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Introduction
He focused on analyzing OMIC data, encompassing long-read and hybrid data analysis. With appreciation for the learning process, he has contributed to over 40 peer-reviewed articles, primarily in the realm of NGS and bioinformatics analysis. In his research, Komwit works on developing and applying bioinformatics pipelines and tools. He recognizes the significance of integrating and interpreting diverse biological data types.
Current institution
Additional affiliations
March 2010 - February 2012
March 2012 - July 2022
Education
June 2015 - June 2017
June 2009 - June 2010
June 2005 - June 2009
Publications
Publications (106)
Pediococcus acidilactici HN9 is a beneficial lactic acid bacterium isolated from Nhang, a traditional Thai-style fermented beef. In this study, the molecular properties of P. acidilactici HN9 were characterized to provide insights into its potential probiotic activity. Specifically, this work sought to report the complete genome of P. acidilactici...
Rhodopseudomonas palustris is a Gram-negative, purple non-sulfur bacterium (PNSB), which can alleviate heavy metal toxicity, enhance plant growth, and exert biocontrol activities against several plant pathogens. However, to date, only 44 genomes of Rhodopseudomonas spp. have been assembled and deposited in the NCBI database. This study sequenced th...
The worldwide spread of carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii (CRAB) has become a healthcare challenge for some decades. To understand its molecular epidemiology in Southern Thailand, we conducted whole-genome sequencing (WGS) of 221 CRAB clinical isolates. A comprehensive bioinformatics analysis was performed using several tools to assemble...
Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is an amino that plays a major role as a neurotransmitter. It was commonly produced by lactic acid bacteria (LAB) naturally found in fermented food and fruit. Lactiplantibacillus plantarum DW12 is a high potential GABA-producing strain isolated from a fermented beverage. In this study, to highlight its ability to prod...
Objective: This study aimed to screen and evaluate probiotic properties in bacterial strains isolated from fermented foods and animal feces, using nanopore sequencing and bioinformatic analysis.Material and Methods: Thirty bacterial strains were isolated from local foods and animal feces within Songkhla, Thailand. After excluding seven pathogenic s...
Objective: This study aimed to explore the genotypic and phenotypic of Enterococcus thailandicus MEDPSU_PRO_001, a strain isolated from chicken feces, as a probiotic candidate through comprehensive in silico and in vitro analysis.Material and Methods: This study examined the genetic characteristics of E. thailandicus MEDPSU_PRO_001 by using Oxford...
Familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) is an autosomal dominant syndrome associated with germline mutations in the adenomatous polyposis coli ( APC ) gene. Patients eventually may develop colorectal cancer (CRC) if they are not diagnosed in the early stages. Dysbiosis is an important contributing factor to the complex events in carcinogenesis, which...
In this study, we conducted a comprehensive investigation into the Enterobacter cloacae complex (ECC), a group of notorious pathogens responsible for various hospital-acquired infections. We aimed to gain critical insights into antimicrobial resistance profiles and genomic diversity among 17 ECC isolates, which were previously collected as part of...
Background/Objectives: The significant outbreak of multidrug-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae has emerged as a primary global concern associated with high morbidity and mortality rates. Certain strains of K. pneumoniae are highly resistant to most antibiotics available in clinical practice, exacerbating the challenge of bacterial infections. Methods...
Vibrio alginolyticus is a significant opportunistic pathogen in marine environments, affecting both marine organisms and humans. The rise of antibiotic-resistant strains has prompted the exploration of bacteriophages as alternative biological control agents. In this study, 414 lytic bacteriophages specific to V. alginolyticus were isolated from var...
Limosilactobacillus fermentum has gained recognition as a probiotic due to its immunomodulatory properties. In this study, we characterized L. fermentum SD7, which was isolated from the human oral cavity. The genome of L. fermentum SD7 was approximately 2.27 Mb in size, with a 51.1 % GC content. Using comprehensive genome analysis, we compared the...
Mangrovibacter phragmitis is a Gram-negative bacterium typically found in plant roots that supports nitrogen fixation in nutrient-poor environments such as mangrove ecosystems. Although primarily found in environmental niches, an unusual case in Thailand of M. phragmitis strain PSU-3885–11 isolated from the sputum of a 29-year-old female patient wi...
