Kevin L Lamb

University of Chester | UC · Sport and Exercise Sciences

Research addressing children’s perceptions of exercise effort (their ‘perceived exertion’) has appeared steadily in the scientific literature over the last 44 years. Accepting that the established Borg adult rating of perceived exertion (RPE) scale was not appropriate for children, investigators set about developing child-specific scales which empl...

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of different recovery power outputs on the reconstitution of W′ and to develop a dynamic bi‐exponential model of W′ during depletion and reconstitution. Ten trained cyclists (mass 71.7 ± 8.4 kg; V̇O 2max 60.0 ± 6.3 ml·kg ⁻¹ ·min ⁻¹ ) completed three incremental ramps (20 W·min ⁻¹ ) to the limit o...

ABSTRACTThe purpose of this study was to examine the efficacy of high friction socks on in-shoe foot slid-ing and running performance of male footballers during change of direction movements.Twelve recreational football players (mean age 20.3 ± 1.1 years) completed a 26 m dynamic agil-ity course at their maximum running speed. 3D kinematic and kine...

Purpose The study aimed to investigate the effects of different recovery intensities on the power outputs of repeated severe intensity intervals and the implications for W′ reconstitution in trained cyclists. Methods Eighteen trained cyclists (FTP 258.0 ± 42.7 W; weekly training 8.6 ± 1.7 h∙week⁻¹) familiar with interval training, use of the Zwift...

Purpose The aim of this study was to investigate the individual $$W^{^{\prime}}$$ W ′ reconstitution kinetics of trained cyclists following repeated bouts of incremental ramp exercise, and to determine an optimal mathematical model to describe $$W^{^{\prime}}$$ W ′ reconstitution. Methods Ten trained cyclists (age 41 ± 10 years; mass 73.4 ± 9.9 kg...

This study investigated the prevalence of perfectionism among young female competitive Irish dancers and examined the relationships between perfectionistic tendencies and coping strategies used when experiencing injury. Sixty-eight female dancers (Mean age: 14 ± 2.3 years) completed the Child-Adolescent Perfectionism Scale and the Ways of Coping Qu...

Aim: This study assessed the influence of fat mass to fat-free mass ratio (FM:FFM) on recovery from plyometric exercise. Method: After assessment of body composition, 20 male team sport players (age 20.7 ± 1.1 years; body mass 77.1 ± 11.5 kg) were divided into low- (n = 10; 0.11 ± 0.03) and normal- (n = 10; 0.27 ± 0.09) fat groups based on FM:FF...

PurposeThis study examined the relationship of physiological and anthropometric characteristics with parameters of the critical power (CP) model, and in particular the reconstitution of W′ following successive bouts of maximal exercise, amongst trained and untrained cyclists.Methods Twenty male adults (trained nine; untrained 11; age 39 ± 15 year;...

The two-parameter critical power (CP) model is a robust mathematical interpretation of the power-duration relationship, with CP being the rate associated with the maximal aerobic steady state, and W the fixed amount of tolerable work above CP available without any recovery. The aim of this narrative review is to describe the CP concept and the meth...

Aging is anecdotally associated with a prolonged recovery from resistance training, though current literature remains equivocal. This brief review considers the effects of resistance training on indirect markers of muscle damage and recovery (i.e., muscle soreness, blood markers, and muscle strength) in older males. With no date restrictions, four...

The purpose of this study was to quantify the relationships between measures of strength, power, speed with three-dimensional (3D) kinetics and kinematics of punching techniques characteristic of boxing. Fourteen male amateur boxers (age: 25.9 ± 4.2 years, stature: 180 ± 6.3 cm, body mass: 78.8 ± 12 kg, years of experience: 7.4 ± 2.9 years) perform...

This study compared the time course of recovery after squatting exercise in trained young (YG; n= 9; age 22.3 ± 1.7 years) and trained (MT; n= 9; 39.9 ± 6.2 years) and untrained (MU; n= 9; age 44.4 ± 6.3 years) middle-aged males. Before and at 24 and 72 hours after 10x10 squats at 60% one-repetition maximum (1RM), participants provided measurements...

