Krzysztof Wach

• PhD (prof. dr hab.) full professor
• Professor (Full) at Krakow University of Economics

DEFINICJA POJĘCIA: Ekonomia międzynarodowa to obszar ekonomii badający wzajemne relacje ekonomiczne między poszczególnymi gospodarkami (krajami) i wpływ tych relacji na sytuację gospodarczą na świecie i wewnątrz poszczególnych gospodarek, a także badający zachowania poszczególnych podmiotów w procesach internacjonalizacji i globalizacji. Innymi sło...

DEFINITION OF THE TERM: International economics examines the economic interrelationships between individual economies (countries) and their impact on both the economic situation in the world and within those individual economies. It also explores the behaviour of individual actors in the processes of internationalisation and globalisation. In other...

Aim/purpose-This study aims to identify the role of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), with specific reference to their targets, and to present good practices in this regard. Design/methodology/approach-This study adopts qualitative research based on an integrative literature review encompassing five...

Objective: The objective of the article is to conceptualize and systematize the most relevant dimensions and issues of migrant entrepreneurship based on the literature review. Research Design & Methods: In the article, we applied a narrative literature review. We identified. relevant publications by indicating keywords that allowed for the selectio...

The study examines the impact sustainable product attributes have on the purchase decision-making process of Generation Z by applying the Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB) and Theory of Reasoned Action (TRA). A quantitative method was used for the research, which implemented a questionnaire distributed to 156 participants that belong to Generation...

Generative AI in the manufacturing process: theoretical considerations A B S T R A C T The paper aims to identify how digital transformation and Generative Artificial Intelligence (GAI), in particular, affect the manufacturing processes. Several dimensions of the Industry 4.0 field have been considered, such as the design of new products, workforce...

This article focuses on the significance of research and development (R&D) in driving the internationalization of Polish high-tech firms. R&D is essential for businesses to remain competitive and adapt their products to the specific requirements of different markets. The study aims to investigate the relationship between R&D and the internationaliz...

Objective: The objective of the article is to offer a thorough exploration and comprehension of the obstacles and potential advantages linked to the application of generative artificial intelligence (GAI) in the business realm, particularly emphasizing ChatGPT. Research Design & Methods: The research utilized a narrative and critical examination o...

Objective: The article aims to identify and characterise the most important aspects of the digital transformation of entrepreneurship and business as an essential trend in the modern economy and contemporary business. Research Design & Methods: The article is a typical narrative and critical literature review that collects, analyses, and critiques...

Generative AI in the manufacturing process: theoretical considerations A B S T R A C T The paper aims to identify how digital transformation and Generative Artificial Intelligence (GAI), in particular, affect the manufacturing processes. Several dimensions of the Industry 4.0 field have been considered, such as the design of new products, workforce...

The problem of the role and importance of time in the process of firm's internationalization belongs to the mainstream of international business research, as is the problem of the key role of high-tech firms operating across borders. The main goal of the paper is to understand how selected factors determine early internationalization of high-tech f...

Tom VII serii Słowników Społecznych pt. Globalizacja i współzależność pod redakcją Alicji Malewskiej oraz Mateusza Filarego-Szczepanika został opracowany przez zespół ekspertów – badaczy z różnych dziedzin nauk społecznych i humanistyki. Ten słownik skupia się na tematyce globalizacji, jej rozmaitych aspektach i ich znaczeniu dla dzisiejszego świat...

Objective: The objective of the article is to provide a comprehensive identification and understanding of the challenges and opportunities associated with the use of generative artificial intelligence (GAI) in business. This study sought to develop a conceptual framework that gathers the negative aspects of GAI development in management and economi...

This article’s objective is to present the results of our research on the selection of an international strategy (adaptation vs. standardization) of Polish firms on the international market in the area of product and promotion, depending on whether they belong to the high- tech industry or not. The research methodology applied in the article includ...

This article focuses on entrepreneurial orientation in a firm’s internationalisation process, which is one of the leading research trends in international entrepreneurship. The objective of the study is to verify the relationship between proactiveness, risk-taking and innovativeness as components of the entrepreneurial orientation of internationali...

Purpose The primary purpose of this paper is to examine how generative Artificial Intelligence (AI) such as ChatGPT may serve as a new context for management theories and concepts. Design/methodology/approach The paper presents the analyses of selected management theories on decision-making, knowledge management, customer service, human resource m...

The article focuses on the interdependencies within entrepreneurial orientation. The objective of the study was to verify the relationship between risk-taking and innovativeness, on the one hand, and proactiveness on the other hand, as three elements of entrepreneurial orientation of internationalized firms. The main research question the article a...

