Kevin J. Noone

• Stockholm University

Long-term Aqua and Terra MODIS (MODerate resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) Collections 5.1 and 6.1 (c051 and c061, respectively) aerosol data have been combined with AERONET (AERosol RObotic NETwork) ground-based sun photometer observations to examine trends in aerosol optical thickness (AOT, at 550 nm) over Northern Europe for the months April...

Determining the effects of the formation of contrails within natural cirrus clouds has proven to be challenging. Quantifying any such effects is necessary if we are to properly account for the influence of aviation on climate. Here we quantify the effect of aircraft on the optical thickness of already-existing cirrus clouds by matching actual aircr...

Large-eddy simulation of a nocturnal stratocumulus-topped boundary layer in a continental mid-latitude environment has been performed to examine the sensitivity of the cloud to a number of different environmental parameters. The simulations showed that the stratocumulus cloud was strongly affected by the presence of an overlying free tropospheric c...

Meteorology and microphysics affect cloud formation, cloud droplet distributions and shortwave reflectance. The Eastern Pacific Emitted Aerosol Cloud Experiment (E-PEACE) and the Stratocumulus Observations of Los-Angeles Emissions Derived Aerosol-Droplets (SOLEDAD) studies provided measurements in six case studies of cloud thermodynamic properties,...

Determining the effects of aircraft emissions on cirrus clouds already present in the atmosphere has proven to be challenging. Quantifying any such effects is necessary if we are to properly account for the influence of aviation on climate. Here we quantify the effect of aircraft on the optical thickness of already-existing cirrus clouds by matchin...

The development of earth System Science has been inseparable in many ways from IGBP's scientific and institutional evolution.

Primary marine aerosol (PMA)‐cloud interactions off the coast of California were investigated using observations of marine aerosol, cloud condensation nuclei (CCN), and stratocumulus clouds during the Eastern Pacific Emitted Aerosol Cloud Experiment (E‐PEACE) and the Stratocumulus Observations of Los‐Angeles Emissions Derived Aerosol‐Droplets (SOLE...

Size-resolved observations of aerosol particles and cloud droplet residuals were studied at a marine boundary layer site (251 m a.m.s.l.) in La Jolla, San Diego, California, during 2012. A counterflow virtual impactor (CVI) was used as the inlet to sample cloud residuals while a total inlet was used to sample both cloud residuals and interstitial p...

Although isocyanic acid (HNCO) may cause a variety of health issues via protein carbamylation and has been proposed as a key compound in smoke related health issues, our understanding of the atmospheric sources and fate of this toxic compound is currently incomplete. To address these issues, a field study was conducted at Mt. Soledad, La Jolla, CA...

Size resolved observations of aerosol particles (including black carbon particles) and cloud residuals were studied at a marine boundary layer site (251 m a.m.s.l.) in La Jolla, CA during 2012. A counterflow virtual impactor was used to sample cloud residuals while a total inlet was used to sample both cloud residuals and interstitial particles. Tw...

This work presents the application of a new method to facilitate the distinction between biologically produced (primary) and atmospherically produced (secondary) organic compounds in ambient aerosols based on their chirality. The compounds chosen for this analysis were the stereomers of 2-methyltetraols, (2R,3S)- and (2S,3R)-methylerythritol, (l- a...

This chapter examines different methods for dealing with “unknown unknowns,” the differences between risk, uncertainty, and surprise. We examine different approaches for handling events that have a low (potentially even unknown) probability of occurring, but the consequences of which would be very large. We look at some of the potential tipping poi...

This chapter provides background information for the scope, purpose, and structure of this book. Here, we introduce the main themes that are explored in the book and provide information that is common to all of them. We discuss the need for taking a holistic view of threats to the global ocean. We also introduce the background and boundary conditio...

In this chapter, we outline the causes of sea-level rise: thermal expansion, melting of glaciers and ice sheets, changes in land storage, and other residual sources. We describe observations of sea-level rise from a number of independent measurements such as tide gauges and satellites. These measurements show that sea level is rising (250 mm since...

