in carbon sequestration, biodiversity conservation and coastal protection, mangrove ecosystems have historically faced degradation from pollution, deforestation and human activity. Mangrove restoration faces several challenges, including deforestation due to unsustainable logging for timber and fuelwood, as well as habitat...

Soil quality indices (SQIs) assess an ecosystem’s susceptibility to land-use change (LUC), highlighting the impacts on soil parameters. This study developed an SQI for six ecosystems in the Kolli Hills (KH), Eastern Ghats (EG), India: evergreen forest (EF), deciduous forest (DF), thorn forest (TF), agricultural system (AS), horticulture system (HS)...

Soil degradation due to industrialization is a growing global concern, emphasizing the importance of evaluating soil quality near industrial zones to ensure food security, environmental sustainability, and public health. This study compares soil quality across five industrial sites, including foundries, electroplating, paper mills, textile mills, a...

Carbon nanostructured materials, such as nanosheets, can be synthetically produced from various natural waste sources through carbonization and activation. Potassium hydroxide (KOH) is a well-known agent for creating porous structures and refining the micro or nanostructure of carbon. This study explores the effect of KOH, in both its solute and so...

As agricultural practices aim to boost productivity to meet global food demand, drones have emerged as transformative tools offering aerial intelligence to guide data-driven crop management. Drones are revolutionizing agriculture by their capacity to perform precise tasks related to crop health monitoring, pest and disease detection, spraying, mapp...

Analyzing the spatial and temporal trends in cropping patterns and intensity on a larger scale is essential for implementing timely policy decisions and strategies in response to climate change and variability. By converting cropping intensity estimates, we can compute net and gross production values, indirectly indicating food security status in t...

Drones have emerged as a viable precision agriculture technology that can help achieve sustainable development goals (SDGs) by enhancing sustainable farming practices, increasing food security and reducing environmental impact. This review paper aims to thoroughly examine the various applications of drone technology, including crop health monitorin...

This study examines the spatial variability of soil properties and classifies the soil in the Sirumugai Reserved Forest range, located in the Western Ghats, India. A systematic soil survey and profile studies were conducted, using landforms as the basis for investigation within the study area. Horizon-wise soil samples were analysed for key soil pa...

Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is cultivated in diverse environments, contributing significantly to global methane (CH4) emissions, accounting for approximately 12% of total methane emissions worldwide. With the demand for increasing rice production, methane emissions from rice fields continue to rise. This underscores the need for reliable strategies for...

An object-based image analysis (OBIA) approach provides a comprehensive method for delineating homogeneous segments based on spectral characteristics, geometry, and spatial imagery structures. The present study utilizes OBIA and machine learning (ML) techniques to map cashew plantations in Ariyalur district of Tamil Nadu, India. Sentinel-2 Multi-Sp...

Accurately estimating crop water use is crucial for efficient water management in conservation agriculture, especially in Coimbatore's semiarid climate. This study assessed maize water use and productivity over three growing seasons (2023-2024) at AC&RI, Coimbatore. Irrigation applied each season varied between 500.8mm and 554.1 mm, averaging 535.8...

Soil health is a vital determinant of agricultural productivity and the supply of essential ecosystem services, including water retention, nutrient cycling and the support of microbial communities. However, industrial activities near croplands can adversely affect soil health through contamination by pollutants such as heavy metals, chemicals and w...

YOLO represents the one-stage object detection also called regression-based object detection. Object in the given input is directly classified and located instead of using the candidate region. The accuracy from two-stage detection is higher than one-stage detection where one-stage object detection speed is higher than two-stage object detection. Y...

Modern technologies in the agricultural sector present tremendous opportunities to increased farm profitability and productivity. To achieve this, it is necessary to identify suitable solutions and ways to meet agricultural needs and requirements. This may be done by increasing production and finding rapid solutions for common issues that arise in...

Estimation of evapotranspiration spatially is mandatory for water budgeting and water resource monitoring based on crop water demand. The amount of evapotranspiration can be estimated spatially from reference evapotranspiration and fractional vegetation cover over the region. The incorporation of specific characteristics like spatial variability ov...