The article aims to empirically verify the impact of creativity on students' entrepreneur-ial intentions using a theoretical framework of the enhanced theory of planned behaviour of Icek Ajzen. The primary research tool was a survey conducted among students (n = 719) of several universities in Kraków, Poland. Statistical calculations of multiple re...

This special issue discusses the relevance of the region CEE for phenomena-based international business research and theory development. Regional insights based on empirical research reveal the drivers, effects and implications of GVC restructuring, post-pandemic adjustments in GVC governance and various strategies in innovation and internationalis...

Przedsiębiorczość jest niewątpliwie pojęciem niejednoznacznym tak w języku potocznym, jak i naukowym (Wach i Głodowska, 2022). Jest wielowątkowym tematem badawczym, jak konkluduje Aleksandra Gaweł (2007, s. 13), „ekonomiści zajmujący się badaniem przedsiębiorczości uważają, że brakuje kompleksowej i jednolitej teorii przedsiębiorczości czy nawet je...

Objective: The research aims to adopt a serial moderation mediation model to investigate the serial indirect effects of entrepreneurial education and the moderation impacts of entrepreneurial government policies and programmes on entrepreneurial attitude-intention-behaviour links and tighten the attitude-intention-behaviour gap in the entrepreneuri...

Objective: The article aims to discuss the most important aspects and areas of entrepreneurship in the newest research and to identify research trends present in the literature. Research Design & Methods: The article is a literature review of narrative type. The research method we employed is content analysis and synthesis by causal assessment. We...

DEFINICJA POJĘCIA: przedsiębiorczość oznacza zdolność osoby do wcielania pomysłów w czyn. obejmuje ona twórczość, innowacyjność i podejmowanie ryzyka, a także zdolność do planowania przedsięwzięć i prowadzenia ich dla osiągnięcia zamierzonych celów. Stanowi ona wspar cie dla wszystkich w codziennym życiu prywatnym i społecznym, zaś pra cownikom pom...

Background: The ongoing information and technological revolution, as well as the Covid-19 pandemic, accelerated the use of e-learning worldwide. Objectives: This article aims to present the results of our empirical research among students of economics and business from Central and Eastern Europe on the advantages and disadvantages of e-learning. Me...

Entrepreneurship has a rich tradition in the history of economic thought, but Central and Eastern European (CEE) researchers are latecomers. The socialist or communist economic systems discriminated against the entrepreneurial activity. This article aims to supplement the knowledge about the state, intensity, and research trends on entrepreneurship...

This article aims to identify and verify the relationship between entrepreneurial orientation and innovation of internationalised firms from Poland as a former emerging market. The article assesses this relationship in terms of the internationalisation scope. We adopted a quantitative research design and conducted a CATI survey on a sample of 355 f...

The objective of the study is to verify the way and the scope of the impact of resources and compe-tences on the process of entrepreneurial internationalisation. In this paper we have presented a broad review of the literature, which shows that resources and competencies are two fundamental aspects that play vital roles in the internationalisation...

The study's objective is to verify the relationship between networking and the internationalisation of firms from Poland. Additionally, the relationship is evaluated according to the criterion of the scale and the pace of internationalisation. The article uses field research on the sample of internationalised firms from Poland (n = 355). The resear...

Despite the extensiveness and abundance of empirical research in the existing literature, there is no clear view or position with respect to the role of innovation in exporting, especially regarding the heterogeneous impacts of different types of innovations (product, process, organizational and marketing innovations) on exporting. The objective of...

World Bank Microdata) среди компаний, дей-ствующих на Южном Кавказе. По опре-деленной процедуре были отобраны 776 фирм (279 из Армении, 236 из Азербайд-жана, 261 из Грузии). Их шансы на экс-порт в зависимости от типа реализо-ванных каждой из фирм инноваций опре-делялись с помощью моделей логисти-ческой регрессии. Результаты биноми-ального логистиче...

Objective: The objective of the article is to synthesize the process of transforming the Uppsala model of internationalization of the firm from the original one of 1977 to the most up-to-date model of globalization of 2017. Research Design & Methods: This article is based on a literature review – primary sources presenting the concepts of Johanson...

Research background: The theoretical basis of the study derives from the assumptions of international entrepreneurship combining theories of entrepreneurship and theories of international business. The identification of entrepreneurship determinants and attributes was based on the economic, socio-cultural, as well as psychological approach to entre...

The extant literature on entrepreneurial intentions has examined the relationship between human entrepreneurial activity and entrepreneurship policy, especially in terms of institutional environment and institutionalism or the role of supporting policies. The aim of this article is to empirically verify the impact of perceived public support and in...

