Kürşad Özkan

• Doctor of Philosophy
• Professor (Full) at Isparta University of Applied Sciences

Forestry science has a long tradition of studying the relationship between stand productivity and abiotic and biotic site characteristics, such as climate, topography, soil and vegetation. Many of the early site quality modelling studies related site index to environmental variables using basic statistical methods such as linear regression. Because...

The forest resources of south Anatolia (Turkey) are characterized by degradation due to wood extraction, overgrazing and fire. In the context of forest restoration, afforestation, conservation, utilization and sustainability, vegetation‐environment relationships need to be known. In the study, a data set from Mediterranean mountain forests on limel...

The present study was carried out to compute the straightforward formulations of information entropy for ecological sites and to arrange their locations along the ordination axes using the values of those entropic measures. The data of plant communities taken from six sites found in the Dedegül Mountain sub-district and the Sultan Mountain sub-dist...

Bu çalışma, Bozdağlar Yöresi’nde bulunan kızılçam (Pinus brutia Ten.) ve karaçamın (Pinus nigra J.F.Arnold) gösterge bitki türlerini belirlemek amacıyla gerçekleştirilmiştir. Çalışmada 170 örnek alan verisi kullanılmıştır ve vejetasyon veri seti var-yok olarak düzenlenmiştir. Ardından bu veri seti niteliklerarası ilişki analizi, Spearman’ın sıralam...

The depletion of forest biodiversity arising from insufficient conservation of resources due to wood extraction, overgrazing, fire, and land use presents a significant challenge in the Mediterranean region. It becomes crucial to identify priority conservation areas for safeguarding biodiversity. We used plant species data taken from 800 plots in th...

z Son yıllarda Deng entropisi büyük ilgi çekmiş ve çeşitli alanlarda uygulama alanı bulmuştur. Deng Entropisi, Dempster-Shafer Kanıt Teorisi çerçevesinde geliştirilen ve temel olasılık atamasına dayanan entropik bir denklemdir. Bu çalışmada, Deng entropisine dayalı yeni bir taksonomik çeşitlilik indeksi kullanılmıştır. Çalışmada Tunceli'deki Munzur...

In recent years, Deng entropy has attracted considerable interest and found applications in various fields. Deng Entropy is an entropic equation developed within the framework of the Dempster-Shafer Theory of Evidence and is based on basic probability assignment. In this study, a new taxonomic diversity index based on Deng entropy was used. The stu...

In this study, the variation in functional diversity along all Mediterranean-type vegetation belts in a topographically complex mountainous refuge area was examined in relation to topographic and climatic factors. Microclimatic processes and mosaic habitats caused by topographic complexity increase the plant diversity of the area. This diversity is...

The present study offers a new approach to measure unbiased rarity at the community level rq * . In this approach, the locked data matrix (matrix H) and the survey data matrix of the communities (matrix A) play the essential roles. The core equations of this approach are Tsallis entropy (qS) and bias-corrected Tsallis entropy q S . From the varying...

In the present study, a new estimator ( 𝐷𝑀𝑀𝛼∗) is proposed to measure species richness. Its’ essential inputs are alfa (𝛼) scale parameters of Margalef (𝐷𝑀𝐺) and Menhinick (𝐷𝑀𝑁) indices. To evaluate the performance of 𝐷𝑀𝑀𝛼∗, both hypothetical and natural community datasets wereused. The computations were performed using a spreadsheet program create...

Importance value is a metric of the relative dominance of a tree species within a specific forest area. It serves as a standardized methodology employed by forestry professionals for the purpose of forest inventory. Rather than attempting to count all individual trees, foresters typically adopt a sampling approach by selecting specific points wi...

This study was conducted to illustrate how to estimate true species diversity using upper confidence limit value of Pla unbiased estimator (H ̂_ ^e+1,96σ_H^* ) and Shannon entropy-based bias-corrected diversity (SCD) measures (i.e., Jackknife index (JK), bias-corrected maximum likelihood estimator (MLEbc), Chao and Shen bias-corrected estimator (H...

