
Khalid RazaNational Islamic University · Department of Computer Science
Khalid Raza
PhD Computer Science
About
208
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Introduction
Dr. Khalid Raza is currently working as an Associate Professor at the Department of Computer Science, Jamia Millia Islamia (Central University), New Delhi, India. Dr. Raza has over 14 years of teaching and research experience at both undergraduate and postgraduate levels. He has contributed over 140 peer-reviewed research articles in refereed international journals, conference proceedings, and book chapters. Dr. Raza has authored/edited 14 Books published by reputed publishers.
Additional affiliations
December 2010 - March 2020
Education
December 2009 - December 2009

Independent Researcher
Field of study
Publications
Publications (208)
Hyper-transmissibility with decreased disease severity is a typical characteristic of the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant. To understand this phenomenon, we used various bioinformatics approaches to analyze randomly selected genome sequences (one each) of the Gamma, Delta, and Omicron variants submitted to NCBI from December 15 to 31, 2021. We report th...
Cyclooxygenase‐2 (COX‐2) is a key aspect of the physiology and pathogenesis of various cancer types. Overexpression of this enzyme is responsible for the elevated prostaglandin production and characteristic feature of breast cancer. Inhibition of COX‐2 derived prostanoids facilitates anti‐inflammatory, analgesic, and antipyretic effects of non‐ster...
Lung Cancer is one of the deadliest cancers, responsible for more than 1.80 million deaths annually worldwide, and it is on the priority list of WHO. In the current scenario, when cancer cells become resistant to the drug, making it less effective leaves the patient in vulnerable conditions. To overcome this situation, researchers are constantly wo...
Aromatase enzyme plays a fundamental role in the development of estrogen receptors, and due to this functionality, the enzyme has gained significant attention as a therapeutic for reproductive disorders and cancer diseases. The currently employed aromatase inhibitors have severe side effects whereas our novel aromatase inhibitor is more selective a...
Background: With the advent of deep learning in modern computing there has been unprecedented progress in
image processing and segmentation. Deep learning-based image pattern recognition achieved a significant place
in interpreting dental radiographs towards automatic diagnosis and treatment. In context with dental imaging,
deep learning-based imag...
Ovarian cancer, a formidable gynaecological malignancy, poses a significant global health challenge, and it is characterised by late-stage diagnosis and a high mortality rate. Even in its early stages, when treatment choices are scarce, ovarian cancer is still a complicated cancer to treat. In this work, we used computational approaches to find put...
Chronic diseases such as diabetes and cancer are the leading causes of mortality worldwide. Receptors for Advanced Glycation End products (RAGEs) are ubiquitous factors that catalyse Advanced Glycation End products (AGEs), proteins, and lipids that become glycated from sugar ingestion. RAGEs are cell surface receptor proteins and play a broad role...
At the vanguard of technological innovation, the field of generative AI is revolutionizing the ways machines engage with and support human creativity. Generative AI, in contrast to typical AI systems, enables machines to create original content on their own, including text, music, graphics, and even whole stories. Generative AI has witnessed remark...
Generative Artificial Intelligence (GenAI) is a branch of AI focused on creating new data or outputs, such as images, text, sounds, and molecular structures of novel compounds resembling the training data. Drug designing is discovering and developing new medications by identifying molecular targets related to diseases, designing molecules that inte...
This chapter explores the innovative fusion of Artificial Bee Colony (ABC) algorithms with deep learning techniques, providing a comprehensive analysis of the synergistic relationship between nature-inspired optimization and advanced neural networks. It delves into the fundamental principles of both ABC algorithms and deep learning, highlighting th...
Artificial Bee Colony (ABC) algorithms are employed in various studies, including gene expression studies, to optimise gene selection and classification models. By mimicking bees’ foraging behaviour, ABC algorithms efficiently search vast gene datasets, identifying relevant biomarkers and unravelling complex genetic mechanisms underlying diseases o...
Genomic variant detection is a crucial process involving identifying differences in the genome by comparing it with the reference genome. Studying these variants helps to understand the genetic basis of traits, diseases, and evolutionary processes, leading to better diagnosis, prognosis, and treatments. Variant detection has many applications in fu...
The visualization of a few proteins or specific expressed genes at a time is known as spatial transcriptomics (ST). Single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) is an advanced sequencing method that focuses on cells at a singular level, enabling the discovery of rare cell populations, but often misses information about cell surroundings. ST and single-ce...