Cereibacter sphaeroides strains S3W10 and SS15, isolated from shrimp ponds, exhibit potential probiotic benefits for aquaculture. In this study, the genomic features of S3W10 and SS15 were thoroughly characterized to evaluate their probiotic properties and safety for aquaculture use. The genomes of S3W10 and SS15 consist of 130 and 74 contigs, with...
This study aimed to characterise zoonotic yeasts from zebra dove (Geopelia striata) droppings in small farms in Songkhla province, Thailand. Four contaminated isolates were found with morphology and biochemical test results like those of Cryptococcus spp., but they exhibited different results from the positive control in nested polymerase chain rea...
Neuroblastoma is the most prevalent solid tumor in early childhood, with a 5-year overall survival rate of 40–60% in high-risk cases. Therefore, the identification of novel biomarkers for the diagnosis, prognosis, and therapy of neuroblastoma is crucial for improving the clinical outcomes of these patients. In this study, we conducted the whole-exo...
Pediococcus pentosaceus, which often occurs in fermented foods, is characterized by numerous positive effects on the human health, such as the presence of possible probiotic abilities, the reduction of cholesterol levels, satisfactory antimicrobial activity, and certain therapeutic functions. This study was conducted with the goal of describing the...
Cronobacter sakazakii is a pathogen that causes severe diseases such as meningitis and necrotizing enterocolitis in infants, associated with the consumption of rehydrated powder infant formula. We report a whole-genome sequence of carbapenem-non-susceptible C. sakazakii isolated from the nasopharynx of the patient admitted to the ICU ward, Songkhla...
Lactiplantibacillus plantarum SPS109, an isolated strain of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) from fermented foods, showed remarkable potential as a probiotic with dual capabilities in γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) production and cholesterol reduction. This study employs genomic and comparative analyses to search into the strain's genetic profile, safety fea...
Citation: Thant, E.P.; Surachat, K.; Chusri, S.; Romyasamit, C.; Pomwised, R.; Wonglapsuwan, M.; Yaikhan, T.; Suwannasin, S.; Singkhamanan, K. Exploring Weissella confusa W1 and W2 Strains Isolated from Khao-Mahk as Probiotic Abstract: Growing interest in probiotics has spurred research into their health benefits for hosts. This study aimed to eval...
An elevated sea temperature is considered a key abiotic stressor causing thermal stress to intertidal macroalgae and influencing their populations. Halimeda macroloba is an important CaCO3 producer that contributes to the carbonate budget in marine ecosystems. The population decline of this intertidal algal species could lead to considerable declin...
Helicobacter pylori is a prominent gastrointestinal pathogen associated with various gastrointestinal illnesses. It presents substantial health risks due to its antibiotic resistance. Therefore, it is crucial to identify alternative treatments for H. pylori infections. Limosilactobacillus spp exhibit probiotic properties with beneficial effects in...
The incidence of Vibrio vulnificus infections, with high mortality rates in humans and aquatic animals, has escalated, highlighting a significant public health challenge. Currently, reliable markers to identify strains with high virulence potential are lacking, and the understanding of evolutionary drivers behind the emergence of pathogenic strains...
The emergence and spread of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) among Enterobacteriaceae pose significant threats to global public health. In this study, we conducted a short-term surveillance effort in Southern Thailand hospitals to characterize the genomic diversity, AMR profiles, and virulence factors of Enterobacteriaceae strains. We identified 241...
This study focused on L. paracasei strains isolated from fermented palm sap in southern Thailand that exhibit potential probiotic characteristics, including antibiotic susceptibility, resistance to gastrointestinal stresses, and antimicrobial activity against various pathogens. However, a thorough investigation of the whole genome sequences of L. p...
Objective: The study aimed to study the spatiotemporal distribution of acute appendicitis in Thailand, using a reimbursement dataset from the National Health Security Office, and also analyze for mortality and factors associated with mortality after an appendectomy.Material and Methods: The study used data mining to analyze a reimbursement data set...