Energy issues are sensitive for the four Visegrad countries as European Union (EU) member states; thus, this area’s convergence might be problematic for these countries. There is a clear research gap concerning the processes of Europeanization of the energy policy in the Visegrad countries. This article aims to identify and evaluate the progress of...

The objective of this paper is to investigate the impact of foreign direct investment (FDI) on economic growth and productivity in sectors of the Visegrad Group one decade after their accession to the EU. In order to account for sample heterogeneity, as well as productivity differences, we construct a generalized true random-effects model with vary...

This study investigates the link between perceived public support for entrepreneurship and individuals' entrepreneurial intention. Using samples from the US and Poland, we show that positive perception of public support is indirectly related to entrepreneurial intentions of university students. This takes place through relationships with personal a...

The collected articles enable two parts in the book to be distinguished: the first covers the theoretical aspects related to the formation of entrepreneurial and sales competences in the higher education sector. The first chapter refers to constructivist education which puts the student at the centre of the educational process. This paradigm change...

Orientacja przedsiębiorcza i wiedza to jedne z ważniejszych zagadnień omawianych w ramach badań nad umiędzynarodowieniem. Współcześnie problemy te systematycznie rozpatrywane są w ramach badań nad przedsiębiorczością międzynarodową. W niniejszym artykule łączy się te dwie kwestie, aby zweryfikować zależności pomiędzy orientacją przedsiębiorczą a wy...

Purpose: The article discusses the pace of internationalization by empirically verifying the speed of internationalization of Polish international firms and identifying which pattern is more frequently used by international startups from Poland: born global or born regional. Methodology: The article employs a quantitative approach. It builds on a...

Objective: The aim of the article is to verify how entrepreneurial orientation affects different types of knowledge in various stages of internationalisation of Polish firms. Research Design & Methods: The research method applied in the paper is the critical analysis of prior studies as well as a survey conducted on a sample of 355 businesses from...

The aim of this article is to demonstrate the differences in the intensity of production factors’ use in the export of the European Union countries, which cannot be explained only by the resources available at the disposal of these countries. The paper is an empirical analysis of the general and bilateral trade of the EU countries. The article uses...

CEL NAUKOWY: Celem artykułu jest ukazanie otwartych zasobów edukacyjnych w formie platform MOOC jako instrumentu wspierającego edukację dla przedsiębiorczości. PROBLEM I METODY BADAWCZE: Aby zrealizować postawiony cel wybrano takie metody badawcze, jak (i) studia literaturowe, (ii) kwerenda internetowa, (iii) studia przypadków. PROCES WYWODU: Wyw...

The aim of this article is to verify what the relations are between entrepreneurial orientation and knowledge utilization in the internationalization of Polish firms. The article distinguishes four types of knowledge: market knowledge, network knowledge, sociocultural knowledge, and entrepreneurial knowledge. The research uses quantitative design a...

The main objective of the article is to discuss and elaborate on the links between ownership (foreign, domestic or mixed) and entrepreneurial orientation (EO) of firms from Poland operating on international markets. The article presents the empirical data based on a survey of 355 firms located in Poland, which are internationalized. Based on result...

Social entrepreneurship is a fast-growing area of scientifi c research, closely linked to economic activities. Th e development of the concept of social entrepreneurship is particularly noticeable in the European Union and other developed and developing countries. Th e aim of the chapter is to present and discuss the basic theoretical foundations o...

Objective: The article focuses on the role of ownership in the process of entrepreneurial internationalisation of the firm. The main objective of the article is to verify whether and how ownership impacts on the level of internationalisation. Research Design & Methods: The study elaborates on three dimensions of ownership, which are ownership struc...

The aim of the article is to present the theoretical modeling of small and medium sized enterprise growth in the output of entrepreneurship and the entrepreneurship practice theories, considering the paradigm of the chaotics of the environment. The theoretical model proposes three main components of growth, which are: (i) the external environment ,...

This article focuses on entrepreneurial orientation during the internationalisation process of the firm, which is one of the main research streams within international entrepreneur-ship. The main goal of the article is to discuss and elaborate on the basics of international entrepreneurial orientation, its fundamentals and principles and to answer...

The chapter is a kind of a summary of the achievements of the European Union as the international organisation in the field of economic integration. The chapter aims at presenting the integration processes in Europe in retrospective approach from European studies on integration to Europeanisation processes in Europe and beyond. The chapters reveals...

Competition, competing and competitiveness are manifested both when the business operates on the domestic market and on the international market, while international competitiveness may also manifest itself vis-à-vis domes-tic firms that are forced to compete on the local market with foreign competi-tors, or even global players. This is determined....