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a critical global health challenge, undermining the efficacy of antimicrobial drugs against microorganisms like bacteria, fungi and viruses. Multidrug resistance (MDR) arises when microorganisms become resistant to multiple antimicrobial agents. The World Health Organisation classifies AMR bacteria into priority li...
This comprehensive volume focuses on the latest advancements in Generative AI, including state-of-the-art techniques and models that are pushing the boundaries of what is possible. It covers recent developments in areas such as Generative AI models, transfer learning and Natural Language Processing (NLP) highlighting their potential to revolutioniz...
Call for Papers:
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We invite submission to our Special Collection: Harnessing Nature's Pharmacy for the Therapeutics of Lung and Respiratory Diseases
hashtag#Natural_Product_Communications
This chapter delves into the critical steps of data preprocessing and quality control (QC) in single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) analysis. It begins with an overview of scRNA-seq technology, highlighting recent advancements and the inherent challenges posed by systematic and random noise in the data. The chapter emphasizes the importance of QC...
Advancements in single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) technology have revolutionized the analysis of cellular development, enabling high-resolution profiling of heterogeneous cell populations. This chapter delves into the concepts of trajectory inference and cell fate prediction, essential for understanding dynamic biological processes such as dev...
This chapter delves into the realm of single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) and its pivotal role in unraveling the intricacies of gene expression dynamics. It explores the necessity and motivation behind single-cell differential expression analysis, emphasizing its significance in understanding molecular mechanisms, biomarker discovery, drug devel...
This chapter explores the crucial techniques of dimensionality reduction and clustering in the context of single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) data analysis. Dimensionality reduction, including methods like Principal Component Analysis (PCA), Uniform Manifold Approximation and Projection (UMAP), and t-distributed Stochastic Neighbor Embedding (t-...
Single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) has revolutionized our understanding of cellular heterogeneity and dynamics, offering unprecedented insights into complex biological processes and disease studies. Leveraging machine learning-based approaches in scRNA-seq analysis holds immense potential to address key challenges such as data sparsity, batch e...
This chapter provides an essential overview of single-cell sequencing, a revolutionary technology that enables the study of individual cell genomes and transcriptomes, revealing cellular heterogeneity and dynamic biological processes. We explain the fundamental principles of single-cell sequencing, the detailed methodology, and its diverse applicat...
Novel Schiff base metal complexes diaqua(4-chloro-2-{[(4-(dimethylamino)phenyl)methylene]amino}phenolato)M(II) ion, (M = copper/cobalt/nickel) have been synthesized using the ligand 4-chloro-2-((4-(dimethylamino)benzylidene)amino)phenol, which was prepared by reacting 2-amino-4-chlorophenol with 4-(dimethylamino)benzaldehyde in a molar ratio of 1:1...
Classifying images is one of the most important tasks in computer vision. Recently, the best performance for image classification tasks has been shown by networks that are both deep and well-connected. These days, most datasets are made up of a fixed number of color images. The input images are taken in red green blue (RGB) format and classified wi...
Lung Cancer (LC) is among the most death-causing cancers, has caused the most destruction and is a gender-neutral cancer, and WHO has kept this cancer on its priority list to find the cure. We have used high-throughput virtual screening, standard precision docking, and extra precise docking for extensive screening of Drug Bank compounds, and the un...
Influenza infection poses a significant threat to the existence of humans and animals. Its inhibition by secondary metabolites may proffer a lasting solution to its resistance to available synthetic therapeutic agents. In this study, we investigated the influenza neuraminidase (NA) inhibitory potential of naturally occurring C–O–C biflavonoids usin...
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Two of the deadliest infectious diseases, COVID-19 and tuberculosis (TB), have combined to establish a worldwide pandemic, wreaking havoc on economies and claiming countless lives. The optimised, multitargeted medications may diminish resistance and counter them together. Based on computational expression studies, 183 genes were co-expressed in COV...
Microbial biofilm accumulation poses a serious threat to the environment, presents significant challenges to different industries, and exhibits a large impact on public health. Since there has not been a conclusive answer found despite various efforts, the potential green and economical methods are being focused on, particularly the innovative appr...
Breast cancer is the most frequently diagnosed disease causing most deaths in women worldwide. Chemotherapy and neo-adjuvant therapy are the standard method of treatment in early stages of breast cancer. However drug resistance in breast cancer limit the use of these methods for treatment. Research focus is now shifted towards identifying natural p...
