Krishna Kaphle

• BVSc and AH,,GHC, ELT, PhD
• Professor at Institute of Agriculture and Animal Science

Anthrax is a notorious disease of public health importance caused by Bacillus anthracis. The causative agent can also be used as a biological weapon. Spores of these bacteria can sustain extreme environmental conditions and remain viable in soil for decades. Domestic and wild ruminants are highly susceptible to this pathogen, which usually presents...

Escherichia coli in untreated milk leads to economic losses from subclinical mastitis and reduced milk production while also posing a public health risk due to the emergence of antimicrobial resistant strains, particularly associated with consuming unpasteurized milk and dairy products. This study aimed to determine the prevalence and antimicrobial...

Publishing research papers in appropriate journals is one of the major challenges for technical students, and it's also the scariest thing. The study we performed was done through an e-survey form that was released for 1 week from June 18, 2020, to June 27, 2020, including various questionnaires primarily focused on article publishing and knowledge...

Eliminating dog-mediated human rabies cases by 2030 is a collective global pledge. Rabies is a vaccine-preventable, zoonotic, and fatal viral disease tormenting human beings and animals for at least four thousand years. An average annual fatality of 59,000 people has been reported from rabies in more than 150 countries, including Nepal. Understandi...

Poultry sector in Nepal is growing rapidly and contributes a significant share in the agricultural GDP. In this context, we present major push factors and challenges and interventions required to sustain the poultry farming in Nepal. Poultry sector has observed a huge growth in last two decades (2000-2020). During the same period, government polici...

Rabies is a vaccine-preventable, zoonotic, viral disease and a major public health concern for developing countries such as Nepal. A study was conducted from October-December 2021 among 308 household heads from three districts in Nepal (Siraha, Parsa, and Nawalparasi West) through an in-person interview to examine the rural people's practices towar...

Background: Bovine Neosporosis (BN) and Bovine Viral Diarrhea (BVD) are economically signifi cant livestock disease that causes reproductive and respiratory problems in cattle and buffalo caused by protozoan parasite Neospora caninum and Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus (BVDV) respectively. The burden of production and economic loss due to infectious...

A cross-sectional study was conducted to determine the seroprevalence and risk factors of Contagious Caprine Pleuropneumonia (CCPP) in the Rupandehi and Palpa districts of Nepal. A total of 89 goat serum samples were tested by using a competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (c-ELISA) for the presence of antibodies against Mycoplasma capricolu...

Lumpy Skin Disease (LSD) is an economically important transboundary viral disease of livestock belonging to the genus Capripoxvirus was reported which was said to have originated from Zambia in Africa. LSD can be transmitted by both the vector and non-vector routes and is mainly seen in the rainy season. It mainly affects cattle and buffalo manifes...

Buffalo (Bubalus bubalis), also called black gold is an important species of husbandry animal in Nepal. Its multi utility roles in agriculture economy goes beyond providing milk, meat, manure, and draught power in many developing countries including Nepal. Buffalo faming is picking up commercial trend but issues, increasing cost of inputs, increasi...

Lumpy skin disease (LSD) is an emerging viral disease, particularly of cattle and water buffalo. The disease is caused by lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV), a member of the genus Capripoxvirus of family Poxviridae which is manifested by characteristic skin nodules, pyrexia, lachrymation, nasal discharge, and swelling of superficial lymph nodes. Lumpy...

A mildly dehydrated dog was presented at Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Paklihawa Campus, Tribhuvan University with symptoms of urinary inconsistency, haematuria, and inappetence. Radiography and ultrasonography revealed the presence of calculus in the urinary bladder. Cystolithotomy was performed and the dog responded to the intervention and recove...

An assessment was done to analyze the status of small scale goat production system in Chitwan, Nepal. A semi-structured questionnaire having both open ended and close ended questions were interviewed to 147 farmers (69 males, 78 females). The average goat holding was 5.48±0.15 head with female: male ratio of 6: 5. Mainly women folks in the househol...

Lactogenesis is a complex physiology and an outcome of a successful reproductive cycle in mammalians.The purpose itself is to nourish the newborn with the nutrients necessary for its protection and growtha continuation from the in utero survival strategy. Thus, mammary development and physiology areintriguingly linked to the uterine changes that ha...

Background: Nematodes of the genus Dirofilaria are widespread vector-borne helminths (VBH) of veterinary relevance. Dirofilariosis caused by D. immitis is frequently diagnosed in dogs often showing a severe clinical condition known as heartworm disease. Assessing the distribution pattern of canine dirofilariosis is pivotal to undertake appropriate...

