Kenneth F. Drinkwater

Institute of Marine Research in Norway | IMR · Research Group of Oceanography

Climate change impacts are pronounced at high latitudes, where warming, reduced sea-ice-cover, and ocean acidification affect marine ecosystems. We review climate change impacts on two major gateways into the Arctic: the Bering and Chukchi seas in the Pacific and the Barents Sea and Fram Strait in the Atlantic. We present scenarios of how changes i...

We review recent trends and projected future physical and chemical changes under climate change in transition zones between Arctic and Subarctic regions with a focus on the two major inflow gateways to the Arctic, one in the Pacific (i.e. Bering Sea, Bering Strait, and the Chukchi Sea) and the other in the Atlantic (i.e. Fram Strait and the Barents...

During a return trip in May–June 2013 from Bergen, Norway, to Nuuk, Greenland, on the Institute of Marine Research's R/V “G. O. Sars”, four ocean basins, the Norwegian, Iceland, Irminger and Labrador seas, were surveyed twice. Here we analyse the phytoplankton communities and their dynamics in the four basins, winter nutrient content, potential for...

The epi- and mesopelagic ecosystems of four sub-polar ocean basins, the Labrador, Irminger, Iceland and Norwegian seas, were surveyed during two legs from Bergen, Norway, to Nuuk, Greenland, and back to Bergen. The survey was conducted from 1 May to 14 June, and major results were published in five papers (Drinkwater et al., Naustvoll et al., Stran...

In May–June 2013, the RV G.O. Sars surveyed the Norwegian, Iceland, Irminger, and Labrador seas in the North Atlantic to explore distributions of plankton and pelagic/mesopelagic fish as part of the Euro-BASIN (Basin-scale Analysis, Synthesis, and INtegration) Project. From temperature and salinity measurements collected along the ship's track, we...

Using end-to-end models for ecosystem-based management requires knowledge of the structure, uncertainty and sensitivity of the model. The Norwegian and Barents Seas (NoBa) Atlantis model was implemented for use in ‘what if’ scenarios, combining fisheries management strategies with the influences of climate change and climate variability. Before bei...

The NCEP reanalysis data of surface heat fluxes and other related data are used to study their relationship with the Arctic Oscillation (AO). Positive and negative high correlation regions (HCR) between heat fluxes and the AO within the northern North Atlantic are identified. The main factor influencing heat fluxes is the atmospheric circulation ov...

The FcγRs are immune cell surface proteins that bind IgG and facilitate cytokine production, phagocytosis, and Ab-dependent, cell-mediated cytotoxicity. FcγRs play a critical role in immunity; variation in these genes is implicated in autoimmunity and other diseases. Cynomolgus macaques are an excellent animal model for many human diseases, and Mau...

An international Open Science Meeting entitled Moving in, out, and across the Subarctic and Arctic marine ecosystems: shifting boundaries of water, ice, flora, fauna, people, and institutions, took place 11–15 June 2017 in Tromsø, Norway. Organized by the Ecosystem Studies of Subarctic and Arctic Seas programme and cosponsored by the International...

Following rapid cooling in the 1960s, much of the North Atlantic Ocean was characterized by a cold period during the 1970s and 1980s. This cold period was part of the multidecadal variability in sea surface temperatures known as the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation or AMO, which has a period of 60–80 years. During this cold period, below average a...

https://meetings.pices.int/publications/presentations/2018-Climate-Change/S05-1420-Drinkwater_R.pdf

Climate impacts in Northeast Atlantic sub-arctic and Arctic.

The focus of this study is on the relative roles of winds and buoyancy in driving the Nova Scotia Current (NSC) utilizing detailed hydrographic glider transects along the Halifax Line. We define a Hydrographic Wind Index (HWI) using a simplistic two‐layer model to represent the NSC and its frontal system. The HWI is based on local characteristics o...

The determinants of the structure, functioning and resilience of pelagic ecosystems across most of the polar regions are not well known. Improved understanding is essential for assessing the value of biodiversity and predicting the effects of change (including in biodiversity) on these ecosystems and the services they maintain. Here we focus on the...

We compare and contrast the ecological impacts of atmospheric and oceanic circulation patterns on polar and sub-polar marine ecosystems. Circulation patterns differ strikingly between the north and south. Meridional circulation in the north provides connections between the sub-Arctic and Arctic despite the presence of encircling continental landmas...