The ocean is warming. Some of the consequences of increasing ocean temperatures such as coral bleaching are well recognized and relatively easy to attribute (at least in part) to ocean warming. Other consequences like changes in the life cycles of marine organisms or changes in extreme weather phenomena are more difficult to directly attribute to o...

Managing Ocean Environments in a Changing Climate summarizes the current state of several threats to the global oceans. What distinguishes this book most from previous works is that this book begins with a holistic, global-scale focus for the first several chapters and then provides an example of how this approach can be applied on a regional scale...

1] Global climate model output is combined with an emission parameterization to estimate the change in the global and regional sea salt aerosol number emission from 1870 to 2100. Global average results suggest a general increase in sea salt aerosol number emission due to increasing surface wind speed. However, the emission changes are not uniform o...

The radiative heating and cooling of the atmosphere is affected by perturbations of CO2, primary aerosols, and chemically active greenhouse compounds (CH4, N2O, CFCs), and by secondary compounds (tropospheric ozone, sulfate, and organic aerosols) that are formed in the atmosphere through a variety of chemical and physical processes. While the conce...

Mountain sites offer a unique opportunity for ground-based cloud sampling and simultaneous measurements of clouds, aerosols, and trace gases to further our understanding of cloud processes. During the Whistler Aerosol and Cloud Study (WACS) in summer 2010, two sites on Whistler Mountain were instrumented for measurements of gases, clouds, and aeros...

Human activities now match (and often exceed) the natural forces of the Earth System (Steffen/Sanderson/ Tyson/Jäger/Matson/Moore/Oldfield/Richardson/ Schellnhuber/Turner/Wasson 2004). Recent ice core data show that current levels of carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane are well outside the range of natural variability over the last 800,000 years (Luth...

The UN Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) are simultaneously an inspiring and formidable challenge for society: within the next few years we must aim to eradicate extreme poverty and hunger; achieve universal primary education; promote gender equality and empower women; reduce child mortality; improve maternal health; combat deadly diseases; ensur...

This paper highlights the role of the Earth-system biosphere and illustrates the complex: biosphere-atmosphere interactions in the Amazon Basin, changes in nitrogen cycling, ocean chemistry, and land use. It introduces three important requirements for accelerating the development and use of Earth system information. The first requirement is to deve...

Anthropogenic pressures on the Earth System have reached a scale where abrupt global environmental change can no longer be excluded. We propose a new approach to global sustainability in which we define planetary boundaries within which we expect that humanity can operate safely. Transgressing one or more planetary boundaries may be deleterious or...

Identifying and quantifying planetary boundaries that must not be transgressed could help prevent human activities from causing unacceptable environmental change, argue Johan Rockström and colleagues.

The Fourth Assessment Report (AR4) of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) concluded that global warming is "unequivocal" and that most of the observed increase since the mid-twentieth century is very likely due to the increase in anthropogenic greenhouse gas concentrations, with discernible human influences on ocean warming, contin...

This article was submitted without an abstract, please refer to the full-text PDF file.

The role of clouds in the transport and transformation of tropospheric pollutants was investigated through airborne measurements made out of Cleveland, Ohio, from 21 July to 18 August 2004, as part of the International Consortium for Atmospheric Research on Transport and Transformation 2004 program. Observations of gas-phase nitrate, size-resolved...

During June and July 2003 the Sources and Origins of Atmospheric Cloud Droplets experiment (SOACED) was carried out on a mountain-top site in central Sweden. The main objective of the experiment was to characterise the microphysical and chemical properties of cloud droplet residuals and interstitial aerosol particles in continental clouds and to un...

The Aerodyne aerosol mass spectrometer (Q-AMS) was coupled with a counterflow virtual impactor (CVI) for the first time to measure cloud droplet residuals of warm tropospheric clouds on Mt. Åreskutan in central Sweden in July 2003. Operating the CVI in different operational modes generated mass concentration and species-resolved mass distribution d...

