Kiro Petrovski

• DVM, MVSc, PGDipVCSc, PhD
• Professor (Associate) at The University of Adelaide

Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae’s slow growth makes enumeration challenging using the traditional colony-forming unit (CFU) method. We introduced an innovative CFU-slide culture (CFU-SC) approach to address this issue. CFU-SC allows accurate counting of M. hyopneumoniae microcolonies, ranging from 7 to 50 µm, using high magnification. While comparing the...

Clinical reasoning is an essential competence of veterinary graduands. Unfortunately, clinical reasoning and, therefore, the quality of provided veterinary medical services are prone to bias, difficulties, and errors. The literature on biases, difficulties, and errors in clinical reasoning in veterinary medical education is scarce or focused on the...

Bovine adenoviruses (BAdVs) are major contributors to the bovine respiratory disease complex (BRDC). A systematic review and meta-analysis were carried out to explore the epidemiology of BAdV across diverse cattle populations using different detection methods. The study showed a higher BAdV prevalence of 0.66 in general cattle populations using ant...

The rise in antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in Mycoplasma bovis underscores the urgent need for alternative treatments. This study evaluated the minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of four metal ions (cobalt, copper, silver, and zinc) and colloidal silver against 15 clinical M. bovis isolates, alongside conventional antimicrobials (florfenicol,...

Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae, an important cause of enzootic pneumonia in pigs in many countries, has recently been shown to exhibit reduced susceptibility to several antimicrobial classes. In the present study, a total of 185 pig lung tissue samples were collected from abattoirs in Australia, from which 21 isolates of M. hyopneumoniae were obtained. T...

Clinical reasoning is an essential competence of veterinary graduands. Unfortunately, clinical reasoning and, therefore, the quality of provided veterinary medical services, are prone to bias, difficulties, and errors. Literature on biases, difficulties, and errors in clinical reasoning in veterinary medical education is scarce or focused on theore...

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae, the causative agent of Enzootic Pneumonia in swine, poses a significant challenge to the swine industry. This review focuses on the genetic foundations of AMR in M. hyopneumoniae, highlighting the complexity of resistance mechanisms, including mutations, horizontal gene transfer, and adapt...

Bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV) is an economically important pathogen of cattle and contributes to the bovine respiratory disease complex (BRDC). Despite individual studies investigating BRSV prevalence, risk factors, and detection methodologies, a systematic review and meta-analysis have been lacking. The aim of the current study was to...

Effective clinical reasoning is essential for veterinary medical education, particularly in managing complex cases. This review explores strategies for learning clinical reasoning by veterinary medical learners, using a case example of mastitis to illustrate key concepts. Clinical reasoning encompasses cognitive, metacognitive, social, and situatio...

The presence of horns in domestic ruminants, such as cattle, sheep and goats, has financial and welfare implications. The genetic interactions that lead to horn development are not known. Hornless, or polled, cattle occur naturally. The known causative DNA variants (Celtic, Friesian, Mongolian and Guarani) are in intergenic regions on bovine chromo...

Simple Summary Simple Summary: Weaning stress in piglets often leads to intestinal damage, inflammation, and subsequent problems, including diarrhea and hindered growth. While antimicrobials have been utilized to mitigate these side effects, concerns regarding antibiotic resistance necessitate the exploration of alternatives. Purified seaweed extra...

Clinical reasoning is an essential competence of veterinary graduands. It is a complex competence with cognitive, metacognitive, social, and situational activities. The literature on clinical reasoning in veterinary medical education is relatively scarce or focused on theoretical rather than practical applications. In this review, we address the pr...

Simple Summary In the present study, we tested whether supplementing dietary calcium for older sows would increase their blood calcium concentrations and decrease the incidence of stillbirths. We found that the increased dietary calcium did not influence blood calcium concentrations or the incidence of stillbirths. However, regardless of treatment,...

Simple Summary This study presents a comprehensive analysis of the global prevalence of bovine parainfluenza-3 virus (BPI3V) in cattle, a significant pathogen in the bovine respiratory disease complex (BRDC). By systematically reviewing and meta-analysing data from 71 articles across 32 countries, the study reveals variations in BPI3V prevalence ba...

The frequent occurrence of rib fractures in slaughtered lambs results in significant economic loss to producers and processors in South Australia and raises concerns about the welfare of the animals. The prevalence of rib fractures became evident through the Enhanced Abattoir Surveillance (EAS) program introduced in 2007. The present study aimed to...