Wilms tumor (WT), the most prevalent type of renal cancer in children, exhibits overall survival rates exceeding 90%. However, chemotherapy resistance, which occurs in approximately 10% of WT cases, is a major challenge for the treatment of WT, particularly for advanced-stage patients. In this study, we aimed to discover potential mutation markers...
Wilms tumor (WT), the most prevalent type of renal cancer in children, exhibits overall survival rates exceeding 90%. However, chemotherapy resistance, which occurs in approximately 10% of WT cases, is a major challenge for the treatment of WT, particularly for advanced-stage patients. In this study, we aimed to discover potential mutation markers...
Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus is a group of probiotic strains that have gained popularity for their potential health benefits such as promoting digestive health, boosting the immune system, improving lactose digestion, preventing and treating antibiotic-associated diarrhea, reducing the severity and duration of certain infections, and preventing the...
Purpose
Carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii (CRAB) is an urgent concern to public health. This study focuses on exploring the resistance mechanisms and the in vitro results of using rifampicin in combination with conventional antibiotics for the management of CRAB.
Methods
The synergistic and bactericidal effects of rifampicin with conven...
This study investigated the genetic diversity, antimicrobial resistance profiles, and virulence characteristics of Acinetobacter non-baumannii isolates obtained from four hospitals in southern Thailand. Clinical data, genome information, and average nucleotide identity (ANI) were analyzed for eight isolates, revealing diverse genetic profiles and n...
Red calcified non-geniculate coralline algae (NGCA) provide habitat structures, stabilize reef structures, and foster coral larval settlement and metamorphosis. Moreover, the microbes associated with NGCA are dependent on the NGCA host species and are affected by environmental factors; however, little is known about the influence of reef conditions...
Background
Neonatal sepsis is associated with high rates of morbidity and mortality, long hospital stays and high cost of care, thereby inflicting a burden on health care systems. Oral care with breast milk has been shown to modify the intestinal tract microbiota and immune system. Herein, we attempted to identify probiotics that may be beneficial...
COVID-19 pandemic has generated high demand for natural rubber gloves (NR) leading to crucial issues of rubber waste and waste management such as burning, dumping, stockpiling, discarding waste in landfills. Hence, rubber biodegradation by microorganisms is an alternative solution to the problem. The biodegradation method is environmentally friendl...
Introduction
Biofilm formation is an important virulence factor of Acinetobacter baumannii. Here, we examined the biofilm formation of archived A. baumannii causing ventilator‐associated pneumonia (VAP).
Methods
Eighteen and twenty isolates of A. baumannii causing bacteremic pneumonia and non‐bacteremic pneumonia were included, respectively. Antim...
The emergence and spread of polymyxin resistance, especially among Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates, threaten the effective management of infections. This study profiled for polymyxin resistance mechanisms and investigated the activity of polymyxins plus vancomycin against carbapenem- and polymyxin-resistant K. pneumoniae . The entire genome sequence...
Seagrass ecosystems have been declining, and restorations are conducted in many parts of the world to compensate for habitat loss and restore the ecosystem services seagrasses provide. Assessment of transplantation success requires the monitoring of the level of biodiversity between the donor and transplanted sites. In this study, we assessed a sea...
Phage therapy has emerged as a potential solution to the issue of multidrug-resistant bacteria. In this study, a novel bacteriophage vB_AdhS_M4 , which infects Aeromonas dhakensis, was isolated. A. dhakensis strains were isolated from water samples in Thailand and identified by biochemical and 16S rDNA sequence analysis. Four isolates, namely AM, N...
Introduction:
Cervical cancer (CC) is the fourth most common cancer type and a leading cause of cancer-related deaths in women worldwide. Its underlying molecular mechanisms are unclear. Cancer cell-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) are involved in cancer development and progression by delivering regulatory factors, including microRNAs and long...
Objectives:
The objective of the study was to investigate the effect of short-term lozenges containing Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus SD11 on cariogenic pathogens and on oral microbiota.
Materials and methods:
This double-blind, randomized, controlled trial included 121 subjects and was randomly divided into the control and probiotic group. All su...
Whole-genome sequencing (WGS) of bacterial pathogens is widely conducted in microbiological, medical, and clinical research to explore genetic insights that could impact clinical treatment and molecular epidemiology. However, analyzing WGS data of bacteria can pose challenges for microbiologists, clinicians, and researchers, as it requires the appl...
