Konrad Szocik

Konrad Szocik
Yale University | YU · Interdisciplinary Center for Bioethics

PhD in philosophy
Visiting Fellow at Yale University - Institution for Social and Policy Studies

About

206
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Introduction

Publications

Publications (206)
Article
Full-text available
Progress in automatization and robotization is unavoidable. However, while progress in some fields is relatively rapid, others including policing seem to be untouched by automatization. This paper discusses arguments which favor the use of police robots, in particular crowd control robots. The special case of pandemics is discussed. The paper argue...
Book
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https://global.oup.com/academic/product/the-bioethics-of-space-exploration-9780197628478?q=konrad%20szocik&lang=en&cc=us# The first book devoted to the bioethics of the space-mission environment, The Bioethics of Space Exploration explores the ethical status of possible biomedical challenges in future long-term space missions. Konrad Szocik thorou...
Article
Full-text available
Future human space missions to Mars and beyond may be realized for different research, economic, political or survival reasons. Since space remains a hazardous environment for humans, space exploration and exploitation requires the development and deployment of effective countermeasures. In this paper, we discuss prospects for human enhancement by...
Article
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In this paper we consider a scenario in which Carl Sagan's Copernican principle is more likely than its negation. Thus, assuming that the existence of an extraterrestrial intelligence (ETI) is reasonably likely, the paper considers the possibility of an ETI that is unable to recognize humans as intelligent beings. The paper presents the rationale f...
Article
Staying alive theory explains why women have more effective self-protective mechanisms in terms of woman’s role as a mother and caregiver. This theory reinforces stereotypes and the relationship of oppression and submission to men. Somewhat paradoxically, it also points to women’s lower quality of life, which may be explained by their greater fear...
Article
Full-text available
The subject of this article is a critique of the philosophy of religion presented by Neil Van Leeuwen in his Religion as Make-Believe: a theory of belief, imagination, and group identity. The article rejects his main title thesis that religion is make-believe. Van Leeuwen assumes that a religious individual has a different cognitive attitude for re...
Chapter
This collection of original essays by scientists, theologians, religious studies scholars, and ethicists offers an authoritative, illuminating, and thought-provoking overview of the CRISPR controversy. Genetic science at times ignites explosions of public controversy. In the early 1990s, the Human Genome Project, along withJurassic Park, frightened...
Chapter
The object of this chapter is to propose the role of philosophy as a tool aimed at showing a more pessimistic and skeptical vision of humanity’s future in space. Skepticism, however, should not lead to questioning the need for space exploration. The purpose of philosophical skepticism is to show the potential dangers that may arise in space in the...
Article
Full-text available
The aim of this study is to fill out the gap that exists in the literature by discussing the main problems and barriers to sustainable development in space and the initial proposal to adopt SDG 18. Despite the fact that the subject of the sustainable development of space is little researched, it seems that in order to be able to properly prepare fo...
Article
In his article, Eli Y. Adashi undertook the consideration of an important topic for the development of medicine from a long-term point of view: the concept of immortality and significant life extension. What is important in addressing this topic is to reflect on what direction medicine should take. This is a key branch of medicine, which can be ref...
Article
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There is no doubt that Humean sentimentalism provides a basis for thinking about future people. However, this thinking does not necessarily lead to concern about their coming into the world. This is possible on the basis of adopting a pronatalist metaphysics. Sentimentalism provides no less grounds for adopting an antinatalist metaphysics. Its cons...
Article
The subject of this paper is a critique of the pronatalist metaphysics that underlies bioethics and shapes the thinking and discourse on reproductive rights. The point of reference is the philosophy of antinatalism presented by Marcus T. L. Teo. Seemingly arguing in favor of antinatalism, Teo mixes antinatalist concepts with pronatalist intuitions....
Chapter
This book is an example of applying the feminist perspective in philosophy, ethics, and bioethics to the consideration of future human space missions. Feminism is a thought perspective that is rarely present in the reflection on space and space missions. This book focuses on bioethical issues that may arise in future long-term and long-distance spa...
Chapter
This book is an example of applying the feminist perspective in philosophy, ethics, and bioethics to the consideration of future human space missions. Feminism is a thought perspective that is rarely present in the reflection on space and space missions. This book focuses on bioethical issues that may arise in future long-term and long-distance spa...