World Organization for Animal Health (OIE) has estimated that 60% of infectious diseases and 75% of emerging and re-emerging diseases of humans have an animal origin. In Nepal there six zoonoses; Taeniasis/cysticercosis /Neurocysticercosis, Leptospirosis, Hydatidosis, Brucellosis; Toxoplasmosis and Avian Influenza are identified as priorities zoono...

The predatory journal has emerged as a threat to credible scientific researches and publication practices because of its ill-money-draining mentality by attracting the authors for publication without providing mandatory peer-review, low publication standard, editorial, and publishing services. This study’s main objective is to assess the level of a...

This study was carried out to assess the effect of live yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae (NutrifermTM) inclusion in feed and its effects on milk composition and gross profit-margin from crossbred dairy cattle at Khumaltar, condition. An Experiment was carried out at National Cattle Research Program station of Nepal Agriculture Research Council (NARC)...

Scientific research can act as the 'bedrock for development' which can provide a solid foundation for the overall socioeconomic transformation in a country through invention and innovation. The inclusion of seven groups of Nepalese monuments in the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO)'s world heritage sites prov...

Background: Intussusception is a mechanical intestinal obstruction characterized by the telescoping/invagination of one segment of the gastrointestinal tract into the lumen of the adjoining segment. Case Presentation: Herein, a case of an acute intestinal intussusception in a puppy infected with the common tapeworm, Dipylidium caninum, was describe...

Nepal has been identified in a high-risk zone by the World Health Organization (WHO) for the Corona Virus Disease of 2019 (COVID-19). Nepal’s first official reported case was confirmed on 13 January 2020 and so far, 24,000 cases have tested positive with 91 deaths. The imposition of lockdown has begun since March 24 and it was extended until 22 Jul...

Rabies is a global problem, but the burden is higher in less developed or developing countries of Asia and Africa. In Nepal, rabies is reported to kill around 500 animals and up to 32 human beings in recent years, with possible under-reporting of cases and deaths. As a prophylactic measure, around 30,000 livestock and 300,000 humans get vaccinated...

Coronavirus disease of 2019 (COVID-19) is a declared pandemic of our time and mankind’s advancement in science and medicine till now have been dwarfed and proving insufficient. It looks likely that there is no other option but to live alongside this global, deadly and multifaceted virus and many more emerging and remerging diseases. This opinion pi...

Food safety and security are serious concerns to the world. The growing population, depleting resources demand that judicious production is key and ensuring that the product is safe from the farm is a collective responsibility. Pork is the source of most consumed animal protein on the planet. Concerns of various type from chemical residues, environ...

Coronavirus disease of 2019 (COVID-19) is a declared pandemic of our time and mankind's advancement in science and medicine till now have been dwarfed and proving insufficient. It looks likely that there is no other option but to live alongside this global, deadly and multifaceted virus and many more emerging and remerging diseases. This opinion pi...

Viruses are having great time as they seem to have bogged humans down. Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS), and novel coronavirus (COVID-19) are the three major coronaviruses of present-day global human and animal health concern. COVID-19 caused by SARS-CoV-2 is identified as the newest disease, presuma...

This article is a review on the horse breeds of Nepal. The contents in this article is obtained from google books, blogs, online articles and conference papers. Information about indigenous horse breeds on Nepal is limited and papers on this topic has not been published yet which made the review task challenging. In Nepal, six types of horse and po...

Buffalo rearing is major part of Nepalese agriculture and they are reared for milk, meat, draft power and manure. Buffaloes are the main source of milk production in Nepal producing about 65.3% of the total annual milk in the country. Different indigenous breeds such as Lime, Parkote and Gaddi as well as Indian Murrah and Nili Ravi are recorded in...

Foot and Mouth disease (FMD) is a highly contagious viral disease, affecting all domestic as well as wild cloven-hoofed animals caused by Apthovirus of Picornaviride family. FMD is endemic in Nepal causing substantial economic losses to livestock industry mainly cattle and buffalo, directly by decreasing the production and change in herd structure,...

Nepalese bovine farming is crucial yet underperforming enterprise in Nepal. Inadequate husbandry, lack of proper nutrition and increasing cost of inputs in relationship with the price of outputs makes it a risky business. Diseases and reproductive pathologies tops the list and mastitis is one among top three threats found by farmers of Nepal. Sub-c...

Extrauterine pregnancy or ectopic pregnancy means a pregnancy occur elsewhere than uterus. It is a rare condition in animals than humans. Nevertheless, the causes are not well defined in animals and humans. Two types of ectopic pregnancy are well recognized: Tubal and Abdominal. Tubal pregnancy is occurred when the fertilized embryo fails to travel...

