Kevin Norton

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Verified

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• BEd(PE)Hons, MA, PhD
• Professor at UNSW Sydney

A retrospective correlational study was used to determine evolutionary game trends of men’s and women’s FIFA World Cup finals. Broadcast footage of finals games 2014–2022 for men (n = 3) and 1991–2023 for women (n = 9) was used to assess trends in game structure and playing styles. These recent men’s data were combined with our previous evolution s...

Background Adiposity can be measured using BMI (which is based on weight and height) as well as indices of abdominal adiposity. We examined the association between BMI and waist-to-height ratio (WHtR) within and across populations of different world regions and quantified how well these two metrics discriminate between people with and without hyper...

Background: Firefighting is recognised as a physically demanding occupation involving exposure to hazardous environments and activities. An aging workforce combined with the age-related decline in physical fitness may result in increased future workers' compensation expenditure for fire service organisations. Objective: The objective of this res...

Summary Background Underweight and obesity are associated with adverse health outcomes throughout the life course. We estimated the individual and combined prevalence of underweight or thinness and obesity, and their changes, from 1990 to 2022 for adults and school-aged children and adolescents in 200 countries and territories. Methods We used data...

Adequate levels of movement quality (MQ) are required to safely perform occupational tasks in physically demanding and hazardous professions such as firefighting. Although it is well established that MQ deteriorates with age in population studies, there is conflicting evidence in older tactical populations. This study sought to examine the relation...

Importance: Concussions are common in sports. Return-to-play protocols can be enhanced by objective biometrics. Objective: To characterize temporal changes of headpulse, a digital biometric, in athletes with sports-related concussion; to explore the association of unstructured physical activity with headpulse changes. Design, setting, and parti...

Background There is extensive research investigating the match demands of players in the Australian Football League (AFL). Objective This systematic literature review and meta-regression sought to analyse the evolution of in-game demands in AFL matches from 2005 to 2017, focusing on the relationship between volume and intensity. Methods A systema...

Purpose: Modeling intermittent work capacity is an exciting development to the critical power model with many possible applications across elite sport. With the Skiba 2 model validated using subelite participants, an adjustment to the model's recovery rate has been proposed for use in elite cyclists (Bartram adjustment). The team pursuit provides...

Purpose: The aim of this investigation was to compare the changes in endurance running performance and physiological variables after a four-week period of high intensity interval training (HIIT) in either running or cycling in female athletes. Methods: Fourteen recreational female runners (age = 42  10 yr, height = 1.67  0.06 m, body mass = 61.6...

The aim of this study was to characterise and quantify offensive and defensive game play in the Australian Football League and analyse how it has evolved from 1999–2019. Nine offensive and twelve defensive variables were selected to represent their respective styles of play. Season averages for each variable were collected as well as an overall 21-...

Los objetivos de este estudio fueron analizar las diferencias entre triatletas masculinos y femeninos amateurs en el rendimiento en un test incremental máximo y en una competición simulada y describir si existe asociación entre el rendimiento en el test máximo incremental y la prueba simulada de competición. Un tottal de catorce triatletas recreaci...

The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of contextual factors on game styles in professional soccer. Interactions between styles and different playing venues, opposition quality, total match goals, and competing styles, were investigated using logistic regression and odds ratios. Game styles were characterised using the moments of play...

The aim of this trial was to compare an eight-week individual movement quality versus traditional resistance training intervention on movement quality and physical performance. Forty-six trained adults were randomised to a movement quality-focused training (MQ) or a traditional resistance training (TRAD) group, and performed two individualised trai...

Background/purpose: Movement quality is commonly assessed to identify movement limitations and guide exercise prescription. Rapid growth in the movement assessment landscape has led to the development and utilization of various movement quality assessments, many without reliability estimates. MovementSCREEN is a novel, tablet-based, video-recorded...

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to determine the typical variation of variables from a countermovement jump (CMJ) test and the submaximal run test (SRT), along with comparing the sensitivity of each test for the detection of practically important changes within high-performance Australian rules football (ARF) players. Methods: 23 profession...

INTRODUCTION: With the underlying mechanisms of fatigue shown to be task-specific, gaining an understanding of changes within the running profile due to fatigue may provide a greater task-specific method for monitoring neuromuscular fatigue (NMF) in elite team sport athletes. This review aimed to identify, review and summarise the literature to und...

Purpose: The aim of this study was to investigate changes in physiological and performance variables in triathletes following a four week period of reduced training volume and increased training intensity. Methods: Sixteen moderately trained triathletes were randomly allocated to two groups: a control (CON) group which followed their usual train...