This study introduces a novel gray-level co-occurrence matrix (GLCM) feature called modified Rényi-Deng entropy, denoted as E RD T f. The practical application involves the utilizations of a digital elevation model raster dataset and diagnosing melanoma dataset. E RD T f 's performance was compared with other GLCM texture features (including entrop...

The risk of forest fires is a major problem in Türkiye's Mediterranean region and has a significant impact on ecosystems and atmospheric conditions. Throughout the previous century, a significant portion of Türkiye's Mediterranean Region has been destroyed by forest fires. This study aims to determine the meteorological covariates, such as relative...

Bu kitap, eğitim bilimleri ve öğretmen yetiştirme temel alanına özgü alt disiplin alanları ile ilgili çalışmaları bir araya getirerek, bilim insanlarının güncel araştırmalarını sunmayı amaçlamaktadır. Bu alanın akademisyenleri tarafından gelen yoğun talebi doğrultusunda bir seri şekline dönüşmüştür. Kitabımız, özellikle eğitim bilimleri ve öğretmen...

Bu çalışma, farklı floristik bölgelerin bitki toplumlarına sahip Akdağ’ın hem bitki toplumlarındaki bitki tür çeşitliliğini hem de bitki tür çeşitliliği ile çevresel faktörler arasındaki ilişkileri belirlemek amacıyla gerçekleştirilmiştir. Örnek alanlardaki bitki türlerinin örtüş-bolluk değerleri Braun-Blanquet skalasına göre belirlenmiştir. Orman...

Abstract There are many methods used in species distribution modeling. In recent years, the deep learning method has started to be included in these methods due to its modeling performance. The fact that it offers successful results, especially with large amounts of data, has made this method stand out and be integrated into the field of ecology. I...

Prickly juniper (Juniperus oxycedrus L.) is ecologically significant species in the sites with stony, rocky and shallow soil conditions with characteristic arid and semi-arid climatic properties of the Medi-terranean basin. Especially in degraded forest areas, it has important functions such as preventing the soil from being exposed to erosion agai...

Background We conducted a study about how to determine best diversity ordering method for a community data set. Using 12 hypothetical and one ecological datasets, we tested the performances of 20 diversity ordering ( divo) methods based on four criteria. Number of intersections ( ints) amongst the diversity curves was taken the most important crite...

Background The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of environmental factors on the essential oil yields (EOYs) and major essential oil components in the ripe fruits of Pistacia terebinthus L. (turpentine tree), which is a medicinal and aromatic plant. Fruit samples were collected from 34 different locations of the turpentine tree growin...

This study was carried out to examine the relationships between the distributions of raphignathoid mite (Ac-ari: Raphignathoidea) species and their temporal and environmental site factors (i.e. season, habitat type, and altitude) in Pülümür Valley and its immediate environs, Turkey. Data was collected from 306 samples from the various locations in...

The present study was carried out to examine the relationships between the site factors and site classes of Anatolian black pine (Pinus nigra subsp. pallasiana) plantations and woody plant diversity (species diversity and taxonomic diversity) in the Inner Anatolian Region. In this study, site factors and 38 plant species data taken from 90 sample p...

Abstract In the present study, a new estimator ((_ ^(α^*))D_MM ) is proposed to measure species richness. Its’ essential inputs are alfa (α) scale parameters of Margalef (D_MG ) and Menhinick (D_MN ) indices. To evaluate the performance of (_ ^(α^*))D_MM , a hypothetical community dataset was used. The computations were performed using a spreadsh...

Vegetation is the only component that can be directly managed to reduce the negative consequences of wildland fires. Flammability indexes provide information about plant flammability characteristics and are commonly used in wildland fuel management. However, previous flammability indexes were usually based on only two or three flammability componen...

Aim of study: The goal of the study was to estimate true species richness from Braun Blanquet (BB) scale data. Area of study: Yazılı Canyon Nature Park (YCNP) located in the Mediterranean Region of Turkey. Material and methods: A bias-corrected approach was adapted based on the Good-Turning frequency formula to estimate true species richness (S_est...