The purpose of this study was to quantify the 3D kinetics and kinematics of six punch types among amateur boxers. Fifteen males (age: 24.9 ± 4.2 years; stature: 1.78 ± 0.1 m; body mass: 75.3 ± 13.4 kg; boxing experience: 6.3 ± 2.8 y) performed maximal effort punches against a suspended punch bag during which upper-body kinematics were assessed via...

The FitroDyne and GymAware rotary encoders are being increasingly used in resistance training to monitor movement velocity, but how closely their velocity outcomes agree is unknown. Consequently, this study aimed to determine the level of agreement between the FitroDyne and GymAware for the assessment of movement velocity in three resistance traini...

Little is known about the internal and external loads experienced during resistance exercise, or the subsequent fatigue-related response, across different age groups. This study compared the internal (heart rate, OMNI ratings of perceived exertion (RPE), session RPE) and external loads (peak velocity and power and volume load) during high volume sq...

Purpose This study examined the partial reconstitution of the work capacity above critical power (W') following successive bouts of maximal exercise using a new repeated ramp test (RRT), against which the fit of an existing W' balance (W'bal) prediction model was tested. Methods Twenty active adults, consisting of trained cyclists (n = 9; age 43 ±...

This study examined the load-velocity and load-power relationships among 20 young (age 21.0 ± 1.6 y) and 20 middle-aged (age 42.6 ± 6.7 y) resistance trained males. Participants performed three repetitions of bench press, squat and bent-over-row across a range of loads corresponding to 20 to 80% of one repetition maximum (1RM). Analysis revealed ef...

Comprehensive and up to date, this textbook on children’s sport and exercise medicine features research and practical experience of internationally recognized scientists and clinicians that informs and challenges readers. Four sections—Exercise Science, Exercise Medicine, Sport Science, and Sport Medicine—provide a critical, balanced, and thorough...

Prior exercise has been shown to improve subsequent performance via different mechanisms. Sport-specific conditioning contractions can be used to exploit the 'post-activation potentiation' (PAP) phenomenon to enhance performance although this has rarely been investigated in short endurance events. The aim of this study was to compare a cycling warm...

The aim of the study was to determine the physical and physiological responses to simulated amateur boxing of 3 × 3-min rounds. Using an externally valid technical and ambulatory demand, 28 amateur boxers (mean ± SD; age 22.4 ± 3.5 years, body mass 67.7 ± 10.1 kg, stature 171 ± 9 cm) completed the protocol following familiarisation. The physiologic...

This study investigated the effects of performing a second 90-minute intermittent running protocol 72 hours after an initial trial on selected physiological, perceptual and sprint running measures. Eight sub-elite soccer players provided measures of isokinetic muscle function, counter-movement jump (CMJ), 10 m sprinting, and muscle soreness before,...

The aim of this study was to examine the reproducibility of the internal load and performance-based responses to repeated bouts of a three-round amateur boxing simulation protocol (BOXFIT). Twenty-eight amateur boxers completed two familiarisation trials before performing two complete trials of the BOXFIT, separated by 4-7 days. To characterise the...

As research to-date has typically considered the technical features of amateur boxing performance with respect to contest outcome only, this study examined the offensive and defensive technical demands with respect to the independent and interactive effects of contest outcome, weight class and ability. Appraising eight offensive and four defensive...

BACKGROUND: The FitroDyne has been used to assess muscle function but its reproducibility has not been determined during traditional multi-jointed resistance exercises. OBJECTIVE: To assess the intra- and inter-day reproducibility of the FitroDyne during traditional resistance exercises. METHODS: Fourteen resistance trained males completed a one re...

This study examined whether lower-volume exercise-induced muscle damage (EIMD) performed 2 weeks before high-volume muscle-damaging exercise protects against its detrimental effect on running performance. Sixteen male participants were randomly assigned to a lower-volume (five sets of ten squats, n = 8) or high-volume (ten sets of ten squats, n = 8...

This study investigated the presence of perturbations within elite squash through the analysis of critical incidents responsible for successful rally outcome. Thirty one matches from the men's 2011 Australian Open Squash Championships were analysed via a customised Dartfish performance tagging template. The type of critical incident (perturbation,...