Objective To estimate international and national temporal trends in the cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) of adults, and to examine relationships between trends in CRF and trends in health-related, socioeconomic, and environmental indicators. Methods Data were obtained from a systematic search of studies that explicitly reported temporal trends in t...

Purpose:: To compare the sensitivity of a submaximal run test (SRT) with a countermovement jump (CMJ) test to provide an alternate method of measuring neuromuscular fatigue (NMF) in high performance sport. Methods:: 23 professional and semi-professional Australian rules football (ARF) players, performed a SRT and CMJ test, pre-match, 48- and 96-...

The aim of the current study was to identify different playing styles within 2015–16 English Premier League season. Game-related variables were allocated to the “moments of play” framework, and multidimensional game styles were investigated using cluster analysis and related to finishing position. Totally, 96 game-related variables were allocated i...

Background Intensified training is important for inducing adaptations to improve athletic performance, but detrimental performance effects can occur if prescribed inappropriately. Monitoring biomarker responses to training may inform changes in training load to optimize performance. Objective This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to ident...

CONTENTS [chapters] Section I Measurement in exercise science 1 Pre-exercise screening and risk assessment Lynda H. Norton and Kevin I. Norton 2 Movement capacity screening and assessment Max Martin, Hunter Bennett, Kade Davison, and John Arnold 3 Blood sampling and point-of-care testing Lynda H. Norton and Kevin I. Norton 4 Standards for anthropom...

The aims of this chapter are to: 1. highlight the rationale for blood sampling in health, sport, and exercise science 2. identify and understand the relevant anatomy for blood sampling 3. describe the procedures of blood sampling commonly used 4. identify the range of biomarkers commonly measured.

The aims of this chapter are to: 1. introduce students to the discipline of performance analysis and concept of game style assessment 2. outline the approach of selection and measurement of performance variables and how to generate game style plots.

The aims of this chapter are to: 1. summarise the relative risk of an adverse cardiovascular event related to exercise 2. outline the general structures and intent of pre-exercise screening systems 3. summarise the evidence linking major health risk factors with all-cause and cardiovascular disease mortality

Anthropometry is the measurement of human body dimension such as lengths, breadths, girths, and skinfolds using surface landmarks for reference. Like other areas of science the procedures and processes depend upon adherence to the particular rules of measurement as determined by national and international standards bodies. The definitions and instr...

Employee health and wellbeing software program

The Exercise Science Toolkit is a web-based educational software program for exercise and health science tertiary students and professionals. The software was developed to facilitate student engagement with essential knowledge, skills and protocols in these disciplines, provide opportunities to conduct analyses on empirical data or simulations on a...

Objectives To investigate the levels of agreement between self-reported responses to the Adult Pre-exercise Screening System (APSS) questionnaire using online versus face-to-face (F2F) modalities. Design Convenience sample of adults completing a pre-exercise screening questionnaire using different modalities. Methods Adult volunteers (n = 94) wer...

The purpose of this study was to describe the differences in training and competition loads at three distinct development levels in a junior-elite tennis academy. A total of 39 junior-elite tennis players were recruited from three squads; U/12, U/15 and U/18. Metrics of global positioning systems, accelerometer microtechnology and hitting demands w...

Abstract: Fitness facilities are an important contributor to economies through preventative health policies of governments. Therefore, it is crucial that they are capable of ensuring the health and safety of their users during emergency situations under relevant work health and safety (WHS) legislation. This study aimed to analyse emergency respons...

Online program for sports, health and body composition analytics. Contains numerous population databases and sports-specific norms covering elite-level athletes in ~120 sports. Use empirical data or generate and explore virtual people and populations.

Purpose: With knowledge of an individual's critical power (CP) and W' the SKIBA 2 model provides a framework with which to track W' balance during intermittent high intensity work bouts. There are fears the time constant controlling the recovery rate of W' (τW') may require refinement to enable effective use in an elite population. Methods: Four...

The generic term “game style” is often used to infer a way a team has performed or a playing pattern that has developed. However, this concept has not previously been measured. This study developed a generic model to measure game styles among field sports. Specifically, game styles of 6 Australian Football League (AFL) teams were assessed using 12...

Background: Insufficient physical activity [PA] is a risk factor for several noncommunicable diseases [NCDs]. The World Health Organisation stresses the need for national PA trend data to help inform strategies to arrest NCD incidence. The Active Australia Survey [AAS] questionnaire quantifies leisure-time physical activity [LTPA]. Despite being u...