Scavenging efficiencies of aerosol particles in marine stratocumulus and cumulus clouds obtained using Counterflow Virtual Impactors mounted on aircraft are presented as a function of pollution level. The greatest accumulation-mode particle number and mass-scavenging fractions were found for clean conditions, and are consistent with (but slightly l...

A one‐dimensional ensemble‐average model is used in this study to simulate the North Atlantic regional Aerosol Characterisation Experiment (ACE‐2) Second Lagrangian experiment, where the same air mass was followed in the trade wind area over the north‐east Atlantic during July 1997. The air mass was affected by increased sea surface temperatures an...

The Earth behaves as a highly coupled, interdependent system of components and processes all of which operate on a multitude of time and spatial scales. Humans rather than simply affecting or being affected by the natural environment are a central component in the Earth system. Within the Earth system, there are feedbacks and teleconnections that o...

Using a large amount of aircraft measurements of cloud droplet size distributions, the relationship between cloud spectral relative dispersion ($\varepsilon$) and cloud droplet number concentration (Nc) is studied. The results indicate that the value of $\varepsilon$ varies between 0.2 to 0.8 when the cloud droplet number concentration is low (abou...

Individual ice crystal residual particles collected over Scandinavia during the INTACC (INTeraction of Aerosol and Cold Clouds) experiment in October 1999 were analyzed by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) equipped with Energy-Dispersive X-ray Analysis (EDX). Samples were collected onboard the British Met Office Hercules C-130 aircraft using a Cou...

The largest uncertainty in the radiative forcing of climate change over the industrial era is that due to aerosols, a substantial fraction of which is the uncertainty associated with scattering and absorption of shortwave (solar) radiation by anthropogenic aerosols in cloud-free conditions (IPCC, 2001). Quantifying and reducing the uncertainty in a...

The vertical distribution of the aerosol in the Los Angeles Basin showed a complex configuration, directly related with the local meteorological circulations and the surrounding topography. High spatial and temporal variability in air pollutant concentrations within a relatively small area was found, as indicated by the aerosol scattering and absor...

Clouds remain one of the largest uncertainties in our understanding of the Earth's climate. In order to understand how anthropogenic emissions affect clouds, we need to understand the natural aerosol/cloud interactions that control cloud properties. In particular, the role of organic aerosol particles in cloud formation and development remains poor...

An analysis of both the INTACC and SUCCESS data sets is undertaken to assess ice formation phenomenology in light of recent laboratory and field studies. To aid in this analysis, the Asphericity Factor utilized as a threshold indicator for the presence of ice in previous work is now used as a continuous variable to indicate extent of glaciation. Th...

Individual ice crystal residual particles collected over Scandinavia during the INTACC (INTeraction of Aerosol and Cold Clouds) experiment in October 1999 were analyzed by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) equipped with Energy-Dispersive X-ray Analysis (EDX). Samples were collected onboard the British Met Office Hercules C-130 aircraft using a Cou...

In situ data from the 2nd Aerosol Characterization Experiment (ACE-2) were used to describe the aerosol optical properties in a marine environment perturbed by continental sources, such as the outflow of European aerosol and dust outbreaks from North Africa. The data consist of airborne measurements made with an integrating nephelometer and absorpt...

Global change is perhaps the greatest environmental issue facing humanity. The Earth's atmosphere and biosphere are undergoing profound change, due not simply to terrestrial or extraterrestrial geophysical forces, but to the numbers and activities of people. Over the last 100 years the human population soared from little more than one billion to si...

The APE-THESEO campaign was held from 15 February to 15 March 1999 from the Seychelles in the western Indian Ocean. APE-THESEO stands for ‘Airborne Platform for Earth observation — (contribution to) the Third European Stratospheric Experiment on Ozone’. The campaign aimed to study processes controlling the low water content of the stratosphere, inc...

Aircraft inlets connect airborne instruments for particle microphysical and chemical measurements with the ambient atmosphere. These inlets may bias the measurements due to their potential to enhance or remove certain particle size fractions in the sample. The aircraft body itself may disturb the ambient air streamlines and, hence, the particle sam...

