Kevin Cao

• MBBS, MSc, MRCS
• PhD Student at UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health

Studies of the structural and molecular features of the lymphatic vasculature, which clears fluid, macromolecules and leukocytes from the tissue microenvironment, have largely relied on animal models, with limited information in human organs beyond traditional immunohistochemical assessment. Here, we use three-dimensional imaging and single-cell RN...

Simple Summary Disorders of bladder function can result from congenital spinal cord developmental defects and can remain in a significant number of patients despite surgical improvements to repair the primary defect. We studied the ability of bladder wall muscle from such patients to contract, a function essential to void collected urine and avoid...

Neurogenic lower urinary tract (NLUT) dysfunction in paediatric patients can arise after congenital or acquired conditions that affect bladder innervation. With some patients, urinary tract dysfunction remains and is more difficult to treat without understanding the pathophysiology. We measured in vitro detrusor smooth muscle function of samples fr...

Introduction In recent years digital pathology is evolving into the standard of care for the histology laboratory workflow; allowing remote reporting of cases, improved record keeping, and accountability in reporting (1). Digital pathology allows us to bring quantitative and advanced analysis to the histopathology field.Machine learning has been im...

Introduction Posterior urethral valves (PUV) is the most common cause of congenital bladder outflow obstruction with persistent lower urinary tract and renal morbidities. There is a spectrum of functional bladder disorders ranging from hypertonia to bladder underactivity, but the aetiology of these clinical conditions remains unclear. Aims and obj...

Congenital lower urinary tract disorders are a family of diseases affecting both urinary storage and voiding as well as upstream kidney function. Current treatments include surgical reconstruction but many children still fail to achieve urethral continence or progress to chronic kidney disease. New therapies can only be achieved through undertaking...

Equine penile squamous cell carcinoma (EpSCC) is a relatively common cutaneous neoplasm with a poor prognosis. In this study, we aimed to determine the protein expression and colocalisation of FRA1, c-Myc, Cyclin D1, and MMP7 in normal (NT), tumour (T), hyperplastic epidermis and/or squamous papilloma (Hyp/Pap), poorly-differentiated (PDSCC), or we...

Objective The aim of this study is to determine the incidence of congenital abnormalities of the kidneys and urinary tract (CAKUT) detected for the first time in an unselected population undergoing a routine third trimester scan between 30-34 week’s gestation. Methods This was a retrospective analysis of 8,562 routine third trimester ultrasound sc...

Ultrasound scanning is a cornerstone of modern antenatal care, enabling the detection of fetal abnormalities such as congenital disease, chromosomal defects and growth-disorders as well as maternal diseases such as pre-eclampsia. As technology and techniques evolve, care paradigms and clinical guidance must be re-evaluated with current literature s...

Introduction: Bladder exstrophy is a congenital anomaly involving foetal exposure and protrusion of the open bladder through an incomplete lower abdominal wall. Techniques to surgically correct exstrophy after birth have greatly improved, but it still presents a major challenge to achieve continence and a good quality of life for patients and thei...

This is based on the 2018 Storz Urology Lecture at the BAPS Conference and is a personal review of three reconstructive paediatric urological conditions: hypospadias, congenital adrenal hyperplasia, and bladder exstrophy from the perspective of changing expectations and outcomes. Level of evidence V (Expert Opinion)

Ureteric herniation into the inguinal canal is a rare condition in adults and even more so in the paediatric population. These hernia types can be categorised as paraperitoneal or extraperitoneal. The former are the only varieties encountered in the paediatric literature, where patients are generally infants, while the latter phenomenon is seen in...

Prostate cancer is the third highest cause of male mortality in the developed world, with the burden of the disease increasing dramatically with demographic change. There are significant limitations to the current diagnostic regimens and no established effective screening modality. To this end, research has discovered hundreds of potential ‘biomark...

WHAT'S ALREADY KNOWN ABOUT THIS TOPIC? Fetal surgery is entering mainstream clinical care as a specialty that introduces an exciting range of new treatments for mothers and their unborn babies. The conflict between maternal autonomy and interests in fetal health is relatively well‐known. How does fetal surgery affect this issue? WHAT DOES THIS STUD...

Calcifying fibrous tumors (CFTs) are benign soft tissue masses that can occur at many sites. This case report outlines the diagnostic workup for this rare, fast-growing, solitary mass in an otherwise healthy 8year old patient. We also describe the radiographic and pathological characteristics unique to this lesion.