The climate crisis is one of the leading problems we have had to face in recent years. Especially the changes in natural ecosystems reveal the dramatic dimension of the climate crisis. Considering the mentioned crisis, distribution modeling of three major forest tree species (Cedrus libani A. Rich. (C. libani), Pinus brutia Ten. (P. brutia), and Pi...

Bu çalışma Kütahya-Simav yöresinde yer alan Akdağ Kütlesi’nde bazı fiziksel toprak özelliklerinin haritalanması amacıyla gerçekleştirilmiştir. Toprak özelliklerinin dağılım modellerini elde etmek için regresyon ağacı tekniği (RTT) kullanılmıştır. Toprak kireç içeriği (10-30 cm), toprak derinliği ve genel toprak taşlılığına ait ağaç modeller elde ed...

Elâzığ ve çevresinde, 1998 yılında toprak muhafaza amacı ile yapılan meşe ekimlerinin gelişimi ile bazı yetişme ortamı özellikleri arasındaki ilişkinin açığa çıkarılması amaçlanmıştır. Bunun için farklı yükselti, bakı, eğim ve yamaç konumuna göre dağılımları homojen yapılmış 20x20 m ebadında 54 adet örnekleme alanı belirlenmiştir. Bu örnekleme alan...

A new method was proposed to estimate ecosystem naturalness. Three species-plot (𝑆 Χ 𝐴) datasets were used. Those data sets belong to Sultan mountain sub-district (𝐵𝑆) (60 Χ 96) Dedegül mountain sub-district (𝐵𝐷) (89 Χ 119) and, Beyşehir Watershed (𝐵) (98 Χ 215) consisting of both of the sub-districts. Firstly, chi square test (𝜒2) was applied to d...

Günümüz Türkiye’sinde istatistik konuları ağırlıklı olarak matematik öğretim programlarında yer almaktadır. Son yıllardaki teknolojik ve bilimsel ilerlemeler sonucunda yığınlar halindeki ham veri ve bilgi trafiği nedeniyle meydana gelen karmaşa verilerin analizi ve yorumlanmasını daha da önemli hale getirmiştir. Bu yüzden, öğretim programlarında is...

Benford's Law, also expressed as the Law of First Digits or the Phenomenon of Significant Digits revealed that the first digits of the numbers are always repeated at different rates in data containing many numbers. Briefly explained, Benford's Law indicates that the digit “1” is the most frequent, followed by “2”, “3”, and so in a successively decr...

Bu çalışmada Bursa ve Balıkesir illerinin arasında, Güney Marmara’da yer alan Karadağ’ın yakınındaki Kocaçay Deltası ve Yeniköy kumulu ile birlikte bitki örtüsü incelenmiştir. Bu amaçla egemen tür esasına dayalı olarak tüm dağ örneklenmiş, bitki toplulukları belirlenmiştir. Çalışma sonucunda 202 örnek alanda, 5 farklı vejetasyon tipi altında 28 far...

Forest fire hazard is a major problem in the Mediterranean region of Turkey and has a significant effect on both the climate system and ecosystems. During the last century, many forest fires accounted for the majority of the Mediterranean region in Turkey. Vector singular spectrum analysis (V-SSA) and vector multivariate singular spectrum analysis...

An ecosystem diversity index was proposed by the present study. The proposed index (𝐻𝑤𝑑) considers not only the species compositions of the meta communities and their land cover areas but also heterogeneities of their geographical distributions. 𝐻𝑤𝑑 is therefore includes fractal dimension (𝑤𝑗) as well as Shannon-like expression of average conflict...

Climate change is expressed as one of the most important problems of the last century. The main reason of the problem is due to fact that the effects of global warming become increasingly apparent. In recent years, many researchers from various disciplines have begun to do considerable studies on this issue. However, many of them were generated in...

Within the scope of this study, current distribution areas and habitat preferences of Kasnak oak (Quercus vulcanica [Boiss. et Heldr. ex] Kotschy) species, which is known as one of the most rarest oak species in the world, have been revealed and a new distribution area has been determined around Ankara-Nallıhan-Sarıcali Mountain for the distributio...