English: Nature-inspired computational methods (NIC) have been effectively used to study pharmaceutical components and compounds. NIC involves problem-solving methods based on abstractions of natural processes that offer new ways to understand, model, and analyze natural complexity. These algorithms mimic biological systems to create new computatio...
There are over 100 types of human cancer, accounting for millions of deaths every year. Lung cancer alone claims over 1.8 million lives per year and is expected to surpass 3.2 million by 2050, which underscores the urgent need for rapid drug development and repurposing initiatives. The application of Al emerges as a pivotal solution to developing a...
In this work, we have taken the seven most diagnosed and death-causing cancers (lung, breast, colon-rectum, prostate, skin, liver, and stomach cancer) that account for more than 7 million deaths annually. We collected the main target (19) proteins and their FDA-approved drugs and prepared them for multitargeted docking to check the binding potentia...
Computer-aided drug design (CADD) is a rapidly growing field that combines the knowledge of computational chemistry, bioinformatics, and pharmacology to aid in the discovery and development of new drugs. CADD utilizes various computational techniques and tools such as molecular modeling, docking, and machine learning (ML) to predict the properties...
In this study, eleven new 2-hydrazinobenzothizole derivatives (Z1–Z11) were synthesized by condensation reaction. The molecular structure of the derivatives was confirmed using FT-IR, NMR, and mass spectrometry. The heterocyclic derivatives (Z1–Z11) were tested for their in vitro antifungal activity against the fungal strains C. albicans, C. glabra...
The main aim of this book is to encapsulate and occupy recent advances and state-of-the-art applications of AI and machine learning techniques in the diagnosis,
prognosis, and therapeutics of various autoimmune diseases, including Rheumatoid Arthritis, Multiple Sclerosis, Type I Diabetes, Systemic Lupus Erythematosus,
Sjogren Disease, Addison’s Dis...
The discovery of biomarkers is a handy tool to improve diagnosis and therapeutic responses. It is used to determine disease onset, its progression, and treatment efficacy. Further, biomarker discovery has the potential to be used to find new potential drugs for personalized medicines. There is a plethora of methods for biomarker discovery, includin...
As regenerative medicine research progresses, the concept of treating disease has changed a lot. Previously, medical professionals used to develop therapies to combat the disease conditions, but today the tendency is toward using the regeneration concept for treating various illnesses. When it comes to regeneration and replacing damaged cells with...
Determining and designing the structure and function of the protein has deepened our understanding of biology at a cellular and molecular level. There are numerous proteins whose structures are not known. However, prediction of protein structure is possible using amino acid sequences, if available. However, creating new protein structures in a prin...
Receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGEs) is a multifunctional cell surface protein present in vascular cells, monocytes/macrophages, B- and T-lymphocytes, retina Muller cells, kidney podocytes, mesangial cells, glial cells, neurons, and some cancer cells. The variety of cell types expresses RAGE, and AGEs ligand recognized by these rece...
Type 2 diabetes accounts for the largest percentage of all diabetic cases worldwide. Cucurbitane-type triterpenes are mainly found in Momordica charantia and possess excellent pharmacological activities. This study was designed to identify cucurbitane-type triterpene from Momordica charantia using Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS) ana...
We have designed and synthesized three pyrazole analogs (4, 5a, 5b), pyrazole-based chalcones (6a–6d) and (8a–8h), and N-formyl/acetyl 1,3,5-trisubstituted pyrazoline analogs (7a–7d), (9a–9d). FT-IR, 1H, 13C NMR, and mass spectrometry techniques were used to describe the structures of all the synthesized analogs. The single crystal X-ray method was...
Unlabelled:
Enterobacter cloacae RSC3 isolated from an industrial pesticide site transformed arsenate into arsenite. The arsenate is transported by membrane-bound phosphate transporter and transformed to arsenite by arsenate reductase (arsC). E. cloacae RSC3 produced an arsenate reductase enzyme with a maximum activity of 354 U after 72 h of incub...
Cutibacterium acnes is an opportunistic pathogen linked with acne vulgaris, affecting 80-90% of teenagers globally. On the leukocyte (WBCs) cell surface, the cell wall anchored sialidase in C. acnes virulence factor, catalysing the sialoconjugates into sialic acids and nutrients for C. acnes resulting in human skin inflammation. The clinical use of...