Chapter
This book is an example of applying the feminist perspective in philosophy, ethics, and bioethics to the consideration of future human space missions. Feminism is a thought perspective that is rarely present in the reflection on space and space missions. This book focuses on bioethical issues that may arise in future long-term and long-distance spa...
Chapter
This book is an example of applying the feminist perspective in philosophy, ethics, and bioethics to the consideration of future human space missions. Feminism is a thought perspective that is rarely present in the reflection on space and space missions. This book focuses on bioethical issues that may arise in future long-term and long-distance spa...
Chapter
This book is an example of applying the feminist perspective in philosophy, ethics, and bioethics to the consideration of future human space missions. Feminism is a thought perspective that is rarely present in the reflection on space and space missions. This book focuses on bioethical issues that may arise in future long-term and long-distance spa...
Chapter
This book is an example of applying the feminist perspective in philosophy, ethics, and bioethics to the consideration of future human space missions. Feminism is a thought perspective that is rarely present in the reflection on space and space missions. This book focuses on bioethical issues that may arise in future long-term and long-distance spa...
Article
Full-text available
Germline gene editing (GGE) is a controversial procedure, prohibited by most intergovernmental and scientific bodies and is not currently medically utilized. However, given circumstances where GGE would be essential for human survival, it is possible that GGE could be ideal, ethical and even necessary. One such possible instance of this circumstanc...
Article
Julian Savulescu and Jeff McMahan make valuable contribution to the bioethics of future people. While I agree with them that the person-affecting arguments justify gene editing against embryo selection, I criticize the underlying metaphysics of reproduction. It is the metaphysics of pronatalism. Bioethics is pronatalist because it tacitly assumes t...
Book
Full-text available
Free chapter available below: https://academic.oup.com/book/57543/chapter/468531566?guestAccessKey=7d65f98b-aa5e-4768-8d9e-44e9084e5c59 The first of its kind, Feminist Bioethics in Space discusses selected bioethical concerns that may arise as space exploration becomes more advanced, applying the perspective of feminist philosophy. As on Earth, me...
Chapter
In our chapter, we want to point out the long-term ethical implications of the concept of space exploration and exploitation, which are usually overlooked today. Future space exploration and exploitation is assumed today as a certain part of human development and includes space tourism, scientific missions, space mining, as well as, in the further...
Article
Full-text available
Background Respect for human rights and bioethical principles in prisons is a crucial aspect of society and is proportional to the well-being of the general population. To date, these ethical principles have been lacking in prisons and prisoners are victims of abuse with strong repercussions on their physical and mental health. Methods A systemati...
Article
One example of proxy failure is current antisexist and antiracist policies. One of the most popular proxy in them is the number of representatives of marginalized groups – women and non-white people – in power structures. Here I show that such measures do not lead to combating sexism and racism, which flourish despite their application.
Article
Climate change poses a challenge to bioethics due to overpopulation and a declining quality of life, among other factors. In this article, we discuss four scenarios of possible human development in the near future. Two of them are horrible scenarios. One of them assumes that living conditions will significantly deteriorate and people will live in g...
Article
There is no longer any doubt that the coming decades will bring serious threats to humanity from anthropogenic climate change. As we have suggested elsewhere, horrible scenarios are far more realistic than non-horrible ones, and science and technology are incapable, especially in our non-ideal world, of equitably distributing wealth, access to reso...
Article
Environmental issues are rarely present in mainstream bioethics; the situation is somewhat better with feminist bioethics. The problem, then, is allowing a feminist perspective into mainstream bioethics. In my paper, however, I wanted to point out the necessity of a critique of capitalism by bioethics interested in environmental issues. After all,...
Article
Religion still has a great potential and perhaps even a monopoly on explaining life in terms of meaning and significance. In the paper we argue that neither the development of science nor scientism poses a threat to religion. We suggest, however, that the political entanglement of religion may be a threat. In the paper, we discuss the paradoxical s...
Article
The idea of moral bioenhancement is discussed in recent years by ethicists and philosophers. There are good reasons to modify human moral behavioral patterns and possibly moral beliefs. However, while such discussion covers many different issues on Earth, no one takes into account a context of future human space missions. In this paper, we discuss...
Article
The paper titled “Cognitive Enhancement and Social Mobility: Skepticism from India,” written by Jayashree Dasgupta and colleagues (Citation2023) is a very valuable addition to the Western discourse on human enhancement. The authors’ attention to the holistic nature of human enhancement and the lack of association with biotechnologies account for th...