A purposely designed observational audit tool (OAT) was developed following review of literature and international standards/guidelines for fitness facilities. The OAT was trialled to assess the physical environment of a sample of fitness facilities and determine its inter-rater reliability. Ten Victorian fitness facilities were visited to test the...

Multi-component movement assessment tools have become commonplace to measure movement quality, proposing to indicate injury risk and performance capabilities. Despite popular use, there has been no attempt to compare the components of each tool reported in the literature, the processes in which they were developed, or the underpinning rationale for...

Background Declining physical activity (PA) and associated health risk factors are well established. Workplace strategies to increase PA may be beneficial to ameliorate extensive sedentary behavior. This study assessed the effectiveness of two PA interventions in workplace settings. Methods Interventions were conducted over 40 days targeting insuf...

Heat acclimation over consecutive days has been shown to improve aerobic-based performance. Recently, it has been suggested that heat training can improve performance in a temperate environment. However, due to the multifactorial training demands of athletes, consecutive-day heat training may not be suitable. The current study aimed to investigate...

Purpose: Athletes often seek the minimum required time that might elicit a physiological or performance change. It is reasonable to suggest that heat training may improve aerobic-based performance in mild conditions. Therefore, rather than providing a traditional heat exposure stimulus (i.e. 7-10 x 60-100 min sessions), the current paper details t...

Purpose: New applications of the critical power concept, such as the modelling of intermittent work capabilities, are exciting prospects for elite cycling. However, accurate calculation of the required parameters is traditionally time invasive and somewhat impractical. An alternative single test protocol (3-min All-out) has recently been proposed,...

Background It has been hypothesised that an ‘activitystat’ may biologically regulate energy expenditure or physical activity levels, thereby limiting the effectiveness of physical activity interventions. Using a randomised controlled trial design, the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of a six-week exercise stimulus on energy expendit...

Game style is a term commonly used by coaches, sports scientists, performance analysts and media to refer to patterns of play in team sports. Despite these pervasive references there is not a definition for game style and consequently there has never been any attempt to measure game style. Recently there has been momentum to investigate team sports...

Sports, like almost everything, evolve.1,2,3 Changes in field sports, for example, may involve the physical size of the players,4 the way the ball is moved among players or game tactics,5 the rate and precision of passing,3 and the intensity of play in terms of speed and power involved in player movement.6 Despite these reports, however, there is r...

Objective . Response time (RT) is important for health and human performance and provides insight into cognitive processes. It deteriorates with age, is associated with chronic physical activity (PA), and improves with PA interventions. We investigated associations between the amount and type of PA undertaken and the rate of change in RT for low-ac...

The purpose of this study was to test the reliability and validity of two standardised methods for calculating speed at the second lactate threshold point (LT2) based upon the pre-existing Dmax (LTD) and modified Dmax (LTMOD) procedures. 13 trained male road runners and triathletes completed two incremental laboratory running tests to determine LT2...

Background. Low physical activity (PA) levels are associated with poor health risk factor profiles. Intervention strategies to increase PA and quantify the rate and magnitude of change in risk factors are important. Methods. Interventions were conducted over 40 days to increase PA in 736 insufficiently active (<150 min/wk PA) participants using ei...

Foreword The research undertaken to develop this manual has been funded by an Australian Research Council Linkage Grant LP120100275, and our research partners Fitness Australia and Sports Medicine Australia. The AFIRM team is: Professor Patrick Keyzer, La Trobe University Professor Joachim Dietrich, Bond University Professor Caroline Finch, Federat...

Foreword The research undertaken to develop this manual has been funded by an Australian Research Council Linkage Grant LP120100275, and our research partners Fitness Australia and Sports Medicine Australia. The AFIRM team is: Professor Patrick Keyzer, La Trobe University Professor Joachim Dietrich, Bond University Professor Caroline Finch, Federat...

Health/fitness facilities are popular venues for physical activity, where increasingly more individuals at risk of cardiovascular events exercise to achieve positive health outcomes. The aim of our study was to analyze cardiac emergency preparedness in health/fitness facilities in Queensland, Australia. Cross-sectional survey of health/fitness faci...

The Australian Fitness Industry Risk Management (AFIRM) Project was set up to explore the operation of rules and regulations for the delivery of safe fitness services. This article summarises the results of recent focus group research and a national survey of risk management practices by the AFIRM Project. Our focus group research in four States id...