This study investigated changes in anthropometry and performance, and their inter-relationships, across three consecutive seasons (under-15 to under-17 age group) in elite youth rugby league players. Each player took part in annual anthropometrical and performance assessments, comprising measurements of stature; body mass; limb lengths and circumfe...

Abstract This study compared technical actions, movements, heart rates and perceptual responses of selected and unselected youth rugby league players during matches (under-15 to under-17 age groups). The players' movements and heart rates were assessed using 5 Hz Global Positioning Systems (GPSs), while their technical actions were analysed using v...

Abstract In rugby league, tests of sport-specific skill often involve subjective assessments of performance by observers of varying qualification. However, the reliability of such subjective assessments has yet to be investigated via appropriate statistical techniques. Therefore, the aims of the current study were to investigate: (1) the intra-obse...

Abstract This study investigated the relationship between the physical abilities of adolescent rugby league players and tackling and ball-carrying skills performed during matches, across three seasons (under-15 to under-17). The players were measured each season for acceleration (10-30 m), peak and mean speed (10-30 m), sprinting force (10-30 m), a...

Abstract Exercise-induced muscle damage (EIMD), described as the acute weakness of the musculature after unaccustomed eccentric exercise, increases oxidative metabolism at rest and during endurance exercise. However, it is not known whether oxygen uptake during recovery from endurance exercise is increased when experiencing symptoms of EIMD. Theref...

Research on submaximal endurance exercise after exercise-induced muscle damage (EIMD) has produced equivocal findings. One possible explanation for this is that the responses are likely to be sensitive to the mode of endurance exercise adopted. Therefore, this study examined the influence of exercise mode (cycling vs. running) after EIMD. Twenty-fo...

Abstract Acute carbohydrate-protein ingestion has been shown to improve steady-state endurance performance. This study compared the effects of carbohydrate and carbohydrate-protein ingestion on self-regulated simulated multiple-sprint sport performance. Nine participants completed two trials of a modified Loughborough Intermittent Shuttle Test invo...

Abstract The aim of this study was to devise a valid performance analysis system for the assessment of the movement characteristics associated with competitive amateur boxing and assess its reliability using analysts of varying experience of the sport and performance analysis. Key performance indicators to characterise the demands of an amateur con...

Abstract The purpose of this investigation was to quantify the movement characteristics of elite rugby union players during competitive play and identify whether position-related differences exist. Ninety-eight elite players from eight English Premiership Clubs were tracked using global positioning systems (GPS) during 44 competitive matches throug...

Abstract The aim of this study was to assess the external validity and reliability of a novel rugby league match simulation protocol. With ethical approval, 16 males (age 22.4 ± 7.1 years, estimated [Formula: see text]52.1 ± 4.5 ml · kg(-1) · min(-1)) performed the rugby league match simulation protocol on two occasions 10 to 14 days apart. During...

It is well established that exercise-induced muscle damage (EIMD) has a detrimental effect on endurance exercise performed in the days that follow. However, it is unknown whether such effects remain after a repeated bout of EIMD. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to examine the effects of repeated bouts of muscle-damaging exercise on sub-max...

This study examined the interday and intraday reliabilities and validities of various sprint performance variables on a nonmotorized treadmill (NMT) over distances of 10, 20, and 30 m. After habituation, 12 male team-sport players performed 3 sprints on the NMT on 2 separate days and an assessment of overground running performance, separated by 24...

The measurement of over-ground human locomotion using global positioning systems (GPS) has many potential research applications, one of which is the assessment of linear sprint performance. Although recent studies have reported 5 Hz systems to underestimate speed determined by infra-red timing gates, which are commonly used to assess linear speed o...

There has been no previous investigation of the concurrent validity and reliability of the current 5 Hz global positioning system (GPS) to assess sprinting speed or the reliability of integrated GPS-accelerometer technology. In the present study, we wished to determine: (1) the concurrent validity and reliability of a GPS and timing gates to measur...

The aim of this study was to quantify the changes in locomotive rates across the duration of senior elite rugby league matches. A semi-automated image recognition system (ProZone 3, ProZone®, Leeds, England) was used to track the movements of 59 players from six teams during three competitive matches. The players were classified into one of four po...