Th e main objective of this chapter is to analyse the Europeanisation processes in the wider context and to discuss Europeanisation from the defi nitional perspective as well as to present current research approaches to Europeanisation and to show its dimensions and eff ects on everyday life in the European Union from the economic perspective. Th e...

The aim of the article is to review measures of the internationalization of the firm from the perspective of international entrepreneurship against the classic measurement existing in literature in the field of international business. International entrepreneurship specifically deals with small and medium-sized enterprises, hence this class of firm...

Celem artykułu jest omówienie ram koncepcyjnych strategicznego myślenia w procesie umiędzynarodowienia przedsiębiorstw oraz weryfikacja stanu strategicznego myślenia wśród badanych polskich przedsiębiorstw. Artykuł, oprócz przeglądu literatury, prezentuje wyniki badań na warstwowo-losowej próbie 355 przedsiębiorstw umiędzynarodowionych z Polski. An...

Research on the motives of internationalization has been conducted from the end of the 1960s. However, their analysis and the results are due to the subjective nature of the statements of the responding managers, who sometimes are not able to replace the real motives that led them to the internationalization of their businesses. Frequently literatu...

CEL NAUKOWY: Celem artykułu jest prezentacja wyników analizy potencjału badawczego i dydaktycznego ośrodków akademickich w Polsce (głównie uczelni ekonomicznych) w zakresie przedsiębiorczości. PROBLEM I METODY BADAWCZE: Aby zrealizować postawiony cel wybrano takie metody badawcze jak (i) studia literaturowe, (ii) kwerenda internetowa, (iii) analiz...

Objective: The aim of the article is to identify and verify the relationship between internationalization and innovativeness as well as innovative behaviour of high-tech businesses in Polish context. Research Design & Methods: A quantitative research design was employed. A survey was conducted on the sample of 263 firms operating in high-tech indus...

Przedsiębiorczość zaliczana jest do jednych z podstawowych czynników podnoszenia konkurencyjności przedsiębiorstw i rozwoju społeczno-gospodarczego układów przestrzennych. Z tego z punktu widzenia istotne jest kształtowanie postaw przedsiębiorczych młodych ludzi w procesie edukacyjnym i różnych formach kształcenia pozaszkolnego oraz rozpoznanie poz...

The article focuses on the international environment, which is one of the main variables in the internationalization process of firms from the perspective of international entrepreneurship. The main goal of this study is the identification of the key factors in the internationalization of the firms, inherent in the international environment, and th...

This book adopts a multi-layered economic perspective on Europeanisation processes. It provides a detailed discussion of a balanced mix of macroeconomic issues, individual behaviours as well as an industry-level policy analysis. For political scientists and European studies scholars, who traditionally dominate in the Europeanisation debate, it prov...

The main objective of the article is to verify the impact of inward FDI on domestic entrepreneurship in four Visegrad countries in the years 2000-2012. The secondary purpose of this article is to explore what factors from the point of V4 countries were important effects of FDI inward. The reliable sources of data were used, among them statistical d...

RESEARCH OBJECTIVE: This article aims at bibliometric analysing Polish literature in the field of economics and business studies devoted to entrepreneurial education. THE RESEARCH PROBLEM AND METHODS: The basic problem of this publication is the quantitative and qualitative analysis of Polish scientific publications on entrepreneurial education. Th...

The purpose of this article is to explain which factors are important determinants for allocating FDI in the Visegrad Group countries (the Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, Slovakia) by investors from the “old” EU member states. The article is divided into three main sections, except for the introduction and the final conclusions. First, we discuss...

Objective: The purpose of this study is to empirically verify the Ajzen’s in Polish realities, however the TPB was extended of one more variable – attitude towards risk. Research Design & Methods: We decided to use the survey questionnaire among students. The survey was conducted among seven universities in Kraków. Out of 1100 sent questionnaires,...

W dużym uproszeniu można przyjąć, że ogólne modele przedsiębiorczości międzynarodowej wykorzystują do wyjaśniania procesów internacjonalizacji przedsiębiorstw (zwłaszcza małych i średnich – MŚP) następujące trzy grupy zmiennych: (1) przedsiębiorcę jako kluczowy element modelu, w tym jego cechy, kognitywność, percepcję i dynamiczne kompetencje, (2)...

Celem artykułu jest omówienie przedsiębiorczości seniorów jako domeny badawczej, uporządkowanie terminologiczne związane z tą domeną, a także ukazanie głównych wyników badan prowadzonych w tym zakresie. Przedsiębiorczość seniorów staje się jednym z ważniejszych obszarów badań w krajach rozwiniętych, zwłaszcza w obliczu starzenia się społeczeństw ty...