Article
Puritanical morality regulates a range of seemingly insignificant behaviors, including those involving human sexuality. A sizable portion of the latter particularly burdens women, who are held responsible for the moral conduct of men. In my paper, I show that these norms have not necessarily served to evolve cooperation, but to subjugate and elimin...
Article
Moral bioenhancement for future space missions, like radical forms of biomedical human enhancements in general, seems at first glance a reasonable idea. This is due to the harsh conditions of the space environment, as well as the high cost and difficulty of implementing long-term and long-distance space missions. However, it turns out that this mos...
Chapter
Human exploration of space contains many ethical challenges. Future long-term space missions will generate specific problems and place new demands on humanity. One of them is the concept of human enhancement, primarily through gene editing, for the implementation of long-term space missions. This book hypothesizes that large-scale application of hu...
Chapter
Human exploration of space contains many ethical challenges. Future long-term space missions will generate specific problems and place new demands on humanity. One of them is the concept of human enhancement, primarily through gene editing, for the implementation of long-term space missions. This book hypothesizes that large-scale application of hu...
Chapter
Human exploration of space contains many ethical challenges. Future long-term space missions will generate specific problems and place new demands on humanity. One of them is the concept of human enhancement, primarily through gene editing, for the implementation of long-term space missions. This book hypothesizes that large-scale application of hu...
Chapter
Human exploration of space contains many ethical challenges. Future long-term space missions will generate specific problems and place new demands on humanity. One of them is the concept of human enhancement, primarily through gene editing, for the implementation of long-term space missions. This book hypothesizes that large-scale application of hu...
Chapter
Human exploration of space contains many ethical challenges. Future long-term space missions will generate specific problems and place new demands on humanity. One of them is the concept of human enhancement, primarily through gene editing, for the implementation of long-term space missions. This book hypothesizes that large-scale application of hu...
Chapter
Human exploration of space contains many ethical challenges. Future long-term space missions will generate specific problems and place new demands on humanity. One of them is the concept of human enhancement, primarily through gene editing, for the implementation of long-term space missions. This book hypothesizes that large-scale application of hu...
Chapter
Human exploration of space contains many ethical challenges. Future long-term space missions will generate specific problems and place new demands on humanity. One of them is the concept of human enhancement, primarily through gene editing, for the implementation of long-term space missions. This book hypothesizes that large-scale application of hu...
Chapter
Human exploration of space contains many ethical challenges. Future long-term space missions will generate specific problems and place new demands on humanity. One of them is the concept of human enhancement, primarily through gene editing, for the implementation of long-term space missions. This book hypothesizes that large-scale application of hu...
Chapter
Human exploration of space contains many ethical challenges. Future long-term space missions will generate specific problems and place new demands on humanity. One of them is the concept of human enhancement, primarily through gene editing, for the implementation of long-term space missions. This book hypothesizes that large-scale application of hu...
Chapter
Human exploration of space contains many ethical challenges. Future long-term space missions will generate specific problems and place new demands on humanity. One of them is the concept of human enhancement, primarily through gene editing, for the implementation of long-term space missions. This book hypothesizes that large-scale application of hu...
Chapter
Human exploration of space contains many ethical challenges. Future long-term space missions will generate specific problems and place new demands on humanity. One of them is the concept of human enhancement, primarily through gene editing, for the implementation of long-term space missions. This book hypothesizes that large-scale application of hu...
Article
Full-text available
There are good theoretical rationales for considering germline gene editing (GGE) as a recommended and perhaps even necessary procedure for future long-term human space missions. This paper examines the arguments for applying GGE in a hypothetical future scenario where future parents living on Earth make decisions about applying GGE to their future...
Article
Full-text available
In this paper, we offer an outline of a feminist approach to considering the issue of extraterrestrial intelligence (ETI). Dominant ways of discussing ETI, particularly first-contact scenarios and protocols, are characterized by what feminism terms male bias. As with other cultural texts and disciplines, ETI studies can also be enriched by a femini...
Article
Full-text available
Depletion of resources on Earth, super-exploitation and climate change challenge human survival on Earth. As far as humans are a single-planetary species, our further survival seems to be seriously threatened by these on-going pressures. In this paper, we discuss ethical issues arising from the possibility of space exploitation and space colonisati...