The bovine respiratory disease complex (BRDC) is caused by a variety of pathogens, as well as contributing environmental and host-related risk factors. BRDC is the costliest disease for feedlot cattle globally. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) is a valuable tool for enhancing our understanding of BRDC given its specificity, sensitivity, cost-effectivenes...

Simple Summary Piglets experience a significant temperature drop soon after birth and the time taken to recover can impact their survival and growth. Rectal temperature is the best method currently used to monitor temperature change, however, it is invasive and requires handling which can be stressful. Infrared camera technology has improved and su...

Infectious diseases of cattle, including bovine viral diarrhea (BVD), pose a significant health threat to the global livestock industry. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence and risk factors associated with bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) infections in cattle populations through a systematic review and meta-analysis. PubMed, Web of Sci...

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Infectious diseases of cattle, including bovine viral diarrhea (BVD), pose a significant health threat to the global livestock industry. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence and risk factors associated with bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) infections in cattle populations through a systematic review and meta-analysis. PubMed, Web of Sci...

The study, conducted in 2020–2021, aimed to provide a better understanding of the effect of an automated milking system (AMS) on lactation curves by comparing them to these of the conventional milking system (CMS), from mainly pasture-based farms in South-East Australia. Ten farms in Tasmania, Western Victoria and New South Wales were enrolled (fiv...

Feedback is essential for the development of veterinary medical learners. This review explores the theory and practical use of feedback in the modern clinical teaching environment. Our purpose is to assist veterinary teaching institutions engage in effective feedback exchange between instructors and learners. Based on literature evidence, quality f...

These authors contributed equally to this work. Simple Summary: Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a concern that impacts both human and animal health. To understand AMR, a detailed analysis of 14 different studies was carried out. This study specifically focused on resistance to tetracycline, a common antibiotic, in E. coli bacteria present in catt...

The extent of similarity between E. faecium strains found in healthy feedlot beef cattle and those causing extraintestinal infections in humans is not yet fully understood. This study used whole-genome sequencing to analyse the antimicrobial resistance profile of E. faecium isolated from beef cattle (n = 59) at a single feedlot and compared them to...

Simple Summary Optimum fertility requires the deposition of sperm at the appropriate time relative to ovulation, which can be achieved by using gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH) to control the time of ovulation. Following insemination, the establishment and maintenance of pregnancy and embryo survival are promoted by progesterone released from...

Simple Summary The dairy industry in Australia and New Zealand is pasture-based, therefore, monitoring failed transfer of passive immunity (FTPI) is challenging. This study involved a systematic literature search and meta-analysis of papers reporting FTPI data from dairy calves within eight days of birth in Australia and New Zealand, until the end...

The similarity of commensal Escherichia coli isolated from healthy cattle to antimicrobial-resistant bacteria causing extraintestinal infections in humans is not fully understood. In this study, we used a bioinformatics approach based on whole genome sequencing data to determine the genetic characteristics and phylogenetic relationships among faeca...

Simple Summary Entrepreneurship and intrapreneurship (entrepreneurial behaviour of employees) foster business innovation and growth and support wealth creation and employment in both privately owned and corporate businesses such as those that deliver contemporary veterinary services. Yet we know little about the propensity for entrepreneurship or i...

Surface temperature recording has shown promise in older pigs and in piglets but only under controlled conditions. The aim of this experiment was to compare surface temperatures using an infrared thermal camera (pointer), verified by the maximum temperature from the thermal images extracted by an algorithm (MATLAB®R2020), at the base, tip of ear, o...

Bovine colostrum contains a high concentration of immune-related microRNAs (miRNAs) that are packaged in exosomes and are very stable. In this study, 5 immune-related miRNAs (miR-142-5p, miR-150, miR-155, miR-181a, and miR-223) were quantified in dam blood, colostrum, and calf blood using reverse transcription quantitative PCR. Their levels in calf...

This article, part 2 of a 2-part series, describes the next two steps in the application of the Modified Calgary-Cambridge Guides (MCCG) to consultations in bovine medicine, ‘explanation and planning’, and ‘closing the consultation’, and introduces concepts that are associated with all the components of the guide, ‘building the relationship with th...

High-temperature short-time (HTST) pasteurisation is not sufficient for complete elimination of Bacillus sp. in milk. Hence, it is important to assess their prevalence, phenotypic and genetic antimicrobial resistance profiles in pasteurised milk. In this study, we investigated Bacillus prevalence and their phenotypic resistance to 25 antimicrobials...

Colostrum quality is generally defined by the IgG concentration in colostrum, and many methods have been used to assess it. Methods to measure colostrum quality both in the laboratory and in the field have been validated in cattle; however, this is only a recent topic of interest for sheep colostrum. Laboratory-based methods are often time consumin...

Simple Summary Calves are born with an underdeveloped immune system, and therefore must absorb immune components, such as immunoglobulins, from their dam’s first milk (colostrum) to help fight infectious disease. If they do not receive enough good-quality colostrum within 24 h of birth, their immune status is compromised, and they are more likely t...

Simple Summary The emergence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) enterococci is a global public and animal health concern. Due to a fear of their spread to humans, the occurrence of antimicrobial-resistance (AMR) in enterococci in agricultural production creates controversy between the producers and consumers. The aim of this study was to characterize the...

This review explores the practical use of the (Observer)—Reporter—Interpreter—Manager—Expert ((O)RIME) model in the assessment of clinical reasoning skills and for the potential to provide effective feedback that can be used in clinical teaching of veterinary learners. For descriptive purposes, we will use the examples of bovine left displaced abom...

This paper seeks to open discussion on the teaching of problem-solving skills in veterinary learners. We start by defining the term problem before discussing what constitutes problem-solving. For veterinary medical learners, problem-solving techniques are similar to those of decision-making and are integral to clinical reasoning. Problem-solving re...

Simple Summary Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a major concern for animal and human health. The use of antimicrobials is the main factor contributing to the development of AMR in food-producing animals but is unlikely to be the only factor. It is important to determine if antimicrobial use in a feedlot setting contributes to the overall resistanc...

Pasteurisation temperature is one of the adverse environmental conditions claimed to be a predisposing factor for the formation of the VBNC state in different resistant microorganisms. This study aimed to identify VBNC in three main mastitis related microorganisms (E. Coli, streptococci, and staphylococci) and their potential to retain some antimic...

A better understanding of milk alteration during mastitis at genus-species level of causative pathogen is essential to guide prospective control strategies. The current study aimed to identify the correlation between individual genus or species of pathogens causing bovine mastitis and alteration of milk volume and composition. The study was conduct...

Aims: The aim of this study was assessing a phage displayed MilA protein of Mycoplasma bovis in an indirect ELISA for the detection of M. bovis antibodies in milk samples. Methods and results: The desired sequence of milA gene was synthesized and cloned into pCANTAB-F12 phagemid vector. The expression of the MilA on the phage surface was confirm...

Simple Summary Cow signs are behavioral, physiological, and management parameters that can be observed and measured. Cow signs can be used as a field approach to evaluate the composition of the ration, the quality of rumen fermentation, the quality of digestion, and the general herd health of cattle of interest. This review of cow signs associated...

Simple Summary The lighter a piglet is the worse is their ability to keep warm after birth. If they cannot recover from the reduction in temperature from in the womb to the crate they are at higher risk of hypothermia and death. A study was undertaken to investigate if providing them with a warm saline injection could improve their temperature over...

Reducing the interval between the consumption of her last meal and the start of farrowing is suggested to increase the energy available to sows during farrowing, potentially reducing farrowing duration and easing piglet births. The present study aimed to examine whether increasing feeding frequency from one to two feeds within standard production h...

The morphological measures, crown-to-rump length (CR), and abdominal circumference (AC) have been suggested to be as good, if not better, than birth weight for predicting piglet performance. We explored the relationships between CR and AC, and piglet weights at birth and 24 h, to investigate their predictive value for piglet survival. Piglet weight...

This review explores different modalities for clinical teaching of veterinary learners globally. Effective clinical teaching aims to prepare graduates for a successful career in clinical practice. Unfortunately, there is scant literature concerning clinical teaching in veterinary medicine. Our intent for this review is to stimulate and/or facilitat...

Lactoferrin (LF) is glycoprotein, which is normally excreted in cow's milk, but as a result of inflammatory processes in the mammary gland, its concentration is being increased. The aim of this research was to determinate whether the LF concentration in milk is influenced by increased number of milk somatic cell count. In this research we used milk...

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are short noncoding RNAs that play a critical role in regulating gene expression and thereby affecting the physiology of animals. In this study, miRNA profiles were analyzed in colostrum and the blood of calves after colostrum ingestion. Dam colostrum (n = 4) was fed to their own calves (Group A, n = 4) and foster calves (Group B...

In contrast to pigs and cattle, research focussed on sheep colostrum is limited, especially regarding measuring and defining colostrum quality. Colostrum is the first mammary gland secretion available to offspring and it is accumulated during the last term of gestation. Colostrum is an essential source of nutrition, immunoglobulins and bio-actives,...