Background Nematodes of the genus Dirofilaria are widespread vector-borne helminths (VBH) of increasing relevance. Indeed, dirofilariosis is frequently diagnosed in domestic pets, often dogs, associated with a severe clinical condition known as heartworm disease caused by D. immitis . Assessing the distribution pattern of canine dirofilariosis is p...

Livestock sector plays an important role in Nepal's economy and backbone of the rural community. This paper presents a short review on nutrition and their incidences of reproductive problems in livestock industry of Nepal. Multiple factors affect the reproductive efficiency of animals. Nutrition plays a major role in enhancing the reproductive effi...

Pregnancy is a time or condition while a female lodges one or more young ones within her uterus. It is maintained by various endocrine physiology and metabolic changes between maternal and fetal circumstances. Progesterone, secreted by corpus luteum increases extraordinarily throughout the pregnancy, estrogen increases rapidly during first trimeste...

With upto 75% of all human disease being zoonotic in origin, proper study of the diseases is necessary to prevent any outbreak or human loss. More studies are required for developing countries like Nepal where there are no appropriate provisions for situations after breakouts. One such little known sporadic zoonosis is Q-fever. Q-fever (Coxiellosis...

Buffalo rearing is major part of Nepalese agriculture and they are reared for milk, meat, draft power and manure. Buffaloes are the main source of milk production in Nepal producing about 65.3% of the total annual milk in the country. Different indigenous breeds such as Lime, Parkote and Gaddi as well as Indian Murrah and Nili Ravi are recorded in...

Rabies is a zoonotic disease with 100% fatality and affects most of the mammals when exposed. The disease has no treatment but is also 100% preventable through vaccination. According to WHO, every year 59000 cases of rabies are reported globally, among them 95% are from Asia and Africa and 40% are below 15 years of age. The cross-sectional survey w...

Backround: Dirofilaria species are important zoonotic filarioid nematodes transmitted by mosquitoes causing a heartworm disease in canines worldwide. Map of the distribution pattern of dirofilariois in Nepalese context is lacking. Methodology: A study was done to access the occurrence of dirofilarioids among stray dogs population in Siddharthanagar...

Agriculture contributes about 26.8% to the national GDP. Around 13% comes from the livestock in which 6% is contributed by buffalo. The population of buffalo in Nepal is 5.168 million and 25.9% of population are improved breeds. In Nepal, Buffaloes are called as black gold which are reared in plain, mid hills and high hills with minimum cost of inv...

Canis lupus familaris (Dog); a companion animal or even considered man’s best friend is believed to have been living in harmony with humans since thousands of years. Recent discovery in Chauvet cave in France: foot print of 8-year-old boy alongside the paw print is believed to have been dated back to Paleolithic period. Reports even suggest that pe...

Taenia solium is a zoonotic cestode parasite which causes cysticercosis in human and porcine cysticercosis in pigs. The infective stage of T. solium develops in pig while that of T. saginata develop in cattle and buffalo. The adult stages of T. solium are obligatory intestinal parasites for man. In humans the cysticercus larvae commonly encyst in t...

Poultry industries have come a long way in Nepal. Modern intensive farming has stressed on use of antibiotics to cope with the lacking in management and increasing stress of higher production, stretched inputs and challenges of one health breachers. The main types of antibiotics include penicillin, cephalosporin, tetracycline, aminoglycosides, sulp...

Background Swine are the most important meat animal, famous for white meat, which are prepared as ham, bacon, gammon, sausages and pork. Swine are valuable animals and they are physiologically, immunologically and anatomically similar to humans and their organ can be transplanted to the humans. Due to modernization, the cultural food restriction ha...

Poultry meat is one of the important sources of protein in underdeveloped countries like Nepal. In Nepal poultry contributes 4% of Gross Domestic Product. Bacteriological quality of poultry meat have been assessed by various researchers at a different time. To estimate the bacteriological load, TVC (Total viable Count), TCC (Total Coliform Count),...

Reproductive ultrasonography is a diagnostic technique used in the study of structures of the reproductive tract and to detect their pathological state. It is one of the non-invasive techniques used for the detection of variation and abnormalities in ovarian, uterine and other reproductive structures. Since, the development of diagnostic ultrasound...

One Health (OH) is a collaborative effort to attain optimal health for people, animals and the environment. The concept of OH is still in its infancy in Nepal but is increasingly growing. The Government of Nepal (GoN) has taken some initiatives to tackle burgeoning problems such as antimicrobial resistance, highly pathogenic avian influenza and rab...