Article
Full-text available
People tend to perceive atheists as being immoral. We tested whether this perception also applies to moral transgressions against animals. Study 1 ( N = 288) and Study 2 ( N = 306, pre-registered) utilized a conjunction fallacy paradigm to show that people attributed harming animals most frequently to criminals, then to God-believers, and least oft...
Article
Full-text available
The subject of this paper is a continuation of the discussion initiated by Milan M. Ćirković. Ćirković criticized a number of arguments skeptical of the idea of space settlement. However, he omitted arguments referring to social justice and equal access, which, as this paper tries to show, are arguably the most serious skeptical remarks against the...
Article
Synthetic biology is a new and promising way of managing challenges which may be faced by astronauts during human space missions. Due to specific constraints, which include long term travel and future settlement where in-situ resources are limited, synthetic biology provides a rational solution. In this paper, we start from an evaluation of ethics...
Article
Full-text available
We examine the bioethical issues that arise from long-duration space missions, asking what there is that is distinctive about such issues. We pay particular attention to the possibility that such space missions, certainly if they lead to self-sustaining space settlements, may require human enhancement, and examine the significance of reproduction i...
Article
Full-text available
Protection against the effects of space radiation poses great technical and medical challenges for future human missions and is of interparliamentary concern requiring alignment of multiple scientific, clinical, and ethical parameters. In our article, we highlight the inadequacy of current countermeasures, which may justify the use of human enhance...
Chapter
In my paper, I argue in favor of the fact that we can, against skeptics, extrapolate knowledge about the hypothetical characteristics of ETI, and that this knowledge can be valuable. I argue why the source of such knowledge can only be evolutionary biology and cannot be universal history, political history, or sociology. I also point out that there...
Book
Full-text available
THE HUMAN FACTOR IN THE SETTLEMENT OF THE MOON Margaret Boone Rappaport, Konrad Szocik, Editors 20 Chapters by Experts in a Variety of Disciplines • Captures the imagination of readers in asking detailed questions about the first human planetary settlement beyond Earth • Details the many human factor issues faced by a lunar society, including hea...
Article
Full-text available
Despite the fact that people usually believe that individual health rights have an intrinsic value, they have, in fact, only extrinsic value. They are context dependent. While in normal conditions the current societies try to guarantee individual health rights, the challenge arises in emergency situations. Ones of them are pandemics including curre...
Article
Astrotheology is presented as a discipline of study that manages to complement theology and science. It considers that each one has its own role and that as long as there is no reductionism that wants to monopolize the place of the other, fluid communication between both is possible. Therefore, it is worth examining epistemologically astrotheology...
Article
Almost no one today doubts that AI systems will increasingly affect our lives in the near future. Growing interactions of humans with non-human intelligent systems are both a source of threats and a source of hopes. In this paper, some ethical challenges in the development and application of weak and strong AI systems are analysed. Then, legal chal...
Chapter
The Editors welcome readers with a perspective on human off-world existence that will be useful in the following decades of early settlement of Earth’s Moon, Mars, the asteroids, and the moons of the gas giants Jupiter and Saturn. They emphasize the unity of the Earth and its Moon—as an astronomical reality, a research dimension, and a collective f...
Chapter
While there are many arguments in favor of a human mission to the Moon, there are also many arguments in favor of the concept of a lunar space refuge. This chapter introduces the ethics of a space refuge. The potential benefits of a refuge on the Moon compared to a colony on Mars are discussed, with particular attention to differences in ethics and...
Chapter
The idea of Mars colonization and terraforming includes many ethical, political and legal issues. Some of them are a domain of the pre-launch stage, while others may appear when the discussed ideas will become reality. In this chapter, some of the ethical, political and legal challenges relating to a future hypothetical Mars colony are discussed. T...
Article
Full-text available
The COVID-19 pandemic has had far-reaching effects, which are primarily being felt in the functioning of the health service, the organization of social life, and the state of the national economy. It is also worth paying attention to the legal and political consequences which are less obvious and noticeable for average citizens. One of the most imp...
Article
What can philosophy say about space exploration, and what exactly is the philosophy behind any space mission? In this article, Konrad Szocik, a social sciences specialist, outlines the main issues that the philosophy of space mission deals with, and should deal with, in the near future.