Background:
Several studies have focused on the clinical outcomes of oral care using colostrum for a limited time (2-5 days) in very-low-birthweight (VLBW) infants. However, the effect of long-term mother's own milk (MOM) on the clinical outcomes and oral microbiota of VLBW infants remains unknown.
Methods:
In this randomized controlled trial, V...
Clostridioides difficile is a Gram-positive, obligate anaerobic, toxin-producing bacillus that is linked to antibiotic-associated diarrhea. Here, we report the whole-genome sequence of a C. difficile strain isolated from stool from a patient, using next-generation sequencing (MGISEG-2000). De novo assembly revealed a genome length of 4,208,266 bp....
Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) are commonly used as probiotics; however, not all LAB strains have the same beneficial effects. To successfully use LAB as probiotics in canines, LAB species should originate from the canine intestinal tract as they display host specificity. The objective of this study was to investigate the phenotypic and genomic traits...
Background
The study aimed to estimate the prevalence of major congenital anomalies of the alimentary system and the abdominal wall in Thailand using a nationwide hospital discharge database from the National Health Security Office (2017–2020).
Methods
The study extracted data from records with International Classification of Diseases-10 (ICD-10)...
Phage treatment has been used as an alternative to antibiotics since the early 1900s. However, bacteria may acquire phage resistance quickly, limiting the use of phage treatment. The combination of genetically diverse phages displaying distinct replication machinery in phage cocktails has therefore become a novel strategy to improve therapeutic out...
Reef degradation and algae-farming fish alter the structures and compositions of coral-algal-microbial communities. We collected epilithic macroalgae in different reef conditions and damselfish territories. The microbial communities were characterized by subjecting the V3-V4 hypervariable region of the 16S rRNA gene to amplicon sequencing. Metageno...
V. campbellii is an emerging luminous pathogen associated with vibriosis, especially in marine shrimp hatcheries. Several strategies, including pond management and use of natural antimicrobials and probiotics, have been studied for control of this organism.
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an important pathogen as it can cause hospital-acquired infections. Additionally, it can also colonize in patients and in other various environments. Hence, this study aimed to investigate the antimicrobial susceptibility, and to study the molecular features, of colonizing isolates of P. aeruginosa from Songklanagarind Hos...
Objective: To determine the activities of postbiotics, prepared from bacteriocin-like producing Enterococcus faecalis (E. faecalis) against Clostridioides difficile (C. difficile) and its spores, and to assess the safety of postbiotics in vivo. Material and Methods: Bacteriocin production of E. faecalis PK1201 was screened by proteolytic enzyme tre...
Aeromonas dhakensis is the most virulent Aeromonas species in tropical and subtropical areas and causes a variety of human diseases. Owing to its resistance against some antibiotics, there is an urgent need for new strategies against this pathogen. This is the first study to isolate and characterize lytic phages against A. dhakensis . Of Aeromonas...
Antibiotics have been used in both human and animal therapeutics. The present study aimed to investigate antibiotic resistance in E. coli isolated from goats. The antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST) in these isolates was performed using broth microdilution. From 86 E. coli isolates, 2, 1, and 6 isolates were resistant to imipenem, ciprofloxa...
Multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii (MDR A. baumannii) is an emerging pathogen in the ESKAPE group. The global burden of antimicrobial resistance has led to renewed interest in alternative antimicrobial treatment strategies, including phage therapy. This study isolated and characterized a phage vB_AbaM_ ABPW7 (vABPW7) specific to MDR A. bau...
Cholestatic jaundice is one of the most common neonatal conditions. BA, a correctable cholangiopathy, presents with cholestatic jaundice within the first weeks of life. The inflammation of bile ducts leads to progressive fibrosclerosis involving biliary trees, followed by cirrhosis and liver failure. With the use of modern molecular studies, this r...
Genome-wide association studies (GWASs) have identified a genetic associated between EFEMP1 and biliary atresia (BA). To examine the susceptibility of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in EFEMP1 in Thai BA patients, we performed an analysis of the genetic associations and biological interactions with previously reported key SNPs in ADD3, a key...