Within the scope of this study, current distribution areas and habitat preferences of kasnak oak (Quercus vulcanica [Boiss. et Heldr. ex] Kotschy) species, which is known as one of the most rarest oak species in the world, have been revealed and a new distribution area has been determined around Ankara-Nallıhan-Sarıcali Mountain for the distributio...

The present paper addresses a new approach to reduce bias when there are undetected species in a plot. Partially density matrix plays essential role in this new proposed estimator. The performance of the new proposed estimator (Ĥ0) was compared to bias-corrected MLE (MLEBC), Jackknife (JK) and the proposed estimator of Chao and Shen (Ĥcs) using Pri...

Biyolojik çeşitlilik ekosistemlerin sağlığı ve dinamizmi için büyük öneme sahiptir. Bu sebepten biyolojik çeşitlilik doğa bilimleri ile ilgili disiplinlerin başlıca konularından birisidir. Biyolojik çeşitliliğin ölçümü için farklı indisler geliştirilmiştir. Bu indisler ile canlı toplumlarının çeşitliliği alfa (birim içi), beta (birimler arası) ve g...

Bu çalışma, karaçam (Pinus nigra subsp. pallasina) ağaçlandırma alanlarındaki besin stoklarını belirlemek amacıyla yapılmıştır. Örneklemeler Eskişehir, Afyonkarahisar, Kastamonu, Çanakkale, Balıkesir ve Kütahya illerinde verim sınıfı, gelişim çağı ve kapalılık bakımından farklılık gösteren toplam 46 alanda yapılmıştır. Araştırmada, ESK-10(6303) num...

The fact that there is no any rule in selection of a given diversity index concerning the measures of biodiversity means that utilization only one of these to define the diversity of living communities is insufficient. Different diversity indices have been used by many researchers. Even though diversity indices have different facets, they are also...

Tsallis entropy (S𝑞 ) is the generalized form of Shannon entropy. 𝑞 is the Tsallis index. By using various values of the Tsallis index (𝑞), a diversity profile of a community can be created. 𝑞∗ represents the value corresponding to the point in the profile where relative differences among S𝑞 and S𝑚𝑎𝑥𝑞values are maximized. Evenness and entropy corre...

The present study was carried out to estimate the species diversity components (i.e., alpha diversity (α) , beta diversity (β) and gamma diversity (γ) ) of plant communities taken from different forest stand types in the Lake District, Turkey. Whittaker, Simpson, Shannon and Legendre & De Cáceres equations were employed in defining the diversity co...

Özet: Bu makale kuantum ekolojisi çerçevesinde sapma düzeltme eşitlikleri dikkate alınarak enerji bileşen tablosunun yapılandırılması amacıyla gerçekleştirilmiştir. Çalışmada sapma düzeltme eşitliği olarak birinci derece Jackknife indisi tercih edilmiştir. Hipotetik bir meta toplum verisi kullanılarak geleneksel hesaplara dayanan enerji bileşen (GE...

Holistic energetics and the vegetation complex

Bu çalışma Türkmen Dağı’nda doğal yayılışı olan odun dışı orman ürünlerinin potansiyel dağılım haritalarının elde edilmesi amacıyla gerçekleştirilmiştir. Bu amaç doğrultusunda ekonomik değeri olan Cistus laurifolius, Crataegus monogyna subsp. monogyna, Crataegus orientalis, Rosa canina, Salvia tomentosa ve Thymus longicaulis türleri hedef türler ol...

The aim of this study is to determine the vascular plant diversity of forest vegetation in Türkmendağ and to reveal vegetation-environmental relationships. The sampling was done using the Braun-Blanquet method in 95 grids. Two subplots were sampled in each grid. Plant groups were determined by hierarchical classification clustering analysis. The re...

Relationships among forest vegetation, plant diversity and some environmental factors in Türkmen Mountain (Eskişehir-Kütahya, Turkey) Türkmendağı orman vejetasyonu ve bitki çeşitliliği ile bazı yetişme ortamı faktörleri arasındaki ilişkiler (Eskişehir-Kütahya, Türkiye) Abstract The aim of this study is to determine the vascular plant diversity of f...