Chapter
Full-text available
Future human space missions are challenging for astroethics for many reasons— political, social, economic or environmental. The ethical challenge increases when human presence in space is discussed in relation to population forces such as natural selection and genetic drift. In our chapter we discuss possible trajectories of population forces in di...
Chapter
Interpretations have been made of a currently narrow range of signal types that humans can record from interstellar sources, to determine if distant life forms exist. This chapter briefly surveys the types of signals now available and what they and others could reveal about distant life forms in the future. The chapter then explores the assessment...
Article
Full-text available
Humans have the capacity for very long-term thinking, yet we are often careless about the welfare of the Earth and reckless when it comes to our destructive abilities. As such, we may eventually be confronted with the necessity of colonizing the universe. In such a scenario, might it be possible to genetically modify humanity in order to optimize o...
Article
Full-text available
The Embryo Space Colonization (ESC) concept is an interesting, very rational, and quite effective way to guarantee the survival of the human species, as long as the technology is achieved and no unforeseen complications arise during even many millions of years journey to an exoplanet. Despite these formal advantages of the concept, my paper points...
Article
Full-text available
Current covid-19 pandemic challenges healthcare ethics. Ones of the most important challenges are medical resources allocation and a duty to treat, often addressed to medical personnel. In this paper we suggest that there are good reasons to rethink our healthcare ethics for future global catastrophic risks. Current pandemic shows how challenging...
Article
The idea of creating a sustainable human colony on Mars is gaining momentum. In this context, the creation of norms and rules is important. The first wave of Mars colonizers will be in unique position given the fact that they will create settlement in a completely new environment. The aim of this study is to examine legal, political and ethical cha...
Article
The dialogue between religion, state and society seems to be something evident and obligatory in current secular countries. This is a good practice which, mostly in European countries, has been developed after a domination of religious worldview. The aim of this editorial is to show how the lack of dialogue and abuse of a privileged position by rel...
Article
The study of political system in future Mars colony belongs to the futures studies, space policy and political sciences. While this is a long-term scenario, there are good reasons to foresight possible evolution of political systems in space. In this paper, some selected historical examples of the establishing of political systems in colonies are u...
Chapter
This chapter offers arguments for adaptationist explanation of religion. We argue that cognitive explanations are mainly proximate explanations that do not explain the long-term evolutionary context of religious components. Only adaptationist theories offer an ultimate explanation of evolution of religion.
Chapter
This chapter explores the concept of naturalness of religion. Religious components may be regarded as natural in the sense of being intuitive and cognitively effortless. Such theories and concepts are critically evaluated.
Chapter
We presented the case that religion evolved because it served an adaptive function. We criticized the competing view that religious components were selected as a functionless by-product of other adaptive traits and surveyed arguments that religion (either components or religion as a whole yielded an adaptive benefit in its own right. Possibly, reli...
Chapter
After having discussed biological adaptationist and cultural adaptationist approaches, we lastly discuss sexual selection theory of religion. This chapter introduces the main concepts and theories in sexual selection. Then, possible applications to the evolution of religion are offered. While there are good reasons to explain at least some of relig...
Chapter
This chapter presents the basic concepts of evolutionary biology that are applied in adaptationist theories of religion. We discuss concepts like the unit of selection, or individual selection versus group selection. This chapter also discusses the puzzling explanatory challenge of the evolution of cooperation.
Chapter
This chapter discusses evolution of religion in terms of cultural evolution. We argue that there are good reasons to study religion in terms of cultural evolution. Basic concepts and theories within cultural evolution studies are discussed such as memetics, sociobiology or dual inheritance theory. This chapter also discusses the concept of religion...
Chapter
The final chapter discusses the cognitive and evolutionary contexts of atheism and non-belief. While atheism is considered by CSR scholars as a secondary phenomenon which is unnatural and non-intuitive, there are good reasons to study its evolutionary history. This chapter states that there are strong reasons to look for adaptationist explanations...
Chapter
This chapter shows how cultural processes can account for the emergence of religious components. We argue that cultural processes can shape the operations of cognitive mechanisms so that they easily and automatically produce religious components.
Chapter
This chapter discusses adaptationist theories of religion which consider religious components such as beliefs and/or behaviors as adaptations. Such adaptationist theories of religion include Broad Supernatural Punishment Theory, Big God Theory, costly signaling theories of religion, the concept of religious coping and its positive impact on human h...