RNA-seq is a sequencing technique that uses next-generation sequencing (NGS) to explore and study the entire transcriptome of a biological sample. NGS-based analyses are mostly performed via command-line interfaces, which is an obstacle for molecular biologists and researchers. Therefore, the higher throughputs from NGS can only be accessed with th...
Rastrelliger brachysoma (short mackerel) and Rastrelliger kanagurta (Indian mackerel) are commercially important marine species in Southeast Asia. In recent years, numbers of these two species have been decreasing in the wild, and genomic information about them is still limited. We conducted a genome survey of these two mackerel species to acquire...
The emergence of carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae (CRKP) isolates is a serious threat to global health. Here, we elucidate the genetic features of blaNDM-carrying CRKP clinical isolates from a university hospital in Thailand. The entire genomes of 19 CRKP isolates were extracted and then sequenced using the MGISEQ2000 platform. Using vari...
Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) in the genus Weissella spp. contain traits in their genome that confer versatility. In particular, Weissella cibaria encodes several beneficial genes that are useful in biotechnological applications. The complete genome of W. cibaria NH9449 was sequenced and an in silico comparative analysis was performed to gain insight...
โรคโควิด-19 ซึ่งเกิดจากไวรัส SARS-CoV-2 มีการแพร่ระบาดของเชื้ออย่างกว้างขวางไปทั่วโลก อัตราการแพร่กระจายของเชื้อที่มากขึ้นก็จะส่งผลให้เกิดการกลายพันธุ์ที่เร็วขึ้น มีการพบการกลายพันธุ์ที่ตำแหน่งโปรตีนหนาม (spike protein) ของ SARS-CoV-2 ที่ส่งผลให้เกิดการเปลี่ยนแปลงในการเข้าจับกับ ACE2 receptor บนเซลล์บุผิวทางเดินหายใจของมนุษย์ซึ่งเป็นปัจจัยสำคัญในกา...
Background
A paucity of studies focused on the genetic association that tuberculosis (TB) patients with non-communicable diseases (NCDs) are more likely to be infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) with more potent virulence on anti-TB drug resistance than those without NCDs. The study aimed to document the predominant genotype, determine t...
Purpose: The spread of New Delhi metallo-β-lactamase (NDM) encoded by the blaNDM gene has been a global health crisis for many
years. Most of blaNDM-harboring bacteria commonly carry various antimicrobial resistance (AMR) genes on their chromosomes or
plasmids, leading to limited treatment options. Thus, we aimed to evaluate the synergistic effects...
The Tor genus belongs to the group of cyprinid fish commonly known as Mahseer. Although Tor species are rapidly declining in the wild, and some face extinction, ambiguities in species identification hinder their collection and conservation. We conducted a genome survey of male and female Tor tambra collected in Thailand. The genome sizes of the mal...
This novel study investigated the loading of mupirocin nanoparticles into a hydrogel which was expected to enhance the antibacterial activity of mupirocin. The inhibition of isoleucyl-tRNA synthetase and global gene expression in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) by the mupirocin nanoparticle-loaded hydrogel (MLH) and by pure mupir...
The emergence of carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii (CRAB) has been increasingly reported, leading to greater challenges in treating infections. With the development of phage therapy and phage-antibiotic combinations, it is promising to improve the treatment of bacterial infections. In the present study, a novel vB_AbaP_WU2001 (vWU2001) p...
Multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii (MDR A. baumannii) is one of the ESKAPE pathogens that restricts available treatment options. MDR A. baumannii is responsible for a dramatic increase in case numbers of a wide variety of infections, including skin and soft tissue infections (SSTIs), resulting in pyoderma, surgical debridement, and necroti...
Background
Pediatric patients with short bowel syndrome (SBS) are at risk of developing small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO). Prevention of SIBO using cyclic enteric antibiotics has been implemented to control the balance in microbial ecosystems, although its effectiveness has not been well studied.PurposeThis study aimed to explore the cha...
The development of non-antibiotic and environmentally friendly agents is a key consideration for health management in shrimp aquaculture. In this study, the probiotic potential in shrimp aquaculture of Pediococcus pentosaceus MR001, isolated from Macrobrachium rosenbergii, was investigated by means of feeding trial and genetic characterization. In...
Vibrio parahaemolyticus is one of the significant seafood-borne pathogens causing gastroenteritis in humans. Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) are commonly detected in the genomes of V. parahaemolyticus and the polymorphism of CRISPR patterns has been applied as a genetic marker for tracking its evolution. In this w...
Background
Acute hepatopancreatic necrosis syndrome (AHPND) caused by Vibrio parahaemolyticus strain (VP AHPND ) impacts the shrimp industry worldwide. With the increasing problem of antibiotic abuse, studies on quorum sensing (QS) system and anti-QS compounds bring potential breakthroughs for disease prevention and treatment.
Methods
In this stud...
Microcystis poses a concern because of its potential contribution to eutrophication and production of microcystins (MCs). Phage treatment has been proposed as a novel biocontrol method for Microcystis. Here, we isolated a lytic cyanophage named PhiMa05 with high efficiency against MCs-producing Microcystis strains. Its burst size was large, with ap...
Vibrio campbellii is an emerging aquaculture pathogen that causes luminous vibriosis in farmed shrimp. Although prophages in various aquaculture pathogens have been widely reported, there is still limited knowledge regarding prophages in the genome of pathogenic V. campbellii. Here, we describe the full-genome sequence of a prophage named HY01, ind...
Worldwide, studies investigating the relationship between the lineage of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) across geographic areas has empowered the "End TB" program and understand transmission across national boundaries. Genomic diversity of MTB varies with geographical locations and ethnicity. Genomic diversity can also affect the emergence of dru...
Lactobacillus paracasei SD1 is a potential probiotic strain due to its ability to survive several conditions in human dental cavities. To ascertain its safety for human use, we therefore performed a comprehensive bioinformatics analysis and characterization of the bacterial protein toxins produced by this strain. We report the complete genome of La...
List of coding sequences identified in unique regions of the SD1.
(DOCX)
The protein toxin sequences in the SD1.
The complete sequences of the Hemolysin, Hemolysin III, and lepB and molecular weight are given, respectively.
(DOCX)
The bacterial gene and protein toxin identification workflows.
The workflow was constructed with two main processes, a preliminary identification and the local blast and sequence alignment. The preliminary identification was implemented to search related gene and protein by using the BLASTN in the VFDB database and the BLASTX in the DBETH database....
The bacteriocin sequences in the SD1 genome and plasmid.
(DOCX)
Circular representation of the chromosome of Lactobacillus paracasei SD1 plasmids, plasmid (A) pSD1-1 and (B) pSD1-2.
For both figures A and B, from the inner to outer circles: GC content, AT graph, CDS and Gene. The forward and reverse strand of CDS are yellow color and distinguished by using arrow direction. The ORFs are displayed in orange color...
The report of antibiotic resistance proteins in the SD1.
(DOCX)
The lowest energy from in silico binding with the ClusPro between the bacteriocins of the SD1 and luxS and gtfB of S.mutans.
(DOCX)
A digital watermarking scheme using multi-watermark logo embedding is proposed in this paper. In order to enhance the accuracy of the extraction process, we suggest increasing more number of watermark signals for embedding into the original image. We then section the host image into subsection by dividing all area to sixteen parts. The random numbe...
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) is a systemic autoimmune disease that affects any part of human systems. SLE most often harms the heart, joints, skin, lungs, blood vessels, liver, kidneys, and nervous system. Each SLE patient has a different set of symptom. Thus, SLE patients must be followed up closely by specialist. The treatments of this dise...
A wavelet-based digital watermarking scheme is presented in this paper. The watermark signal is embedded into HLn of LLn-1 transformed sub-band of original chrominance channel host image using coefficients scaling technique. In the extraction process, the average filter is applied to predict original dwt coefficients in HLn-1 sub-band. Then, the wa...
In this paper, we propose two techniques to improve the watermark extraction performance and accuracy. The First one is implemented in the embedding process by using a multiple duplicated watermark signals embedding method. The second technique is archived in the retrieval process by using adaptive retrieval algorithm selection to extract the water...