Background
Cyclooxygenase enzyme is frequently overexpressed in various types of cancer and found to play a crucial role in poor prognosis in cancer patients. In current research, we have reported the new COX-2 inhibitors for cancer treatment using computer-aided drug design and experimental validation.MethodsA total of 12,795 compounds from the di...
Background:
AKT1 is a serine/threonine kinase necessary for the mediation of apoptosis, angiogenesis, metabolism, and cell proliferation in both normal and cancerous cells. The mutations in the AKT1 gene have been associated with different types of cancer. Further, the AKT1 gene mutations are also reported to be associated with other diseases such...
Lung Cancer is one of the deadliest cancers, responsible for more than 1.80 million deaths annually worldwide, and it is on the priority list of WHO. In the current scenario, when cancer cells become resistant to the drug, making it less effective leaves the patient in vulnerable conditions. To overcome this situation, researchers are constantly wo...
With the significant growth of patients suffering from neurodegenerative diseases (NDs), novel classes of compounds targeting monoamine oxidase type B (MAO-B) are promptly emerging as distinguished structures for the treatment of the latter. As a promising function of computer-aided drug design (CADD), structure-based virtual screening (SBVS) is be...
Detection of treatment types in dental panoramic radiographs is still an open problem as the position of the tooth are arbitrarily oriented and usually closely packed. The majority of current two-stage anchor-based detectors are used in oriented object detection techniques. Nevertheless, the positive and negative anchor boxes tend to be severely bi...
Tenacibaculosis is an ulcerative skin disorder that affects finfish. It is caused by members of the genus Tenacibaculum, resulting in eccentric behavioural changes, including anorexia, lethargy, and abnormal swimming patterns that often result in mortality. Currently, species suspected of causing fish mortality include T. ovolyticum, T. gallaicum,...
In this work, analog 3b (5-(4-(dimethylamino) phenyl)-3-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4,5-dihydro-1H-pyrazole-1-carbothioamide) of pyrazoline derivative were produced based on the active site (CYP51) analysis. To elucidate their molecular structure, various techniques, including FT-IR, UV-visible, NMR, mass spectrometry and X-ray crystallography utilised to co...
Aromatase enzyme plays a fundamental role in the development of estrogen receptors and due to this functionality, the enzyme has gained significant attention as a therapeutic for reproductive disorders and cancer diseases. The aromatase inhibitors, currently in clinical use, have such serious side effects that it is crucial to find novel aromatase...
Detection of tooth saliency is an open problem in the complex dental radiograph. In this work, a new architecture of the deep learning model, TeethU2Net, is proposed for state-of-the-art tooth saliency detection in dental panoramic radiograph (DPR) images. We optimized the original U2-Net in terms of custom loss function and training scheme for the...
Lung cancer is the second most common cancer, which is the leading cause of cancer death worldwide. The FDA has approved almost 100 drugs against lung cancer, but it is still not curable as most drugs target a single protein and block a single pathway. In this study, we screened the Drug Bank library against three major proteins- ribosomal protein...
Lung Cancer has taken over all cancers in terms of diagnosis and mortality worldwide, which is why it is on the World Health Organisation’s (WHO) priority list. As per the data reported by the WHO, cancer has caused 10 million death each year, and lung cancer alone caused 1.80 million deaths in 2020. Also, the FDA has approved almost 100 drugs agai...
Background
Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR/HER-1) and its role in tumor development and progression through the mechanism of tumor angiogenesis is prevalent in non-small lung cancer, head and neck cancer, cholangiocarcinoma & glioblastoma. Previous treatments targeting the oncogenic activity of EGFR's kinase domain have been hindered by acqu...
Background: Gastric cancer has been ranked the third leading cause of cancer death worldwide. Its detection at the early stage is difficult because patients mostly experience vague and non-specific symptoms in the early stages. Methods: The RNA-seq datasets of both gastric cancer and normal samples were considered and processed. The obtained differ...
After computational drug designing and genome analysis developments, nanoinformatics is emerging as a next-generation drug designing and simulation studies for the nanodrug candidate. Nanoinformatics requires adapting the professional bioinformatician and computational chemist to analyze nanobiotechnological data. For this, many classical bioinform...
Diabetes mellitus continues to be a major health concern for the global population. Targeting visfatin has been identified as a possible channel to manage the disease effectively. Kuguacins are triterpenoids with established antidiabetic activity. Therefore, this study examines the visfatin activating potentials of kuguacins using molecular docking...