Aircraft inlets connect airborne instruments for particle microphysical and chemical measurements with the ambient atmosphere. These inlets may bias the measurements due to their potential to enhance or remove certain particle size fractions in the sample. The aircraft body itself may disturb the ambient air streamlines and, hence, the particle sam...

No Abstract Available.

During three weeks in 2002, a Medium Altitude Long Endurance Unmanned Aerial Vehicle was flown over the NEAT area in the north of Sweden. One of the objectives was to demonstrate the use of UAVs for scientific atmospheric research. The vehicle used was an EADS/IAI Eagle UAV. A Condensation Particle Counter was installed in the fuselage cargo bay. T...

Mechanisms by which subvisible cirrus clouds (SVCs) might contribute to dehydration close to the tropical tropopause are not well understood. Recently Ultrathin Tropical Tropopause Clouds (UTTCs) with optical depths around 10−4 have been detected in the western Indian ocean. These clouds cover thousands of square kilometers as 200–300 m thick disti...

Subvisible cirrus clouds (SVCs) may contribute to dehydration close to the tropical tropopause. The higher and colder SVCs and the larger their ice crystals, the more likely they represent the last efficient point of contact of the gas phase with the ice phase and, hence, the last dehydrating step, before the air enters the stratosphere. The first...

We report on the first simultaneous in situ and remote measurements of subvisible cirrus in the uppermost tropical troposphere. The observed cirrus, called UTTCs (ultrathin tropical tropopause clouds), are the geometrically (200-300 m) and optically (τ ~ 10-4) thinnest large-scale clouds ever sampled (~105 km2). UTTCs consist of only a few ice part...

Mechanisms by which subvisible cirrus clouds (SVCs) might contribute to dehydration close to the tropical tropopause are not well understood. Recently Ultrathin Tropical Tropopause Clouds (UTTCs) with optical depths around 10^-4 have been detected in the western Indian ocean. These clouds cover thousands of square kilometers as 200-300 m...

In this study, we present a relationship between total accumulation mode aerosol mass concentrations and cloud droplet number concentrations (Nd). The fundamental aim with the present method is to arrive at a physically-based conversion algorithm in which each step in the conversion is based on real physical processes that occur and can be observed...

We present observations from the 2nd Aerosol Characterisation Experiment where over a 29-h period between 16–18 July 1997 a tagged column of air was followed by a fully instrumented aircraft. The Lagrangian framework this offered made it possible to measure the evolution of the aerosol size distribution, the cloud structure and microphysics, and th...

One of the primary aims of the North Atlantic regional Aerosol Characterisation Experiment (ACE-2) was to quantify the physical and chemical processes affecting the evolution of the major aerosol types over the North Atlantic. The best, practical way of doing this is in a Lagrangian framework where a parcel of air is sampled over several tens of ho...

In situ measurements of dry aerosol optical properties were made during the North Atlantic Aerosol Characterization Experiment in the vicinity of the Canary Islands. Profiles of aerosol scattering in 3 wavelengths and absorption coefficients are presented for 2 cases where North African mineral dust layers were found above a marine boundary layer (...

Analysis of the aerosol properties during 3 recent international field campaigns (ACE-1, TARFOX and ACE-2) are described using satellite retrievals from NOAA AVHRR data. Validation of the satellite retrieval procedure is performed with airborne, shipboard, and land-based sunphotometry during ACE-2. The intercomparison between satellite and surface...

Comparisons of counterflow virtual impactor (CVI) and forward scattering spectrometer probe (FSSP) measurements of cloud droplet number concentrations obtained by two different aircraft in marine boundary layer stratocumulus clouds are presented. The cut sizes of the CVIs have been calculated using a mathematical model (D50LH) and using Stokes' the...

The chemistry of the atmosphere is controlled by a large number of complex chemical and physical processes. The study of such a complex system requires the use of numerical models, which have improved substantially over the past ten years. These models are mathematical representations of the main physical and chemical processes controlling the spat...