Simple Summary Invisible (subclinical) mastitis decreases milk quality and production. Invisible mastitis is linked to an increased use of antimicrobials. The risk of the emergence of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria is a major public health concern worldwide. Therefore, early detection of infected cows is of great importance. Machine learning has...

Effective clinical teaching is essential for the development of veterinary learners. Teaching clinical reasoning is a challenge for veterinary instructors as many lack adequate training in clinical teaching. In this paper, we propose the use of the five-microskills (FMS; also known as the one-minute preceptor) model of clinical teaching as a tool t...

Provision of good quality colostrum is essential for the passive immunity and nutrition of newborn calves. In order to better predict the quality of colostrum and the transfer of passive immunity, the relationships between colostrum components and between calf serum components were examined in this study. Samples of bulk tank milk, colostrum pooled...

Colostrum is essential for good neonate health; however, it is not known whether different calves absorb the nutrients from colostrum equally well. In this study, the absorption of protein, IgG, and γ-glutamyl transferase was compared in newborn dairy bull calves for 1 wk after feeding colostrum from different sources. Thirty-five Holstein-Friesian...

Despite the considerable advances that have been made to improve dairy food safety, there is rising concern that pasteurization is not sufficient for the destruction of plasmid-mediated antimicrobial resistance (AMR) genes of resistant bacteria and could stimulate bacteria to enter into a viable but nonculturable (VBNC) state. In the current study,...

Mycoplasma mastitis has been recognised as an emerging disease with a significant impact on the dairy industry. This study aimed to determine the genotypic distribution of some Mycoplasma and Acoleplasma spp isolated from two commercial dairy farms in South Australia based on 16S rRNA sequencing, and compare their evolutionary relationship to some...

Öz Mycoplasma mastitisleri dünya çapında süt endüstrisinde önemli sorunlara yol açmaktadır. Çalışmanın amacı, Mycoplasma ve Acholeplasma türlerinin saha izolatlarının tanımlanması için doğru ve hızlı bir tarama yöntemi geliştirmek ve inek sütünde Mycoplasma ve Acholeplasma türlerinin saptanması için PCR tabanlı yönteme karşı geleneksel mikrobiyal k...

There is growing concern that the milk heat treatments, which are the main antibacterial safeguard in the dairy industry, are not sufficient in inactivating the antimicrobial resistance (AMR) genes of staphylococci and may induce a viable but non-culturable (VBNC) state of these microorganisms. This study investigated the persistence and quantifica...

How to Cite This Article Al-Farha AAB, Hemmatzadeh F, Tearle R, Jozani R, Hoare A, PetrovskI K: Comparison of culture and PCR for detection of field isolates of bovine milk mollicutes. Kafkas Univ Vet Fak Derg, 26 (3): 337-342, 2020. Abstract Mycoplasma mastitis raises significant concerns in the dairy industry worldwide. The study objective was to...

The objective of this study was to detect Mycoplasma bovis specific antibodies using a recently reported MilA ELISA with the aim to detect M. bovis antibodies in milk. An indirect ELISA, based on a recombinant fragment of the Mycoplasma immunogenic lipase A (MilA) protein, was conducted on 291 milk samples for the detection of M. bovis antibodies....

Sub-clinical bovine mastitis decreases milk quality and production. Moreover, sub-clinical mastitis leads to the use of antibiotics with consequent increased risk of the emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. Therefore, early detection of infected cows is of great importance. The Somatic Cell Count (SCC) day-test used for mastitis surveillance...

In the present experiment, we tested the hypothesis that in does kidding in summer, melatonin administration during dry period is galactopoietic for the subsequent lactation and results in improved growth of their suckling kids. Twenty-five multiparous pregnant creole does were enrolled into a randomized complete block design during their dry perio...

Producing graduates for a breadth of sectors is a priority for veterinary science programs. Undergraduate career intentions represent de-facto ‘outcome’ measures of admissions policy and curricula design, as intentions are strong predictors of eventual behaviour. Informed by Ajzen’s Theory of Planned Behaviour, this study aimed to identify if conte...

Objectives: Mycoplasma mastitis is increasingly generating considerable interest in bovine dairy industry. It is common knowledge that mycoplasmas can cause clinical or subclinical mastitis in cattle either as an individual or co-invader pathogen. Mycoplasma mastitis is usually be a missing component from routinely mastitis detection due to the spe...

Increasing reports of multidrug-resistant bacterial infections in animals has created a need for novel antimicrobial agents that do not promote cross-resistance to critically important antimicrobial classes used in human medicine. In response to the recent emergence of antimicrobial resistance in several bovine mastitis pathogens, in vitro antimicr...