Studies have demonstrated that longer-term heat acclimation training (≥8 heat exposures) improves physical performance. The physiological adaptations gained through short-term heat acclimation (STHA) training suggest that physical performance can be enhanced within a brief timeframe. The aim of this systematic review was to determine if STHA traini...

Abstract Movement patterns in elite men's soccer have been reported in depth, but less research exists for women's soccer. Aims of the study were to identify the movement profiles of elite women soccer players in international competition and examine the effect the level of opposition, based on Federation Internationale de Football Association (FIF...

Fitness facilities provide an avenue for people to engage in physical activity, however it is important that these facilities do all in their power to reduce the likelihood of injuries occurring. The attitudes and practices of those employed in the fitness industry with respect to risk management are important for implementation of injury preventio...

The Australian Fitness Industry Risk Management Project considers 1) How does Australian regulation currently control risk management in the fitness industry and thereby prevent adverse health outcomes and injury, and the legal liability associated with those risks? 2) What sustainable changes could be made to Australian regulation for more effecti...

The AFIRM Project is designed to consider, firstly, how does Australian regulation currently control risk management in the fitness industry and thereby prevent adverse health outcomes and injury, and the legal liability associated with those risks? Secondly, what sustainable changes could be made to Australian regulation for more effective risk ma...

The Australian Adult Pre-Exercise Screening System (APSS) was developed as the national standard to promote quality control, consistency of practices across the industry and use of pre-exercise screening as a risk management tool to identify and manage health and injury risks associated with fitness activities. Stage 1 of APSS is compulsory and aim...

Objectives The objective of this study was to investigate changes in use of time when undertaking a structured exercise program. Design This study used a randomised, multi-arm, controlled trial design. Methods A total of 129 insufficiently active adults aged 18-60 years were recruited and randomly allocated to one of three groups, a Moderate or E...

The South Australian Department of Health has administered the Active Australia Survey triennially since 1998 to assess physical activity levels in the South Australian adult population. Survey findings may reflect the impact of health messages on the population and provide evidence to inform public health policy.This study analyzed the data from t...

The Australian Fitness Industry Risk Management (AFIRM) Project was set up to explore the operation of rules and regulations for the delivery of safe fitness services. This article summarises the results of recent focus group research and a national survey of risk management practices by the AFIRM Project. Our focus group research in four States id...

Introduction Athletes are continuously looking to increase the physiological adaptations gained from training. This has often led to training in altered environments, most notably hot/humid conditions, and high altitude. For example, Lorenzo et al. (2010)1 observed a 5% increase in the power at lactate threshold (LT) of well-trained cyclists in coo...

Objectives: There are relatively few performance analysis studies on field sports investigating how they evolve from a structural or tactical viewpoint. Field sports like soccer involve complex, non-linear dynamical systems yet consistent patterns of play are recognisable over time and among different sports. This study on soccer trends helps buil...

Purpose Numerous studies have measured changes in fasting blood glucose (FBG) levels in response to physical activity (PA) interventions. While studies involving clinical populations such as type 2 diabetics typically report significant reductions, most others report no change in FBG. This study investigated changes in FBG in apparently healthy adu...

Background The activitystat hypothesis proposes that when physical activity or energy expenditure is increased or decreased in one domain, there will be a compensatory change in another domain to maintain an overall, stable level of physical activity or energy expenditure. To date, there has been no experimental study primarily designed to test the...

Abstract This study measured the relative rates of change of the three human energy systems across a 30-year age range. A cross-section of highly trained masters cyclists (n = 156 males and 17 females; 35-64 years) were tested for maximal cycling performance. There were 50 (29%) track sprint cyclists and the remaining (71%) were predominantly road...

Objectives: To determine the associations between post-game recovery protocols and physical and perceptual recovery, and game performance in Australian Football League players. Design: A longitudinal quasi-experimental study design was used across a season. Methods: A full squad of 44 footballers was monitored weekly across a 23-game season. P...

Increases in chronic illness due to sedentary lifestyles and poor metabolic fitness have led to numerous intervention strategies to promote physical activity (PA). This paper describes the methodological strategies of two short-term PA interventions. Outcome measures reported are PA adherence and compliance rates during the intervention and at 3, 6...

The understanding of the gap between Under 18 y (U18) and senior-level competition and the evolution of this gap in Australian Football lack a strong evidence base. Despite the multimillion dollars invested in recruitment, scientific research on successful transition is limited. No studies have compared individual players' movement rate, game stati...