Simultaneous measurements of hydrogen peroxide in cloud droplets and in the air in which the droplets were suspended are presented. In addition, a description of the new technique used to make the measurements is also presented. The ratio of the measured cloudwater concentration to the equilibrium cloudwater concentration predicted using Henry's la...

ABSTRACTA Tandem Differential Mobility Analyser (TDMA) was used to study the hygroscopic growth of individual ambient aerosol particles in the Po Valley, Italy. The measurements were made during the GCE fog experiment in November 1989. During fog, the interstitial aerosol (Dp(at ambient relative humidity) < 5 µm) was sampled. Two modes of particles...

The difference in chemistry between interstitial aerosol particles and particles that were scavenged into fog droplets is examined using multivariate statistical techniques. 15 trace elements (P, S, Cl, K, Ca, Cr, Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn, Se, Br, Pb, EC) were used in the analysis. There was a significant difference in composition between the two types o...

The effects of particle hygroscopicity and the availability of condensable material (other than water) in the gas phase on cloud droplet formation and the radiative properties of clouds have been studied using an adiabatic air parcel model with detailed multicomponent condensation. The pre-existing log-normal particle distribution used is bimodal i...

Measurements of cloud droplet residuals, which represent the cloud droplet nuclei (CDN) that formed cloud droplets, were made in ambient clouds with a 1-min time resolution. Only a weak relationship was found between the CDN number and volume concentrations, because the particles dominating the two concentrations resided in different size ranges. A...

This chapter presents some selected highlights of work done within the EUROTRAC-2 framework on the subject of tropospheric aerosols and clouds. The aim of the chapter is to present new findings in this area, put them into the context of the current state of the science, and to illustrate their relationship to policy issues. Particular emphasis is g...

This paper reports on measurements made during the INTACC (INTeraction of Aerosol and Cold Clouds) experiment. Observations are shown from six wave cloud flights in the temperature range −12°C to −40 °C. In nearly all cases ice nucleation does not occur until after droplets have formed. Parcel trajectories that experience temperatures below −35°C a...

The role of heterogeneous chemistry in the atmosphere and of heterogeneous processes in general has received increasingly more attention in the last decade. Clouds on average overlie about 50% of the earth’s surface. Given their ubiquitous presence, it is somewhat surprising that we are only now beginning to realise the fundamental role they play i...

In this study, we present a relationship between total accumulation mode aerosol mass concentrations and cloud droplet number concentrations ( N d ). The fundamental aim with the present method is to arrive at a physically-based conversion algorithm in which each step in the conversion is based on real physical processes that occur and can be obser...

We report on results from a World Climate Research Program workshop on representations of scavenging and deposition processes in global transport models of the atmosphere. 15 models were evaluated by comparing simulations of radon, lead, sulfur dioxide, and sulfate against each other, and against observations of these constituents. This paper provi...

As part of the Southern California ozone study (SCOS), a research aircraft was employed during August and September of 1997 to characterize the physical and chemical properties of the aerosol present over the Los Angeles Basin. Aerosol size distributions measured using a di!erential mobility analyzer and two optical particle counters were combined...

The effect of marine boundary layer pollution level (as determined by the aerosol particle number concentration) on the size distribution of aerosol particles that formed cloud droplets in marine stratiform clouds is examined. In situ measurements of cloud droplet residual particles with a counterflow virtual impactor during the Monterey Area Ship...

Anomalously high reflectivity tracks in stratus and stratocumulus sheets associated with ships (known as ship tracks) are commonly seen in visible and near-infrared satellite imagery. Until now there have been only a limited number of in situ measurements made in ship tracks. The Monterey Area Ship Track (MAST) experiment, which was conducted off t...

In June 1994 the Monterey Area Ship Track (MAST) experiment was conducted off the coast of California to investigate the processes behind anthropogenic modification of cloud albedo. The motivation for the MAST experiment is described here, as well as details of the experimental design. Measurement platforms and strategies are explained, and a summa...

The effects of anthropogenic particulate emissions from ships on the radiative, microphysical, and chemical properties of moderately polluted marine stratiform clouds are examined. A case study of two ships in the same air mass is presented where one of the vessels caused a discernible ship track while the other did not. In situ measurements of clo...