Chapter
This chapter presents some of the main theories and assumptions of cognitive science of religion (CSR). The main CSR theories and concepts discussed here include the concept of religion as by-product, the naturalness of religion, HADD, MCI hypothesis, theory of mind, and promiscuous teleology. Critical remarks on CSR refer to marginalized impact of...
Book
Full-text available
This book critically appraises current work from both the cognitive science of religion and the evolutionary study of religion. It addresses the question: Why does the believer possess supernatural or religious beliefs in the combined context of his cognitive biases, their adaptive usefulness measured in terms of survival and reproduction, and the...
Book
Approaching the settlement of our Moon from a practical perspective, this book is well suited for space program planners. It addresses a variety of human factor topics involved in colonizing Earth's Moon, including: history, philosophy, science, engineering, agriculture, medicine, politics & policy, sociology, and anthropology. Each chapter ident...
Article
Over recent years, challenges associated with planning the human exploration of deep-space in the near future have received increasing attention. The issues which should be considered are not solely confined to medical and technological, but also include political, social and ethical issues. Human space settlement may be regarded as the next step o...
Article
Full-text available
Space philosophy offers rich insights in the future and is already well‐developed new branch of philosophy. However, space philosophers still do not pay much attention to a number of bioethical issues that may occur in space. This paper aims to introduce space bioethics, as a new branch in space philosophy, space ethics and space policy, to the phi...
Article
Full-text available
The idea of superintelligence should be, first of all, considered as a kind of the philosophical thought experiment which may be used as a good platform to study our moral intuitions or to create the hypothetical scenarios of the future human development. However, the probability that something like the superintelligence may ever happen, is appreci...
Chapter
Full-text available
This chapter discusses arguments for human enhancement during space missions. I show that objections to human enhancement are usually based on a weak justification. I emphasize that a space environment creates a specific ethical framework which substantially changes the ethical and axiological value of human enhancement when compared with analogous...
Book
Full-text available
This book presents a collection of chapters, which address various contexts and challenges of the idea of human enhancement for the purposes of human space missions. The authors discuss pros and cons of mostly biological enhancement of human astronauts operating in hostile space environments, but also ethical and theological aspects are addressed....
Preprint
Abstract The space medicine literature reports changes in neurological systems of astronauts after spaceflight, which has caused understandable concern. Rehabilitative medicine provides a preliminary context to address these changes and creative efforts in preflight training and post-flight remediation have resulted. Research can now begin to deter...
Chapter
The idea of transcendence is the essence of at least monotheistic religions. While believers and theologians treat seriously this transcendent realm, scientists usually express their skepticism about the existence of transcendence, or at least about the possibility of getting any knowledge about it. The idea of religious transcendence means superna...
Article
Full-text available
This article examines some selected ethical issues in human space missions including human missions to Mars, particularly the idea of a space refuge, the scientific value of space exploration, and the possibility of human gene editing for deep-space travel. Each of these issues may be used either to support or to criticize human space missions. We...
Article
The scientific study of nonreligion has been described as being ‘under the spell’ of religion because the vast majority of research investigates nonbelief in respect to belief. This has resulted in a number of problematic theories, including the leading cognitive science of religion (CSR) theory that claims that religious belief is innate, and so t...
Article
Cognitive explanations of religious beliefs propose an evolutionary past in which humans had to possess certain cognitive adaptations to survive. The aim of this article is to show that some cognitive accounts may overvalue the putative role of cognition. One such cognitive idea is an assumption that cognition has been evolutionarily shaped only, o...
Article
Full-text available
Cognitive explanations of religious beliefs propose an evolutionary past in which humans had to possess certain cognitive adaptations to survive. The aim of the paper is to show that some cognitive accounts may overvalue the putative role of cognition. One such cognitive idea is an assumption that cognition has been evolutionarily shaped only, or m...
Article
Full-text available
Comment of Alexey L. Eryomin on paper “Identity, Kinship, and the Evolution of Cooperation” by Voorhees, B., Read, D., Gabora, L.: "The relevance of cooperation and its evolution in the human population has been increasing quantitatively, as 2000 years ago there were 0.1 billion people on Earth, 100 years ago - 1 billion, by the middle of the twent...
Article
This article considers the application of sexual selection theory to the study of religion by discussing the basic concepts and theories in sexual selection and then outlines possibilities of its application to the study of the evolution of religion. The first section outlines basic principles in the sexual selection account, including the evolutio...

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