The objective of this study was to determine whether birth order influences piglet survival because of reduced uptake of maternal antibodies by the piglets born later in large litters. Forty-five litters were serially allocated to one of 2 study groups. The crèche group consisted of 18 litters for which the 205 piglets were removed to a warm box to...

Sub-clinical mastitis (SCM) affects milk composition. In this study, we hypothesise that large-scale mining of milk composition features by pattern recognition models can identify the best predictors of SCM within the milk composition features. To this end, using data mining algorithms, we conducted a large-scale and longitudinal study to evaluate...

Abstract Objectives Currently, there is no consensus protocols regarding the combination of glycerol (GLY), gelatin or foetal bovine serum (FBS) with dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO) as cryoprotectants for Mycoplasma bovis in bovine milk samples. This study aimed to compare different cryopreservation compounds and storage temperatures for M. bovis. Resu...

The aim of this study was to develop a predictive model for mastitis incidence, independent from Somatic Cell Count (SCC), to provide an alternative, simple, and cost-effective approach for mastitis risk management based on available milking parameters. The test-day Somatic Cell Count (SCC) is the most common indicator for Sub-Clinical Mastitis (SC...

Methicillin-resistant coagulase-negative staphylococci (MRCoNS) have recently emerged as a significant cause of bovine mastitis worldwide. Here we describe the isolation of MRCoNS from cases of bovine mastitis from a single dairy farm in Australia. Fourteen CoNS isolates were identified as MRCoNS on the basis of having an oxacillin MIC of ≥0.5 μg/m...

Abstract Objectives: This study aimed to provide a rapid, accurate and cost-effective diagnostic real time polymerase chain reaction-high resolution melting curve assay (PCR-HRM) to identify and distinguish between four different mycoplasmas and Acholeplasma laidlawii isolated at cow-level from a single commercial dairy farm in South Australia. One...

Background Mycoplasma mastitis is increasingly posing significant impact on dairy industry. Although the effects of major conventional mastitis pathogens on milk components has been widely addressed in the literature, limited data on the effects of different Mycoplasma and Acholeplasma spp. on milk quality and quantity is available. The aim of this...

The spread of multidrug resistance among bacterial pathogens poses a serious threat to public health worldwide. Recent approaches towards combating antimicrobial resistance include repurposing old compounds with known safety and development pathways as new antibacterial classes with novel mechanisms of action. Here we show that an analog of the ant...

NCL812 exerts its antibacterial action on the cell membrane of S. pneumoniae. (A-D); Comparative visual differences between the cell membranes of treated (A and B) and untreated (C and D) S. pneumoniae D39 samples. The cell membranes of D39 cells exposed to 16 μg/ml NCL812 (A and B) for 6 h were visually thicker compared to untreated D39 grown for...

MIC values, MIC range, MIC50 and MIC90 (μg/ml) of NCL812, NCL195, and NCL219 for Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates in the presence of either 5% or 10% foetal bovine serum with added 3% washed red blood cells. Each MIC test was performed in duplicate. ND = Not determined. (DOCX)

Effect of NCL812 on Staphylococcus aureus macromolecular synthesis. NCL812 inhibited DNA (A), RNA (B), protein (C), cell wall (D), and lipid (E) pathways in exponentially growing culture of S. aureus, suggesting that NCL812 may interact with the cell membrane. Data are means ± s.e.m. values from triplicate samples for each treatment. (DOC)

MIC values (μg/ml) of NCL195 for Acinetobacter spp. (DOCX)

MIC values, MIC range, MIC50 and MIC90 (μg/ml) of NCL812, NCL195, and NCL219 for porcine vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) in the absence (-) or presence (+) of 10% foetal bovine serum. Each MIC test was performed in duplicate. a Porcine VRE isolates were obtained from The University of South Australia collection. b E. faecalis ATCC 29212 was...

IC50 data for NCL812, NCL195 and NCL219 against a variety of mammalian cell lines. Data presented are mean IC50 values from duplicate samples from one experiment. Each experiment was performed twice. (DOCX)

Supplementary methods. (DOCX)

MIC values, MIC range, MIC50 and MIC90 (μg/ml) of NCL812, NCL195, and NCL219 for Staphylococcus aureus isolates in the absence (-) or presence (+) of 10% foetal bovine serum. Each MIC test was performed in duplicate. MLST = Multi-locus Sequence Type; CA = Community Acquired; HA = Healthcare-Associated; MRSA = Methicillin-Resistant S. aureus; EMRSA...