Avian Influenza is an economically important, highly contagious and fatal infectious disease of birds caused by Type A strains of the influenza virus of Orthomyxoviridae family. Avian Influenza is primarily a disease of domestic and wild birds however mammals may be affected. It can be classified as Low Pathogenic Avian Influenza (LPAI) and Highly...

Buffaloes serve multipurpose utility in Nepal and have huge economic impact in the livelihood of rural communities. Murrah, a crossbred buffalo (Bubalusbubalis L.) is predominately farmed in the subtropical plain lands and valleys like Chitwan district of Nepal. Though, economics of production is not good due to higher cost of inputs and price of t...

Aquaculture, being a new practice in Nepal, has taken a prior position recently. Most cultured fish species include rohu, naini, bhakur, common carp, grass carp, silver carp and bighead carp. Apart from this, rainbow trout along with tilapia, Puntius, and Pangasius are also reared in small number. The type and amount of feed apportioned, largely de...

Foot and Mouth disease is an extremely contagious viral disease affecting all the cloven footed animals and elephants. The purpose of this study was to perform an epidemiological analysis of FMD outbreak in Nepal. It is endemic in Nepal since the time immemorial as well as in South Asian countries. FMD is highly transmissible diseases that have the...

Repeat breeders are the animals with more than 3 to 4 inseminations after calving having regular cyclicity yet failedto conceive. Therefore, it is considered as one of the most emerging and frustrated reproductive disorders amongdairy herds in Nepal that hinders favorable productivity and causes heavy economic losses to the livelihood of thefarmers...

Food insecurity, sadly still remains a concern with Nepal. The remote settlement of communities, harsh terrains, inequity in income generation have left millions of Nepalese experiencing some level of food insecurity mostly among marginalized population in both urban and rural settings. A pilot study was conducted within ninety households of four d...

The aim of present study was to assess the status of welfare of indigenous cattle, based on certain animal-linked parameters: body condition (BCS), body hygiene (cleanliness), lameness, skin injuries, general condition, and flight distance. The study was ruled in eight herds (10 cows /herd) in Terai and Mid-hill region of Nepal from March to June 2...

Ticks cause serious economic losses in livestock production worldwide. A study was conducted in 2017/18 to determine the abundance of tick population on different geographical regions and body parts of cattle. Three study sites were taken from mid hill, inner terai and terai region of Nepal. A total of 45 dairy cattle (15 from each region) were inc...

Table S1. Serotypes of FMD virus detected in Nepal (1965‐2015)

Every year, many people lose their lives due to consumption of poisonous mushrooms in Nepal. This paper aims to assess the view of different stakeholders of mushroom cultivation, wild mushroom consumers and incidences of mushroom poisoning cases in Chitwan district of Nepal. The study on the status of cultivation and poisoning of wild mushroom was...

Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD) is endemic in Nepal and causes substantial economic losses in the livestock industry. The goal of this study was to perform an epidemiological analysis of FMD outbreaks reported to the Veterinary Epidemiology Center, Tripureshwor, Nepal during 2010–2015, in order to strengthen the National FMD Control Program. These cur...

Background: Leptospirosis is a zoonotic disease with worldwide distribution. It affects both humans and animals. Dogs may serve as a sentinel as well as a potential carrier for Leptospira infection in human. This study was conducted with the aim of investigating the sero-prevalence of leptospirosis, and differentiation in blood parameters in posit...

Cow being the national animal of Nepal has special place in the society. Religious institutions have since prehistoric time reared and cared for cattle herds and the tradition still continues. The Bageshwori Gaushala (cow shelter), initiated by the Hindu Rastraguru Yogi Narhaharinath in mid-1990s is one of the largest of such nucleus indigenous c...

Food use of C sativa

With the aim of determining effect of parity on different traits related to lactational efficiency, Kalika Municipality, Padampur of Chitwan District was purposively selected and field assessment was conducted from April to August, 2017. Primary data were collected through direct interview with 37 buffalo rearing farmers using closed ended semi-str...

p>The research was done in cross sectional design to study about the prevalence of Haemonchus contortus in goats of Western Chitwan of Nepal. A total of 252 fecal samples were collected through purposive sampling. Fecal samples were examined through sedimentation and floatation method. Egg per gram (EPG) was calculated through Mac Master Counting T...

p>This is a cross-sectional study to detect presence of antibiotic residues in meat sample of Kailali and Kavre districts. Each sample out of 55 meat samples (muscles and liver) of poultry-41, goat-12, buffalo-9 and pig-4 from Kailali and Kavre was tested for different groups of antibiotic residues separately. The antibiotics tested were Penicillin...