The ancient city of Sagalassos, situated in the Turkish lake district, has been the subject of archaeological research for the last two decades, with a focus on nature-society interactions over times through interdisciplinary research. One of the points of interest is the study of climate in the past. Paleo-ecological records show a number of veget...

Abstract: Recently, Deng Entropy has been received attention and began to use in many real application. That entropic measure was improved in the Dempster-Shafer Evidential Theory (DSET) and based on the basic probability assignment. The present study offers a new proposed taxonomic diversity measure based on Deng Entropy. In the study, the data ob...

The various diversity measures used to measure biodiversity include the Margalef index, McIntosh index, Simpson index, Brillouin index, and Shannon entropy. Of these measures, the most popular is Shannon entro-py (H). In this study, with respect to measuring biodiversity, we compare Shannon entropy-the essential aspect of information theory-with th...

In Turkey, many flora studies have been conducted on plant species richness. However, these studies reveal only plant species numbers. In some vegetation studies, some data are insufficient. The purpose of studying the diversity of plant species in Türkmen Mountain forest vegetation, which contains different plant communities; 1-To determine the sp...

The fact that there is no any rule in selection of a given diversity index concerning the measures of biodiversity means that utilization only one of these to define the diversity of living communities is insufficient. Different diversity indices have been used by many researchers. Even though diversity indices have different facets, they are also...

Forests have many functions. Thanks to these functions, which have forest areas on a global scale, they serve all living things, especially people. This leads to the protection of forest areas and the need to increase existing forest resources. Determination of the most suitable potential distribution areas of main forest trees is possible by incre...

This study was carried out to create habitat suitability model of game animals associating by environmental, climatic factors and presence data of these species in Sütçüler-Isparta. For this purpose, 1090 sample plots on 218 transect were taken. All sings and footprints in total 6540 plots were determined and recorded to inventory cards to represen...

The equation, nH = (T+n) ln(T+n)-T ln T-n ln n, is the core of ecological quantum analysis called as energy based entropy or Plank entropy. The generalized form of nH in the frame of Tsallis (í µí±ží µí±ž) entropy is nH í µí±ží µí±ž = −�n�ln í µí±ží µí±ž (n) ln í µí±ží µí±ž (T + n) ⊖ í µí±ží µí±ž � + T�ln í µí±ží µí±ž (T) ln í µí±ží µí±ž (T + n) ⊖...

It is well known that gradient values of the living communities are the most important and valuable data to examine and explain community-environmental relationships. On this context, the purpose of the present study is to find an answer to the question that is how to generate a gradient of living communities along the PCA (Principal Component Anal...

Abstract. Building on the contents presented in Part I, the essay takes the next step in new directions. Two major propositions give context to the discourse. The first suggests that the plant community structure, detectable by Euclidean metrics, and the structure detectable by the generalised quantum entropy scalar, are inde-pendent sources of str...

Building on the contents presented in Part I, the essay takes the next step in new directions. Two major propositions give context to the discourse. The first suggests that the plant community structure, detectable by Euclidean met-rics, and the structure detectable by the generalised quantum entropy scalar, are independent sources of structural in...

Past and present environmental changes cause significant changes in tree growth in many parts of the world, where both decreasing and increasing growth trends have been detected over the last decades. The Mediterranean basin is especially sensitive to climate change and subsequent tree growth declines. In this article, we present the first study on...

We argue in this essay that Kaniadakis’ k-based generalisation of entropy has much utility in ecology. Generalisation hands us quantum entropy functions, one for each value of k, within it natural range, with demonstrated indicator potential for latent energy structural traits invisible to earlier techniques. Numerical examples provide illustration...

Aim : The objective of the present study was to generate taxonomic diversity of plant communities and modeling its potential distribution in Yazili Canyon Nature Park (Turkey). Methodology : In the present study, taxonomic plant diversity were measured from the data obtained from 107 sampling plots and then modeled to visualize its' potential distr...

Climate change is expressed as one of the most important problems of the last century. The mainreason of the problem is due to fact that the effects of global warming become increasingly apparent.In recent years, many researchers from various disciplines have begun to do considerable studies onthis issue. However, many of them were generated in the...