Deep feedforward neural networks (DFNNs) have attained remarkable success in almost every computational task. However, the selection of DFNN architecture is still based on handcraft or hit-and-trial methods. Therefore, an essential factor regarding DFNN is about designing its architecture. Unfortunately, creating architecture for DFNN is a very lab...
The cervix is the lowermost part of the uterus that connects to the vagina, and cervical cancer is a malignant cervix tumour. One of this cancer’s most important risk factors is HPV infection. In the approach to finding an effective treatment for this disease, various works have been done around genomics and drug discovery. Finding the major altere...
The Nature-inspired computing (NIC) techniques have been effectively applied to research pharmaceutical components and compounds. NIC includes problem-solving methods based on abstractions of natural processes and provides new ways to understand, model, and analyse natural complexity. These algorithms mimic biological systems to create new computat...
Charles Darwin postulated the concept of “survival-of-the-fittest” and evolution in general. He discussed how nature selects the best candidate under different situations who are fit enough to survive and reproduce. This analogy has inspired many computational scientists, bioinformaticians, and computational biologists to develop techniques that ca...
Gene expression has helped researchers in many ways—from identifying novel biomarkers to classifying different sub-types and stages of the disease from rectifying epigenetic network associations in disease to the examination of signature patterns and motifs present in the data set. However, it is also famous for its high dimensionality and difficul...
Oryza is a significant cereal crop in the Poaceae family that nourishes half of the total populace and has always been a model for cereal genomics studies. This study intends to comprehend 12 Oryza species' phylogenetic relationship with a boundless wild genus, Echinochloa oryzicola. Correlation of the complete Echinochloa chloroplast (cp) genome w...
Abstract
Background and Purpose: The aromatase enzyme plays a fundamental role in addressing the development of estrogen receptors and giving attention to the therapy of reproductive disorders and cancer diseases. In clinical use, the objectionable effects found in these target inhibitors are indispensable in finding novel aromatase inhibitors with...
SARS-CoV-2 has been responsible for over 500 million cumulative cases all over the world since December 2019 and has marked the third introduction of a highly pathogenic virus after SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV. This virus is in a winning situation because scientists are still racing to explore effective therapeutics, vaccines, and event treatment regimen...
Punicalagin is the most bioactive pomegranate polyphenol with high antioxidant and free-radical scavenging activity and can potentially cure different ailments related to the cardiovascular system. The current research work was envisioned to predict the targeting efficiency of punicalagin (PG) nanoparticles to the macrophages, more specifically to...
The POTE family comprises 14 paralogues and is primarily expressed in Prostrate, Placenta, Ovary, Testis, Embryo (POTE), and cancerous cells. The prospective function of the POTE protein family under physiological conditions is less understood. We systematically analyzed their cellular localization and molecular docking analysis to elucidate POTE p...
Ovarian cancer is the third leading gynaecological malignancy that leads to death in females annually. According to the GLOBOCAN 2020 incidence cases in Asia, there were a total of 100,854 ovarian cancer incidence cases. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has approved some drug compounds from both the generic and pharmaceutical brands for ovari...
COVID-19 mainly causes the collapse of the pulmonary system thereby causing a dearth of oxygen in the human body. Patients infected with this viral disease have been reported to experience various signs and symptoms associated with brain dysfunction, from the feeling of vagueness to loss of smell and taste to severe strokes. These neurological prob...
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) was initially reported in the Wuhan province of China, spread throughout the world, and caused massive destruction in the form of a global pandemic that started back in 2020. SARS-CoV-2 is an RNA virus with various proteins like main protease, spike protein, NSP15 endoribonuclease, RNA-de...
Ovarian cancer (OC) is the third leading gynecological malignancy in females that is silent and leads to significant deaths annually. As per GLOBOCAN 2020 statistics, Asia recorded a total of 100,854 ovarian cancer incidence cases with China and India leading the cases with 34.2% and 24.8% respectively.This paper aims to identify the genes that reg...
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) is one of the rapid spreading coronaviruses that belongs to the Coronaviridae family. The rapidly evolving nature of SARS-CoV-2 results in a variety of variants with a capability of evasion to existing therapeutics and vaccines. So, there is an imperative need to discover potent drugs tha...
Coronavirus is an enclosed positive-sense RNA virus with club-like spikes protruding from its surface that causes acute respiratory infections in humans. Because it is considered a member of the complex pathogen group, it has been found to infect different host species and cause a variety of diseases. So far, it has been discovered that it may affe...