Accurate and quantitative assessment of Land Use and Land Cover (LULC) changes is crucial for understanding the spatial dynamics and environmental impacts within specific regions. In hilly terrains like the Nilgiris district in Tamil Nadu, India, these assessments are particularly challenging due to the complex topography and when classified using...

Digital soil mapping (DSM) is a significant advancement in soil mapping systems, enabling efficient mapping of soil patterns across different temporal and spatial scales. This computer-assisted method surpasses the traditional soil mapping techniques in terms of both compatibility and accuracy. This study employed multinomial logistic regression to...

Digital soil mapping is an innovative and highly efficient technique that extracts valuable insights about soil by analyzing a combination of soil and environmental factors. A recent study conducted in Tamil Nadu demonstrated the accuracy and effectiveness of digital soil mapping in predicting soil properties both qualitatively and quantitatively....

Large-scale mapping of soil resources can be crucial and indispensable for several of the managerial applications and policy implications. With machine learning models being the most utilized modeling technique for digital soil mapping (DSM), the implementation of model-based deep learning methods for spatial soil predictions is still under scrutin...

Coconut (Cocos nucifera), a key crop for over 10 million farming families in India, is vital in the agricultural economies of southern states like Tamil Nadu. However, traditional methods of monitoring coconut plantations are challenging due to the crop's geographical dispersion and seasonal variations. This study focuses on mapping coconut plantat...

Biological equilibrium has been disturbed by significant land use changes in recent years in the Eastern Ghats of India, which has worsened soil quality and compromised vital ecosystem services. To determine the effect of changes in land use on the balance of soil carbon, this study was carried out in Kolli hills, a portion of the Eastern Ghats tha...

The experiment was conducted during summer and rainy (kharif) seasons of 2021 and 2022 at Agricultural Research Station (Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu), Bhavanisagar, Tamil Nadu to evaluate the efficiency, economics and energetics of drone-based herbicide spray (fluid) application in transplanted rice (Oryza sativa L.)....

Lead (Pb) is used in many industries including the lead acid battery industry (LAB), lead recycling, and Sensor development. Among these, the lead-acid battery industry is the major industry in the world. For the economic development of a country the demand for motorized vehicles that use lead acid batteries as a source of energy is increased. The...

A field experiment was conducted at Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, during the Navarai season (January-April) of 2024 to assess the efficiency of drone-based herbicide application in terms of weed control, energy use, and cost effectiveness in wet direct-seeded rice (Oryza sativa L.). The study compared the effectiveness of weed con...

Background: Studying soil moisture’s impact on groundnut, particularly under rainfed conditions, is crucial for improving quality and yield. This research explores soil moisture dynamics using satellite and in-situ sensor data to enhance water management and crop predictions, focusing on the feedback mechanisms between soil moisture and weather var...

A research study was conducted at the Agricultural College and Research Institute, Coimbatore to estimate the evapotranspiration (ET) of maize crop (Zea mays) over 2 consecutive seasons in 2022-2023. Among the different methods used to estimate crop evapotranspiration, the Food and Agricultural Organization Penman-Monteith model (FAO P-M) is widely...

The cultivation of groundnut, which is crucial for its protein-rich kernels and edible oil, is highly sensitive to variations in soil moisture, particularly under rainfed conditions. The objective of the present study is to improve the accuracy of soil moisture monitoring by using principal component analysis (PCA) and clustering to analyze data fr...

The study demonstrated the computation of evapotranspiration (ET) in cultivation of groundnut (Arachis hypogaea) through the application of crop simulation models, alongside a comparative analysis with leaf area index (LAI) from various sources. The cultivation period for groundnut was conducted during the calendar year 2023, during which 2 distinc...

Background: Precision farming has significantly advanced the agricultural sector by enabling real-time canopy monitoring and crop condition evaluation, thus facilitating precise management strategies to enhance yields. This study investigated the use of drone-derived vegetation indices (VIs) for assessing spatial variability in crop conditions, off...

Precision farming has been revolutionized by advancements in drone technology and remote sensing, enabling high accuracy in real-time crop monitoring and yield prediction. To explore the potential of drone-based remote sensing for predicting the rice yield by the assessment of vegetation indices were generated and analyzed to identify the most sens...

Effective weed management relies on frequent field monitoring, which is difficult to perform in vast areas. Integrating several sensors like red-green-blue, thermal, hyperspectral, and multispectral sensors with unmanned aircraft systems and artificial intelligence ensures better results in managing the weed menace. Although India depends largely u...

A field study was conducted on the efficacy of different herbicide spray fluids applied using drone and knapsack sprayer on weed density, dry weight and nutrient removal by weeds present in rice field of Wetland farm, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, during Kharif 2022. The experiment revealed that combined application of pre-emergen...

Soil degradation due to industrialization is a growing global concern, emphasizing the importance of evaluating soil quality near industrial zones to ensure food security, environmental sustainability, and public health. This study compares soil quality across five industrial sites, including foundries, electroplating, paper mills, textile mills, a...

Comparative analysis of unmanned aerial vehicle and conventional spray systems for the maize fall armyworm Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith) (Lepidoptera; Noctuidae) management. Plant Protect Sci. Abstract: Insecticidal interventions at critical stages of maize are an important strategy for managing invasive insect pest fall armyworm (FAW) Spodopt...

Climate change has been worsened by aerosols which got a significant place in the scientific research to understand climate change dynamics. Hence, the optical properties of the aerosols play an important role in the earth's energy radiation budget. The Aerosol Optical Depth was measured at high altitude region in Ooty from December 2020 to May 202...

Soil fertility evaluation of Regional Research Station farm, Paiyur, Krishnagiri district, Tamil Nadu, India was done for efficient land use planning and crop production. Soil testing provides information on soil available nutrient status and serves as basis for making fertilizer prescription to crops. Soil samples were collected at 0-15 cm depth f...

In rice crop, herbicide applications are often made using conventional manual spraying equipment. In India, recent advancements in aerial spraying technology, which includes unmanned aerial vehicles, have great potential to replace conventional knapsack sprayers. In our study, an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) (15 L/ha, 20 L/ha and 25 L/ha) and knap...

The study was conducted to select the significant environmental covariates for mapping the soil through the computer-assisted soil mapping method. A total of 340 soil profile information was intersected against the environmental covariates to reduce the dimension of the data by which the quality of the spatial soil predictions can be improved. Robu...

Leafhoppers diversity was studied in irrigated rice ecosystems of Cauvery Delta Zone, High Rainfall Zone and Western Zone. Leafhopper assemblage comprised 14 species of Cicadellidae and among them Maiestas dorsalis (Motschulsky) was found to be the most abundant species (35.02%), followed by Cofana spectra (Distant) (23.15%). The order of species d...

Vegetation indices serve as an essential tool in monitoring variations in vegetation. The vegetation indices used often, viz., normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and enhanced vegetation index (EVI) were computed from MODIS vegetation index products. The present study aimed to monitor vegetation's seasonal dynamics by using time series ND...

The effect of spray volume on weed control in transplanted rice ecosystems using the Unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) needs to be better understood for management in the advancements of UAV-based spraying technology. The present study aimed to find out the influence of varied spray volumes of 15 L/ha, 20 L/ha and 25 L/ha using the UAV and 500 L/ha usi...

Modeling the arrivals and prices of agricultural commodities is an essential requirement for farmers, consumers, and governmental organizations to make informed decisions. This is particularly important for perishable commodities such as vegetables, where spoilage can lead to significant losses for farmers and have a ripple effect on supply and dem...

New agronomic opportunities for more informed agricultural decisions and enhanced crop management have been made possible by drone-based near-ground remote sensing. Obtaining precise non-destructive information regarding crop biophysical characteristics at spatial and temporal scales is now possible. Drone-mounted multispectral and thermal sensors...

For the assessment of crop diversification in the major tank Ayacut area of the Lower Palar sub-basin in Chengalpattu district of Tamil Nadu, research works were carried out using Sentinel 2 optical data by relating with ground truth data, to identify the crops in pixel-based classification and further classified the crops using Random Forest machi...

Crop cover mapping is an essential tool for controlling and enhancing agricultural productivity. By determining the spatial distribution of different crop types, solidified judgements regarding crop planning, crop management, and risk management can be made. Crop cover classification using optical data pose constraints in terms of spatial and spect...

Rainfall is a crucial agrometeorological parameter that impacts hydrology and agricultural planning in a region. The spatiotemporal changes in the occurrences of precipitation extremes must be monitored to reduce the hazards caused by the fluctuating rainfall pattern. The extreme rainfall indices for each year categorized under excess, normal and d...

The most important aspect of water resource planning and management is mapping and regular monitoring of surface water bodies. Remote sensing has become most widely used method for measuring and monitoring of water body dynamics due its temporal and spatial availability of high-resolution data. A study was conducted to map and estimate the water sp...

High dimensional datasets that depict intricate spatial variations are necessary to predict complex landscape structures and the corresponding soil properties taking into account the size of the research region in addition to the data attributes. The number and quality of the input datasets taken into consideration essentially determine the quantit...

A research study was carried out for mapping mango plantation from LISS IV data in the major blocks of Krishnagiri district, Tamil Nadu where there is substantial production of Mango. A very high-resolution satellite data namely LISS IV was acquired and processed with GIS tools. Ground truth data gathered during the survey were utilized to identify...

A field experiment was conducted at the Agricultural Research Station, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Bhavanisagar, during 2021-23 to study the effect of spray volume (SV) on deposition characteristics of a fuel-operated UAV sprayer (25 L/ha, 37.5 L/ha and 50 litre/ha) and knapsack sprayer (KS) (500 litre/ha) in the rice (Oryza sativa L.) fiel...

Vegetation indices serves as an essential tool in monitoring variations in vegetation. The vegetation indices used often viz ., normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and enhanced vegetation index (EVI) were computed from MODIS vegetation index products. These two products characterize the global range of vegetation states and processes more...

The prevalence of the frequent water stress conditions at present was found to be more frequent due to increased weather anomalies and climate change scenarios, among other reasons. Periodic drought assessment and subsequent management are essential in effectively utilizing and managing water resources. For effective drought monitoring/assessment,...

Accelerating land-use change (LUC) in the Nilgiri Hill Region (NHR) has caused its land to mortify. Although this deterioration has been documented, the destruction of buried gem soil has not been reported. Therefore, this study was conducted to assess the impact of LUC on soil-carbon dynamics in the six major ecosystems in the NHR: croplands (CLs)...

Crop yield data are critical for managing agricultural sustainability and assessing national food security. This study aims at increasing peanut productivity from its current levels by analyzing the yield gap (difference) of potential production between theoretical yield and actual farmers’ yields. The spatial yield gap of peanut for the Tiruvannam...

Globally 64% of the wetlands have disappeared since 1970 and the loss is higher in Asia, about 5000 km2 annually due to agriculture, dam construction and other uses. In India, the loss is about 38% with the disappearance rate of 2-3% per year. Further dependence on these wetlands leads to either extinction or threatened the species including 21% of...

Large-scale deforestation and increased land use change (LUC) over the past few years have shattered the ecological balance of the Western Ghats by deteriorating the soil quality and essential ecosystem services. This study was conducted in part of the Western Ghats comprising three different ecosystems, viz., agro ecosystem (AE), tea ecosystem (TE...

Crop yield data is critical for managing sustainable agriculture and assessing national food security. Current study aims to increase Peanut productivity from current levels by analyzing the yield gap of production potential between theoretical yield and actual farmers’ yields. The spatial yield gap of Peanut for Thiruvannamalai district of Tamil N...

Crop health monitoring and assessment have become more successful with the advent of remote sensing technology in agriculture. Using this technology, retrieving information about crop biophysical parameters on a non-destructive basis at spatial and temporal scales has been made possible. Several drone-derived spectral vegetation indices (VIs) have...

The most important aspect of water resource planning and management is mapping and regular monitoring of surface water bodies. Remote sensing has become most widely used method for measuring and monitoring of water body dynamics due its temporal and spatial availability of high-resolution data. A study was conducted to map and estimate the water sp...

Land cover change is perhaps one of the most vulnerable to the weather factors and anthropogenic activities. MODIS sensor delivers relevant temporal data with extensive coverage that greatly assists in the timely surveillance of vegetation and crop production, which had been a demanding and challenging task for researchers. In this study, vegetatio...

The soil–environmental relationship identified and standardised over the years has expedited the growth of digital soil-mapping techniques; hence, various machine learning algorithms are involved in predicting soil attributes. Therefore, comparing the different machine learning algorithms is essential to provide insights into the performance of the...

The unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) have become a better solution for agricultural growers due to advanced features such as minimal maintenance costs, quick set-up time, low acquisition costs, and live data capturing. Near-ground remote sensing (drone) has opened up new agronomic opportunities for better crop management. This study predicted the see...

Neem (Azadirachta indica) is an evergreen tree belonging to the Meliaceae family and is highly infected by the seasonal pest called Helopeltis theivora, the tea mosquito bug. The study monitors the pest infection between May 2019 and April 2021 by the direct counting method. Weekly counts of insect pest population were found to be correlated with w...

Smart farming is a development that has emphasized information and communication technology used in machinery, equipment, and sensors in network-based hi-tech farm supervision cycles. Innovative technologies, the Internet of Things (IoT), and cloud computing are anticipated to inspire growth and initiate the use of robots and artificial intelligenc...

aCrop identification and acreage estimation were challenging for remotesensing scientists, especially when cropping season coincides withmonsoon due to cloud coverage in optical data. Synthetic Aperture Radar(SAR) data hasproved to be an alternative for overcoming the issue ofcloudsduring the crop growth period and aid in crop identification. Cropi...

The increased land-use change (LUC) from native lands to other land use at the Conoor region of western ghats in Tamil Nadu has severely declined soil carbon concentration. Therefore to quantify this decline, Carbon Management Index (CMI) was worked out under major land uses {(Forest (FOR), cropland (CRP), tea plantation (TEA)} using total organic...

Land uses are pivotal in global carbon cycles. The native forest lands possess a greater potential to sequester higher carbon, which can directly address soil quality and climate change problems. Unfortunately, the rapid conversion of forests to other land use over the past few decades has significantly declined the concentration of carbon in the s...

Accurate and consistent information on the area and production of field crops is vital for national and state planning and ensuring food security in India. Satellite-based remote sensing offers a suitable and cost-effective technique for regional- and national-scale crop monitoring. The use of remote sensing data for crop yield estimation has been...

Clearwing tussock moths were collected from different parts of Tamil Nadu, India. The occurrence of Perina nuda (F.) has been documented with morphological studies. Male moths bear no resemblance to females, with almost hyaline forewing and hind wings drab grey to pale purplish grey with a hyaline patch at the apical angle of the hind wing. Females...

Cropping seasons are the seasons in which a particular crop is grown. Identification of cropping seasons is crucial for successful cropping in rainfed areas. This research study focuses on the identification of major rainfed crop growing seasons in rainfed areas of Tamil Nadu using remote sensing technology. The MODIS (Moderate-Resolution Image Spe...

This study aimed at utilizing unmanned aerial vehicle in place of a conventional hand sprayer for the smart delivery of agricultural inputs especially crop nutrients. A field experiment was conducted in the farms of Agricultural Research Station, Bhavanisagar, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University. There were nine treatments which were replicated thri...

An experiment was conducted to reveal the effect of drone spraying of foliar nutrients on the crop growth and yield in black gram at Agricultural Research station, Bhavanisagar in Random block design with 12 treatments with 3 replications. The biometric parameters viz., plant height, leaf area, dry matter production and yield parameters viz., numbe...

Soil mapping procedures typically involve the combination of possible soil-forming SCORPAN factors. Among the factors, parent materials/ mineralogy has been considered important for the soil classification besides the Organisms (O) and Relief (R). Inclusion of the parent material covariate for the Digital soil mapping involves implication through g...

This study proposes an effective method to map rice area using the Sentinel-1A SAR (Synthetic Aperture Radar) time series data over the Thiruvarur district during samba 2021. Fully automated MAPscape-Rice software was used to pre-process the SAR data and extraction of multi-temporal features. The rice-growing area was estimated based on the extract...

Observations of aerosols and Black Carbon (BC) were carried out at Ooty, high altitude region in Western Ghats using Multi wavelength solar radiometer (MWR) and Aethalometer. For the years 2018 and 2021, the Optical Characteristics of Aerosols and Clouds (OPAC) model was used to estimate monthly, seasonal, and spectral variations of aerosol optical...