Editorial: Dilemmas of Modern Economy and Business Various dilemmas concerning modern economy and business have been in the focus of scientific discussion in recent years (Klich, 2013; Renko & Knezevic, 2013; Szarucki, 2013; Agrawal & Gugnani, 2014; Pardhasaradhi & Grace, 2015). In modern economy, not only researches but corporations face complex...

Objective: The main objective of the article was to discuss the pace of internationalisation and its empirical verification among Polish firms taking into account two factors – strategic thinking and familiness of the studied firms. Research Design & Methods: The paper, apart from literature review and its critique, is based on results of a survey...

The main objective of the paper is to discuss the role of culture in international business and to present main dimensions and typologies of cultural behaviours while doing business internationally. The article is organised in two sections. At first, cultural context of international business and entrepreneurship is discussed, which constitutes a s...

Przedsiębiorczość jako czynnik rozwoju społeczno-gospodarczego: przegląd literatury Entrepreneurship as a factor of socioeconomic development: literature review Streszczenie Celem artykułu jest syntetyczna prezentacja selektywnego przeglądu literatury z zakresu ekonomii jako dyscypliny naukowej oraz omówienie tych głównych teorii, koncepcji i model...

This article aims at defining the scope and conceptual instruments of the new policy to promote entrepreneurship under the conditions of the paradigm of entrepreneurial economy with particular emphasis on supporting high growth small and medium-sized enterprises (HGSMEs). The article stresses the relationship between SME policy and enterprise or en...

Celem opracowania jest swoistego rodzaju diagnoza obecnego w literaturze modelowania międzynarodowej konkurencyjności przedsiębiorstwa (mikrokonkurencyjności międzynarodowej) integrującego dorobek ekonomii i nauk o zarządzaniu. By osiągnąć zakładany cel, wykorzystano studia literaturowe, w tym krytyczne ujęcia krajowego i międzynarodowego piśmienni...

This chapter attempts to systematize and delimit the process of Europeanization as the scientific coin. The three main conceptual approaches to research on the process of Europeanization are discussed (namely bottom-up, top-down and circular approach). The various research on the phenomenon of Europeanization were analysed, which resulted in highli...

A B S T R A C T Objective: The main goal of the article is to discuss and elaborate on the basics of international entrepreneurial orientation (IEO), its fundamentals and principles. Research Design & Methods: The paper reviews these three important terms by trying to link them and suggests a holistic framework. The article is of descriptive charac...

The recent research results indicate that family entrepreneurship impacts entrepre-neurial intentions of young generations. The experience of family entrepreneurship has an impact on entrepreneurial intentions, especially intergenerational terms. The objective of this article is the empirical verification of the impact of family entrepreneurship on...

The article focuses on geographic distance to foreign markets affecting firm internationalisation. The main objective of the article is to verify whether geographic distance to the border (localisation of the firm) has an impact or effect on the internationalisation process. The V4 research survey results and the sample of 190 internationalised Pol...

The links between culture and entrepreneurship are still not sufficiently well-established or explored. They started just a half of a century ago, even though the links between culture and capitalism are much older (more than 100 years old). Culture is one of the main determinants for the various entrepreneurial activities undertaken in different c...

In recent decades, both the theory of internationalisation of the firm and/or the theory of international business have developed. Recent developments in international business studies prove that entrepreneurial orientation (EO) emerges as one of the important potential factors contributing to the intensification of the processes of internationalis...

The article undertakes still quite a rare topic of Europeanisation of businesses, especially SMEs, by using the classic definition of Europeanisation as the special case of internationalisation within Europe, and in particular within the European Union. The article contains the analysis of the available statistic data from all EU countries presenti...

Edukacja dla przedsiębiorczości postrzegana jest jako jedno z najważniejszych wyzwań współczesnych systemów edukacyjnych oraz rozwoju społeczno-gospodarczego. Łączy ona w sobie dorobek nauk behawioralnych oraz nauk ekonomicznych. Jej nieodzowną częścią jest niewątpliwie szeroko rozumiana edukacja ekonomiczna (w tym edukacja biznesowa i edukacja fin...

The regional knowledge laboratory, being a part of the regional innovation system, impacts the regional innovation potential of regional firms, especially SMEs. Diffusion of innovations consists of the penetration of innovative solutions into the whole social and economic system, the result of which is a change in its functioning and overall develo...

The purpose of this article is to explain what factors, from the viewpoint of the Visegrad Group countries, were important determinants in outward FDI. Referring to the eclectic theory of Dunning and the theory of economic development, we decided to answer the question about the determinants for host country choice. We decided to check whether an a...