Aim: The fundamental information layers of ecosystem-based management plans are obtained by calculating, modeling and mapping of biodiversity. This study was carried out to calculate and map of landscape diversity in the Kuyucak Mountain District, in the transition zone of the Mediterranean region. Methodology: Topographical diversity values of alt...

Aim: There are three types of biodiversity, i.e., alpha diversity (diversty within an individual habitat orecosystem), beta diversity (between habitat or ecosystem) diversity between areas) and gamma diversity (total diversity). Alpha diversity indices have been frequently used to examine the relationships between biodiversity and environmental fac...

CITATIONS 0 READS 17 1 author: Some of the authors of this publication are also working on these related projects: quantum ecology View project The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file.

Bu çalışma, Eskişehir, Afyonkarahisar ve Ankara illerindeki toros sediri (Cedrus libani A. Rich.) ağaçlandırmalarının boy gelişimi ile bazı yetişme ortamı özellikleri arasındaki ilişkileri belirlemek amacıyla yapılmıştır. Örneklemeler bakı, yükselti, eğim, yamaç konumu ve meşcere gelişimi bakımından farklılık gösteren 55 alanda yürütülmüştür. Her ö...

Introduction: It is well known that gradient values of the living communities are the most important and valuable data to examine and explain community-environmental relationships. On this context, the purpose of the present study is to find an answer to the question that is how to generate a gradient of living communities along the PCA ordination...

Introduction: Red pine (Pinus brutia Ten.) is one of the important commercial tree species with the widest distribution in Turkey. It therefore is important to maintain sustainability of the species in this locality in terms of economic and social perspectives. Especially ecological site conditions should be known to ensure sustainability of the sp...

Introduction: Biodiversity or biological diversity simply means the sum of all of the variation in the Nature. It is, therefore, one of the central topics in community ecology and conservation biology. Biodiversity has been becoming an increasingly popular topic particularly after the Rio Declaration and the Lisbon Conference. The present study was...

Quantum analysis for biological communities using presence data Abstract: The concepts, quantities and the explanations, found in books dealing with quantum ecology (Orloci 2013-2015) have a profound potential to serve the assessments of biological community data from an ecological point of view. However, the data matrices subjected to quantum anal...

There are 3 components of biodiversity as alpha diversity (diversity within area), beta diversity (diversity between areas) and gamma diversity (total diversity). Alpha diversity indices have been frequently used to examine the relationships between biodiversity and environmental factors. However, the number of the studies concerning the relationsh...

The purpose of the study is to compare the alliance groups determined by Braun Blanquet method with the groups of TWINSPAN and Cluster methods. Cluster analysis can confirm many of the alliance based on Braun Blanquet method. Howewer, TWINSPAN confirms all aliences upto100 %. TWINSPAN, a objective method at the same time distinguishes the groups li...

The concepts, quantities and the explanations, found in books dealing with quantum ecology (Orlóci 2013-2015) have a profound potential to serve the assessments of biological community data from an ecological point of view. However, the data matrices subjected to quantum analysis are quantitative and vegetation related. Therefore, the answer to the...

A wide variety of statistical methods have been frequently used in the area of ecology. Especially probability based analytic approaches have been become more popular in the ecological studies in recent years. On the other hand, the core of quantum is based on calculation of energy footprint by probability approach. That is why it has been expected...

This study was carried out to determine the relationships between height growth (site index) of Anatolian black pine (Pinus nigra Arnold. subsp. pallasina (Lamb.) Holmboe) and site factors of the plantation areas in Turkey. Data were collected from 118 sample plots by taking into consideration the variations of aspect, altitude, slope position, slo...

This study was performed in Ovacık Mountain District in order to determine the factors which are related to potential distribution of Origanum onites L. (Turkish oregano) and Salvia tomentosa Miller (Balsamic sage). In the study, data was acquired totally from 828 sample which consist of 92 main sample and 9 subsample. Classification tree method wa...

Turkey oak (Q. cerris) is an important species for rehabilitating soils, promoting conservation, and increasing biodiversity. It is also a fire-resistant plant. To predict the potential distribution of this species under climate change is crucial for better understanding the future of ecosystems – in particular Mediterranean ecosystems. The purpose...