Abstract The North Atlantic Ocean contains diverse patterns of seasonal phytoplankton blooms with distinct internal dynamics. We analyzed blooms using remotely-sensed chlorophyll a concentration data and change point statistics. The first bloom of the year began during spring at low latitudes and later in summer at higher latitudes. In regions wher...

The North Atlantic with its spring-bloom ecosystem has its particular responses to climate change, many of them different from the other parts of the world’s oceans. The system is strongly influenced by anthropogenic climate change as well as to strong decadal to multidecadal natural climate variability. In particular, the northernmost part of the...

End-to-end models are important tools when moving towards an ecosystem based approach to fisheries management. Atlantis is one such end-to-end model. Atlantis has been developed for several areas, including Australia, U.S., and European waters, and models for other areas are under development, The models give unique opportunities to explore spatial...

End-to-end models are important tools when moving towards an ecosystem based approach to fisheries management. Atlantis is one such end-to-end model. Atlantis has been developed for several areas, including Australia, U.S., and European waters, and models for other areas are under development, The models give unique opportunities to explore spatial...

Supplementary Table S1 and Figure S1 with associated explanatory material and references.

Supplementary Table S1 and Figure S1 with associated explanatory material and references.

The Integrated Marine Biogeochemistry and Ecosystem Research (IMBER) project aims at developing a comprehensive understanding of and accurate predictive capacity of ocean responses to accelerating global change and the consequent effects on the Earth system and human society. Understanding the changing ecology and biogeochemistry of marine ecosyste...

The central Arctic Ocean is not isolated, but tightly connected to the northern Pacific and Atlantic Oceans. Advection of nutrient-, detritus- and plankton-rich waters into the Arctic Ocean forms lengthy contiguous domains that connect subarctic with the arctic biota, supporting both primary production and higher trophic level consumers. In turn, t...

Arctic and Antarcticmarine systems have incommon high latitudes, large seasonal changes in light levels, cold air and sea temperatures, and sea ice. In other ways, however, they are strikingly different, including their: age, extent, geological structure, ice stability, and foodweb structure. Both regions contain very rapidly warming areas and clim...

http://norden.diva-portal.org/smash/record.jsf?pid=diva2:737875

SIJMMARY The Marine Ecology Laboratory conducted a series of plankton surveys and experiments from April to December over a number of years in St. Georges Bay, a semi-enclosed embayment bordering on the southem Gulf of St. Lawrence in north eastern Nova Scotia. The physical properties of the Bay were measured and a circulation model developed in su...

Large discharge of freshwater in a coastal environment generates strong coastal currents that can affect both the biology and the physics of continental shelves over thousands of kilometers. Ongoing efforts have been characterizing coastal currents by investigating their driving mechanisms (wind-driven versus buoyancy-driven motion). Using an impro...

Understanding the biophysical mechanisms that shape variability in fisheries recruitment is critical for estimating the effects of climate change on fisheries. In this study, we used an Earth System Model (ESM) and a mechanistic individual-based model (IBM) for larval fish to analyze how climate change may impact the growth and survival of larval c...

Arctic and Antarctic marine systems have in common high latitudes, large seasonal changes in light levels, cold air/sea temperatures, and sea ice. In other ways they are strikingly different, including: geological structure; ice stability; and food webs. Both regions contain rapidly warming areas; reported climate impacts and future projections are...

Hollowed, A. B., Barange, M., Beamish, R., Brander, K., Cochrane, K., Drinkwater, K., Foreman, M., Hare, J., Holt, J., Ito, S-I., Kim, S., King, J., Loeng, H., MacKenzie, B., Mueter, F., Okey, T., Peck, M. A., Radchenko, V., Rice, J., Schirripa, M., Yatsu, A., and Yamanaka, Y. 2013. Projected impacts of climate change on marine fish and fisheries....

Effects of variation in spawning stock and sea temperature on long-term temporal patterns in recruitment dynamics of 38 commercially harvested fish stocks in the northern North Atlantic were studied. Different statistical models were explored within a Ricker stock-recruitment framework. This includes, in order of complexity, adding a linear tempera...

To anticipate the response of fish populations to climate change, we developed a framework that inte-grates requirements in all life stages to assess impacts across the entire life cycle. The framework was applied on plaice (Pleuronectes platessa) and Atlantic herring (Clupea harengus) in the North Sea, Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) in the Norwegian/...

This paper compares and contrasts the ecosystems of the Barents and Chukchi Seas. