Klaus Frohberg

• Ph.D.
• Professor Emeritus at University of Bonn

The depletion and fragmentation of forest eco-systems represent the serious challenges for countries in sub-Saharan Africa. The living conditions close to forests reflect a typical livelihood situation in Eastern African countries, where the rural population is heavily dependent on forests and their contribution to households’ income, energy and he...

Assessing future water requirements for feeding the growing population of Central Asia can improve understanding of the projected water supply scenarios in the region. Future water requirements will be partially determined by the dietary habits of the populations, and are thus responsive to significant variation of income levels. Using Uzbekistan a...

This book is the result of several years of research activity on the topic of how to better link farmers, processors and retailers with each other in order to ensure and improve the supply of food products which meet consumer needs and wants. The book is structured in three parts. Starting with an overview regarding main developments in the agri-fo...

Croatia is very close to meeting the requirements for becoming a member of the European Union (EU). Obviously, the agricultural sector and food processing chain are core issues within the negotiation process. This paper discusses the competitiveness of Croatia’s agro-food sector, specifically dairy products, within the EU-25 market. Two analytical...

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Over the last two decades, many countries around the world have been enthusiastically embarking on the path of decentralization. However, because of a preconceived idea that decentralization will automatically result in efficient allocation of public resources and due to the absence of an analytical framework and data, very little empirical work ha...

This paper addresses the question as to whether it is profitable to apply a mechanical mulching technology (MT) in the Bragantina region of Brazil and assesses the technology's feasibility as an alternative to the slash-and-burn practices of the Amazon. Using empirical data collected from a prototype assessment and a few secondary sources, the pape...

This contribution investigates the efficiency of water suppliers in rural areas of East and West Germany. A non-radial measure of input specific allocative inefficiency is used to reduce the distributional dependency with respect to the inefficiency parameters. It is based on the demand system of a flexible cost function for the variable inputs lab...

The Advisory Board justifies a required sweeping reform of the policy for rural areas by stating that the instruments in place do not suffice to efficiently tackle the central problems in rural areas. In its statement the Advisory Board set out a number of fundamental regulatory recommendations on the long-term orientation of the further developmen...

The Advisory Board takes the current debate on the EU budget as an opportunity to comment on the overall structure of the Community budget and on the level of agricultural expenditure. The demand voiced by various parties for a reallocation of funds at the expense of the EU agricultural budget cannot be convincingly justified by the relatively high...

The availability of efficiency estimation software – freely distributed via the internet and relatively easy to use – recently inflated the number of corresponding applications. The resulting efficiency estimates are used without a critical assessment with respect to the literature on theoretical consistency, flexibility and the choice of the appro...

This paper illustrates the opportunities of incorporating more advanced functional forms into multi-country trade policy models. It suggests the use of flexible forms such as the Symmetric Generalized McFadden Function (SGMF) or the Normalized Quadratic-Quadratic Expenditure System (NQQES). Particularly if issues namely trade in differentiated prod...

The Scientific Advisory Board welcomes the Luxembourg Agreement on the reform of the EU agricultural policy, in principle. The agreement takes the new framework conditions (the WTO negotiations, inter alia) as well as the changed social requirements for the agri-food sector into account. The decoupling of direct payments from production enables wel...

The research agendas of psychologists and economists now have several overlaps, with behavioural economics providing theoretical and experimental study of the relationship between behaviour and choice, and hedonic psychology discussing appropriate measures of outcomes of choice in terms of overall utility or life satisfaction. Here we model the rel...

Over the last two decades, many countries around the world have been enthusiastically embarking on the path of decentralization. Decentralization has been advocated as a powerful means to improve the provision of health care services and health outcomes in developing countries. However, due to a preconceived idea that decentralization will result i...

The availability of efficiency estimation software – freely distributed via the internet and relatively easy to use – recently inflated the number of corresponding applications. The resulting efficiency estimates are used without a critical assessment with respect to the literature on theoretical consistency, flexibility and the choice of the appro...

Subsistence agriculture is probably the least understood and the most neglected type of agriculture. In a globalised, market-driven world, it remains at the same time a myth and a marginal phenomenon. Empirically, subsistence agriculture for a long time seemed to be restricted to developing countries, with only a few cases reported in Western Europ...

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Reimar von Alvensleben asks in his article whether the “Agrarwende” in Germany could be a model for Europe. He argues that the new agricultural policy (the so-called “Agrarwende”), which has been proclaimed and implemented after the German BSE crisis 2000/2001, adds new problems to the already existing problems of the Common Agricultural Policy (CA...

The food industry in the Central and Eastern European candidate countries is now recovering from the sharp drop in output in the early years of transition. However, food industry employment in most countries (Poland is the notable exception) is still on a downward trend as a result of restructuring through bankruptcies and consolidation of operatio...

Croatia recently signed several trade liberalisation agreements. The cornerstones of its trade policy are WTO membership, the Stabilisation and Association Agreement with the EU and Croatia's application of membership as well as bilateral free trade agreements within the Stability Pact for South Eastern Europe. The objective of this paper is to qua...

The particular focus of this paper is social security provision for workers in the agricultural sector and the implications for income transfers and structural change. Agricultural social security systems (captured more simply in the German expression Agrarsozialpolitik) are a part of the general system of social security in each country but someti...

In diesem Diskussionspapier werden Ergebnisse einer Untersuchung zu den Auswirkungen der EU-Osterweiterung auf den EU-Haushalt im Agrarbereich vorgestellt. Die Berechnungen wurden mit dem am IAMO entwickelten partialen Gleichgewichtsmodell 'Central and Eastern European Countries Agricultural Simulation Model (CEEC-ASIM)' durchgef�hrt. In dem Beitri...

Der vorliegende Beitrag untersucht die Konsequenzen der Integration im Agrar- und Ernäh-rungssektor zwischen den mittel- und osteuropäischen Anrainerstaaten und der EU. Die Analyse weist auf erhebliche strukturelle Probleme in vielen der zehn mitteleuropäischen Beitrittsländer (MEL) im Agrarbereich hin. So hat der Transformationsprozess in den meis...

In this paper results are presented from a study of 100 large scale farms, in general, successors of kolkhozes and sovkhozes, in the region of Volgograd. It discusses land ownership and other factors and their influence on profitability. The study was carried out in 2000 and uses data of 1999. It also provides suggestions for agricultural reforms....

The 15 member states of the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) departed all from the same system and pursue similar goals in the transition process. Hence, this paper discusses the economic development of these countries and evaluates the state it has reached so far. The analysis indicates that while all the CIS countries have bilateral agree...

This publication takes a close look at the agro-food economy in Russia. More specifically, it analyzes the transition of the agricultural and food sector from a centrally planned system to a market-oriented one. The papers presented cover a wide scope of topics; they set out to explain the initial conditions of transition, describe the measures und...

The papers of this book provide numerous examples of very interesting, up to date information on the status of the agro-food sector in Russia. Most of the authors also draw policy conclusions for the problems investigated in their paper. Any attempt to summarize them is a daunting task. Nevertheless, some readers might be interested in getting an o...

The Central and Eastern European Countries Agricultural Simulation Model (CEEC-ASIM) has been developed at IAMO. It is a partial equilibrium model for the agricultural sectors of 14 countries including demand of domestic consumers and is designed to analyse the impacts of agricultural policies on important target variables like producer and consume...

Ten of the Central European countries expressed their intention to become members of the European Union (EU) and signed the Association Agreements. In these treaties the EU stated its interest to grant these countries, called the Central European Associates (CEAs), such membership. Some of the reasons for seeking membership are market-related while...

In their Europe Agreements with the EU, the Central and Eastern European countries stated their intention of joining the Union. To ease the process of accession these countries must adjust their economies already prior to becoming an EU-member. Agriculture requires special attention, because it still represents a large share of the total economy in...

This paper analyzes why the Association Agreements between the Central and Eastern European countries, referred to as Central European Associates (CEAs), and the European Union (EU) have failed with respect to agriculture. In the first part of the paper the development and importance of agricultural trade in the CEAs is described. It is shown that...

The economies of the Baltic countries, including the agricultural sector and its up and down stream industries, undergo fundamental changes. This is due to the transformation from a socialist system into a market economy as well as to being independent again. The economies of all three Baltic states contracted substantially with the beginning of th...

Since the late 1950s, global agricultural output has increased on a scale unprecedented in human history. Much of the productivity increase is attributed to the development of high yielding crop varieties, intensive use of inorganic fertilisers and pesticides, irrigation expansion and capital intensive farm management. In the 1970s the euphoria sur...

This chapter summarizes the findings of a major interdisciplinary research effort by scientists in 25 countries. The study examined the potential biophysical responses of major food crops to changing atmospheric composition and climate, and projected potential socioeconomic consequences. In a first step, crop models were used to estimate how changi...

This chapter summarizes the findings of a major interdisciplinary research effort by scientists in 25 countries. The study examined the potential biophysical responses of major food crops to changing atmospheric composition and climate, and projected potential socioeconomic consequences. In a first step, crop models were used to estimate how changi...

This paper summarizes the findings of a major interdisciplinary research effort by scientists in 25 countries. The study examined the potential biophysical responses of major food crops to changing atmospheric composition and climate, and projected potential socioeconomic consequences. In a first step crop models were used to estimate how changing...

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Analyses the impact of agricultural trade liberalization by OECD countries on developing countries. Results of three different scenarios are presented. The scenarios differ in the assumption about what countries liberalize; all OECD countries, the European Community alone, and only the US. -from Authors

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Soil erosion as an on-site problem received much attention in the 1985 Food Security Act (FSA), which established programs for the Conservation Reserve and conservation compliance. The 1985 FSA explicitly linked farmers' resource use and conservation activities to benefits received from commodity programs. Much debate has ensued on erosion standard...

Within the Conservation Reserve (CR) program, a change in program criteria could reduce the amount of erosion material entering our nation's waterways. The inclusion of land adjacent to water bodies, flowing streams, and river waterways may reduce erosion from these lands and improve water quality. These buffer strip areas, removed from production...

Abstract Currently Unavailable.

Among the OECD countries, agricultural protection is an important issue of trade negotiations. In fact, the OECD Council of Ministers has given the secretariat a mandate to study the impact of agricultural trade liberalization by OECD countries. Thus, a scenario to explore the impact of agricultural liberalization by OECD countries is of specific p...

Almost all governments in the world intervene in the determination of agricultural production and prices. As a consequence, international trade in agricultural products is affected. This is not a new phenomenon, as governments have done so from very early times for various reasons, such as to safeguard adequate food supplies, to extract resources f...

What constitutes an agricultural intervention? What constitutes a “distorting” intervention in some well-defined sense, and how does one determine whether a particular intervention is “distorting” in this sense or not? Formally, one could define intervention as any government policy that has an effect on the equilibrium levels of prices, outputs, i...

The case for liberalization and removal of protection is in some senses stronger, and in others weaker, for the developing countries. The increased efficiency of allocation to which liberalization leads should be especially important for a poor country. The directly unproductive rent-seeking activities that are encouraged by dis tort ionary protect...

It is useful to describe at the outset the analytical tool or model and the scheme of analysis used to obtain the economic and social consequences of removing protection. We begin by examining the essential as well as desirable properties of any tool for analyzing the issues addressed. Then, in Section 3.2, we justify our approach and briefly descr...

The CAP of the EC is often regarded as a policy that distorts global agricultural trade significantly. Since, as seen in Chapter 5, the OECD countries gain from agricultural trade liberalization, it is of interest to see what would be the impacts of a unilateral trade liberalization by the EC, globally and on its domestic situation. However, to app...

As we have seen in the preceding chapter, the countries liberalizing agricultural trade, in general, seem to gain from it. However, the countries that do not liberalize are often affected adversely. In particular, a number of developing countries lose when the OECD countries liberalize agricultural trade, though some of them gain when they themselv...

The reference scenario described in this chapter is basically a “business as usual” scenario. Past policy regimes, as embodied in the price transmission regressions, are continued in this scenario.

After the analyses of the impact of agricultural trade liberalization presented in the preceding chapters of this book, the questions naturally arise: What are the major findings and what do they mean for policy? To what extent do the results reflect reality and to what extent can they be ascribed to the characteristics of the analytical tool used?...

The effects of exchange rate and capital stock changes are analyzed using a CGE model for the United States. The model is in the Walrasion tradition and is calibrated to 1982 data. Results indicate that a devaluation of the U.S. dollar has a positive effect on the agricultural sector and balance of trade, but has a negative effect on consumers.

Advances in biotechnology research soon will become applicable to milk production. The gene responsible for production on the bovine Growth Hormone (bGH) has been isolated and transferred to ordinary bacteria cells by applying gene splicing techniques (Miller et al. 1980). The hormone is a naturally occurring protein produced by dairy cattle that r...

This paper analyzes the economywide impacts of a multilateral trade liberalization in agriculture by industrialized market economies on Canada, Japan, and the European Market. The analysis takes changes in world market prices and in the price structures of the three countries from results obtained by SWOPSIM. It compares simulations of the free-tra...

In the article the consequences of agricultural trade liberalization are explored with the help of the Basic Linked System (BLS) of national models developed by the Food and Agricultural Program (FAP) of the International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA). After a brief description of the model characteristics, the consequences of agri...

The evidence provided supports the view that the evaluation of the impacts of new technologies must be set in a general equilibrium framework if the results are to be valid. The paper also provides support for the need to bring into such impact analyses the effects on income distribution, welfare, and nutrition. Such a quantitative assessment of im...

A description of the nature of the world economic system demonstrated through simulation using a system of linked national models for food and agricultural policy analysis which cover the whole world economy. In particular, shows that hunger is stubborn. It will not go away by merely increasing production; it will not go away by removing barriers t...

The modeling of the agricultural sector for policy analysis by means of a nonlinear program is discussed. The proposed approach incorporates microeconomic theory, reveals technical relations found in the production process and the parameters of the model can be econometrically estimated. An application of the approach to a member country of the Eur...

[fre] Le Programme Alimentaire et Agricole de l'Institut International d'Analyse des Systèmes Appliqués a développé un vaste système global de modèles destinés à étudier les problèmes de la politique agricole. Cet article décrit les résultats préliminaires d'une analyse basée sur ce système tentant de tirer les conséquences économiques de bien-être...

The main aim of the Food and Agriculture Program is to explore alternative solutions to the world's food problem. Towards this end a system of linked models will be used for policy analysis over a medium time horizon. The Basic Linked System of the FAP consists of national models which describe in detail the food and agriculture system of the corre...

Discusses the EEC Agricultural Model, which is partially complete. -C.Barrow

Discusses the basic linked system comprised of models developed by IIASA Food and Agriculture Program members. -C.Barrow

The partial welfare effects of alternative erosion control methods, banning insecticides, banning herbicides, and limiting nitrogen fertilizer in the Corn Belt are examined. The estimated welfare effects are partial since they reflect the change in consumers' plus producers' surplus arising from the production and consumption of corn, soybeans, whe...

The rates of nitrogen fertilizer which maximize expected profit subject to a risk constraint are presented for seven experimental fields in Illinois. The risk arising from the influence on yield response to nitrogen of rainfall and temperature during the May 20 to August 23 period was statistically estimated from experimental data for the years 196...

The paper analyses the factors that affect smallholder farmers' choice of soil fertility management options in Malawi using a two-stage maximum likelihood estimation procedure. Using results from the Double-Hurdle model, the paper estimates the probabilities and intensities of fertilizer application conditional on choice of inorganic fertilizer. Th...

This study aims to investigate the impact of oil price increase on the poor at regional level particularly in Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam (NAD) province, Indonesia. Empirically, the occurrence of oil price changes as a result of oil subsidy reduction strategy is a customarily decisive and sticky situation for developing countries such as Indonesian af...

The aim of the paper is twofold. The first objective is to show the limitations in employing the CES and CET functions for modelling bilateral trade flows as is commonly done in trade models. We suggest to use a flexible form such as the Symmetric Generalized McFadden Function (SGMF) which is flexible from second order. The other aim refers to the...