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) have been sampled in marine stratiform clouds to identify the contribution of anthropogenic combustion emissions in activation of aerosol to cloud droplets. The Monterey Area Ship Track experiment provided an opportunity to acquire data on the role of organic compounds in ambient clouds and in ship tracks ide...

A case study of the effects of ship emissions on the microphysical, radiative, and chemical properties of polluted marine boundary layer clouds is presented. Two ship tracks are discussed in detail. In situ measurements of cloud drop size distributions, liquid water content, and cloud radiative properties, as well as aerosol size distributions (out...

Atmospheric aerosol particles are known to contain organic carbon material in variable amounts, depending on their location. In some parts of the world, organic compounds make up the majority of the total suspended particle mass. This class of particulate matter is important in a wide range of geophysical and environmental problems, ranging from lo...

Aircraft measurements are presented of the Lagrangian evolution of a marine boundary layer over a 30-h period during the ACE-2 field campaign. At the start of the observational period, a 500-m deep polluted marine internal boundary layer (MIBL) was overlain by the remnants of a polluted continental boundary layer extending to around 2 km below a cl...

During the 1st Lagrangian experiment of the North Atlantic Regional Aerosol Characterisation Experiment (ACE-2), a parcel of air was tagged by releasing a smart, constant level balloon into it from the Research Vessel Vodyanitskiy. The Meteorological Research Flight's C-130 aircraft then followed this parcel over a period of 30 h characterising the...

As part of the second Aerosol Characterization Experiment (ACE-2) during June and July of 1997, aerosol-size distributions were measured on board the CIRPAS Pelican aircraft through the use of a DMA and 2 OPCs. During the campaign, the boundary-layer aerosol typically possessed characteristics representative of a background marine aerosol or a cont...

This document was prepared with Microsoft Word 97 (PC) 2 Abstract We report on clear-sky column closure experiments (CLEARCOLUMN) performed in the Canary Islands during the second Aerosol Characterization Experiment (ACE-2) in June/July 1997. We present CLEARCOLUMN results obtained by combining airborne sunphotometer and in-situ (optical particle c...

Analysis of the aerosol properties during 3 recent international field campaigns ACE-1, TARFOX and ACE-2 are described using satellite retrievals from NOAA AVHRR data. Validation of the satellite retrieval procedure is performed with airborne, shipboard, and land-based sunphotometry during ACE-2. The intercomparison between satellite and surface op...

One of the primary aims of the North Atlantic regional Aerosol Characterisation Experiment (ACE-2) was to quantify the physical and chemical processes affecting the evolution of the major aerosol types over the North Atlantic. The best, practical way of doing this is in a Lagrangian framework where a parcel of air is sampled over several tens of ho...

As part of the second Aerosol Characterization Experiment (ACE-2) during June and July of 1997, aerosol-size distributions were measured on board the CIRPAS Pelican aircraft through the use of a DMA and 2 OPCs. During the campaign, the boundary-layer aerosol typically possessed characteristics representative of a background marine aerosol or a cont...

During the 1st Lagrangian experiment of the North Atlantic Regional Aerosol Characterisation Experiment (ACE-2), a parcel of air was tagged by releasing a smart, constant level balloon into it from the Research Vessel Vodyanitskiy. The Meteorological Research Flight's C-130 aircraft then followed this parcel over a period of 30 h characterising the...

Aircraft measurements are presented of the Lagrangian evolution of a marine boundary layer over a 30-h period during the ACE-2 field campaign. At the start of the observational period, a 500-m deep polluted marine internal boundary layer (MIBL) was overlain by the remnants of a polluted continental boundary layer extending to around 2 km below a cl...

One of the primary aims of the North Atlantic regional Aerosol Characterisation Experiment (ACE-2) was to quantify the physical and chemical processes affecting the evolution of the major aerosol types over the North Atlantic. The best, practical way of doing this is in a Lagrangian framework where a parcel of air is sampled over several tens of ho...