The purpose of this study was to determine for the first time whether VO2max could be predicted accurately and reliably from a treadmill-based perceptually regulated exercise test (PRET) incorporating a safer and more practical upper limit of RPE 15 ("Hard") than used in previous investigations. Eighteen volunteers (21.7 +/- 2.8 years) completed th...

Recent research has yielded encouraging, yet inconsistent findings concerning the validity and reliability of predicting maximal oxygen uptake (V. O2max) from a graded perceptually regulated exercise test (PRET). Accordingly, the purpose of the present study was to revisit the validity and reliability of this application of ratings of perceived exe...

This study investigated the influences of player number and playing area size on the heart rate (HR) responses elicited by junior male rugby league players during small-sided games (SSGs). Twenty-two players from a professional club (n = 22, mean age: 14.5 +/- 1.5 years; stature: 172.5 +/- 11.4 cm; body mass: 67.8 +/- 15.1 kg; Vo2peak: 53.3 +/- 5.6...

Objective: To evaluate the physiologic responses and energy expenditure of active video gaming using Kinect for the Xbox 360. Design: Comparison study. Setting: Kirkby Sports College Centre for Learning, Liv-erpool, England. Participants: Eighteen schoolchildren (10 boys and 8 girls) aged 11 to 15 years. Main Exposure: A comparison of a traditional...

The aim of this study was to examine the movement demands of senior elite rugby league with consideration of the impact of player position and match phase. A semi-automated match analysis image recognition system (ProZone 3, ProZone®, Leeds, England) was used to track 78 players during three senior elite matches. Players were categorised as outside...

Full-text of this article is not available in this e-prints service. This article was originally published following peer-review in International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport, published by and copyright UWIC Press. Rule changes in sport are an inherent part of the changing environment for players, coaches and spectators. However, the im...

This resource is the leading reference work designed to support and challenge those involved in developmental exercise science and medicine. This paediatric sub-specialty has become firmly established as a major component of sport and exercise medicine, which is reflected by a marked increase in research activity and publication. Experimental metho...

Full-text of this article is not available in this e-prints service. This article was originally published following peer-review in International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport, published by and copyright UWIC Press. In Rugby League football several rule changes have been implemented over the past two decades, yet the impact of these rule...

This paper examines the levels and forms of participation in extracurricular physical education (PE) of a cohort of 1010 15—16 year olds attending seven state schools in north-west England and north-east Wales. The data reveal that extracurricular PE provision in all schools retained a particular focus on competitive team sports alongside a number...

Most studies that have set out to quantify the test–retest reliability of the multi-stage shuttle run test (MSSRT) have typically used inappropriate statistics (correlation coefficients) and/or one of two possible calculation methods for deriving predictions of maximal oxygen uptake \( (\ifmmode\expandafter\dot\else\expandafter\.\fi{V}{\text{O}}_{{...

Drawing on data from a broader study which investigated the place of spor t and physical activity in the lives of 15—16 year olds in England and Wales, this paper examines a relatively neglected dimension of research in physical education, namely, young people's par ticipation in spor t and physical activity through National Curriculum Physical Edu...

The present study observed the effects of a 6-day high carbohydrate (H-CHO) diet on salivary cortisol and IgA during a period of increased exercise workload. Thirty-two competitively trained male triathletes were randomly allocated into a self-selected (SS), or an H-CHO (12 g CHO kgbm (-1) . day (-1)) dietary group. In addition to their training re...

Full-text of this article is not available in this e-prints service. This article was originally published following peer-review in International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport, published by and copyright UWIC Press. The aims of this study were to examine the consequences of the introduction of professional playing status in 1995 on game...

The purpose of this study was to assess the validity of predicting maximal oxygen uptake(VO(2max)) from sub-maximal VO(2) values elicited during a perceptually-regulated exercise test. We hypothesised that the strong relationship between the ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) and VO(2) would enable VO(2max) to be predicted and that this would impr...