This article has been retracted: please see Elsevier Policy on Article Withdrawal (http://www.elsevier.com/locate/withdrawalpolicy). This article has been retracted at the request of the Editor-in-Chief. The article is a duplicate of a paper that has already been published in Epidemiol Health (Vol. 38 (2016), https://doi.org/10.4178/epih.e2016042)....

OBJECTIVES The aim of this paper is to evaluate the current status of the disease, the mechanism of infection, and pathogenesis, its zoonotic potential, diagnostic advances, treatment regimens, and the preventive measures that can be adopted in managing human brucellosis in under-developed countries such as Nepal. METHODS We performed a systematic...

Brucellosis is a prominent zoonotic disease affecting humans and animals, with the lack of properly designed control program, and remains dangerous in third world countries like Nepal. Currently, brucellosis poses a public health concern, whose incidences among entire herds of animals can present substantial economic and health burdens for herders...

Abstract Objective To determine the prevalence and associated risk factors of gastrointestinal and liver parasites in yak in the cold desert area of the Mustang District, Nepal. Methods Fecal samples were collected over a period of three months from 96 yaks from the high Himalayan District of Mustang, Nepal. The samples were tested for the prese...

Aim: The aim of the study was to document the indigenous ethno-botanical knowledge of the transhumant nomads of Mustang, Nepal, a representative settlement in the Himalayan highland. Methodology: A studywas carried out during a direct field visit to collect plants, consisting of a semi-structured questionnaire and personal interviews. Both fresh an...

Poultry sector is an emerging industry in Nepal with two distinct pattern of poultry production-intensive and scavenging. The scavenging poultry is widely prevalent in the rural areas and nearly 45% of total poultry population comprises of native flock and 55% of poultry birds accounts of commercial poultry. In response to meet the urban demand for...

Traditional livestock production systems in highland areas of Nepal involve animals, especially yak and yak cattle hybrids as a source of food, prestige and security among the nomadic communities. Yak, which is also known as ‘the camel of snow’, is the livestock of choice among nomadic communities and is considered as the symbol of wealth. This stu...

Abstract: Parthenium hysterophorus L, parthenium weed (PW) is an invasive alien species with severe negative impacts on biodiversity, food security, human and animal health. In Nepal, the presence of PW has been mapped to over fifty districts spreading fast in most urban and peri-urban areas, along highways in tropical and subtropical areas of Nepa...

Nepalese poultry husbandry has evolved from scavenging backyard to a multi billion rupees worth most sophisticated livestock industry. From a “no touch” to “most sought” item, poultry products have transformed societies into inclusive and understanding cultures. Self sufficiency in poultry products is being claimed and the industry is confident of...

Abstract: Invasive alien species (IAS) are those non-native species resulted out of human induced global environmental change and threaten biodiversity, conservation strategies and livelihood. Nepal is at the receiving end of the IAS menace and its unique and rich diversity already contaminated with various exotic agents both from flora and fauna...

The notion of global thinking and local action is never so relevant as it is today. Nepal, a fragile yet rich in bio-diversity has its local ecosystem maintained by a balance in the inextricable interactions among the underlying socio-economic factors of the people, local environment, and the bio-diversity. It is now established that ecological con...

Nepal the "Shangri-La" in the lap of the Himalayas is gearing up for modern times as it starts rebuilding after a decade of senseless violence and destruction. The nation one of the poorest in the global development index is rich in natural resources and biodiversity. Reports of medicinal plants far exceeding those recorded and reported so far are...

Rapid reduction in natural resources as a consequence to the expanded urbanization, global warming and reduced natural habitat posed a considerable threat to the sustainability of traditional medicine. Being completely dependent upon natural resources like herbs, minerals and animal products, traditional medicine would possibly rank first in order...

Cattle, that too sacred cow is a social and religious animal, whose body is domicile to multiple Gods and Goddess of Hindu religion. The reproductive organ is the residence of Goddess Laxmi, the ruler of wealth. The Bull is the Lord in his animal form and who guards in Pashupatinath. Hence Nepal, a society in transition from Hindu country to a secu...

Cattle, that too sacred cow is a social and religious animal, whose body is domicile to multiple Gods and Goddess of Hindu religion. The reproductive organ is the residence of Goddess Laxmi, the ruler of wealth. The Bull is the Lord in his animal form and who guards in Pashupatinath. Hence Nepal, a society in transition from Hindu country to a secu...