The purpose of this study was to assess the reproducibility over four trials of perceptually regulated exercise intensity during short-term cycle ergometry. Recent research has suggested that an improvement in the reproducibility (better agreement) of the exercise output would be observed with a repeated practice using regulatory tools such as Borg...

In this study, we examined whether a preparatory perceptual 'anchoring' technique would enhance the reproducibility (test-retest reliability) of adolescent children in their ability to self-regulate their exercise output on the basis of their effort perceptions. Forty-one adolescents aged 12.6 +/- 0.7 years (mean +/- s), randomly assigned to either...

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of a light, high-repetition resistance-training program on skinfold thicknesses and muscular strength in women. Thirty-nine active women (mean age 38.64 +/- 4.97 years) were randomly placed into a resistance-training group (RT; n = 20) or a control group (CG; n = 19). The RT group performed a...

This is the author's PDF version of an article published in European Physical Education Review ©2002. The definitive version is available at http://epe.sagepub.com. Recent developments in the study of paediatric effort perception have continued to emphasise the importance of child-specific rating scales. The purpose of this study was to examine the...

Research into the physiology of exercise and kinanthropometry is intended to improve our understanding of how the body responds and adapts to exercise. If such studies are to be meaningful, they have to be well designed and analysed. Advances in personal computing have made available statistical analyses that were previously the preserve of elabora...

The purpose of this study was to assess whether young children could reliability regulate exercise intensity production after several practice trials, without reference to objective feedback measures. The study used a new 10-point scale (Cart and Load Effort Rating [CALER] Scale), which depicts a child on a bicycle, at various stages of exertion, t...

Since the early 1980s, the health benefits of exercise have become an increasingly regular and significant inclusion in physical education (PE). The incorporation of health as a permeating theme in the revised National Curriculum Physical Education (NCPE) of 1995 and the proposals to integrate health‐related exercise (HRE) requirements into all pro...

To assess the test-retest reliability (repeatability) of Borg's 6-20 rating of perceived exertion (RPE) scale using a more appropriate statistical technique than has been employed in previous investigations. The RPE scale is used widely in exercise science and sports medicine to monitor and/or prescribe levels of exercise intensity. The "95% limits...

This is the author's PDF version of an article published in European Physical Education Review ©1998. The definitive version is available at http://epe.sagepub.com. This paper highlights an important statistical development for exercise and physical education research. Traditionally, the Pearson and intraclass correlation coefficients have been lib...

This study examined the inter‐relationships between self‐perceived and actual indicators of fitness among a sample of 60 adolescent school‐boys (mean age 15.4 years, SD = 0.6). Self‐perceived fitness (SPF) was assessed using a five‐component questionnaire in which subjects indicated on a 13‐point rating scale their perceived endurance, flexibility,...

Studies addressing children's perceptions of exercise effort have appeared steadily in the scientific literature over the last 20 years, though they have been relatively sparse in number. With little or no regard for their suitability, researchers initially applied to children the methods and applications of the rating of perceived exertion (RPE) n...

This study examined the validity and reliability of the Rating of Perceived Exertion (RPE) scale and the Children's Effort Rating Table (CERT) as methods of regulating exercise intensity during discontinuous cycle ergometry. Sixty-four school children (ages 9-10) were randomly assigned to one of two groups, RPE or CERT, and received two trials 7 da...

The purpose of this study was to examine the validity of the use of ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) to estimate and regulate exercise intensity during rowing ergometry. Nine competitive male rowers [mean age 28.6 years, (SD 6.3)] completed two rowing trials on an ergometer. The first trial (estimation) consisted of an incremental protocol desig...

This study assessed and compared the validity of children’s effort ratings using the established Borg 6–20 Rating of Perceived Exertion (RPE) scale and a recently devised Children’s Effort Rating Table (CERT) during continuous cycle ergometry. Seventy school children were randomly assigned to one of two groups: Group 1 (RPE) and Group 2 (CERT). Bot...

The purpose of this study was to examine the validity of a recently developed rating scale of perceived exertion, the Children's Effort Rating Table (CERT), for controlling exercise intensity in young children. 16 children (M age = 9.9 yr., SD = 1.2) performed three separate exercise tests on a mechanically braked cycle ergometer. Stage I (response...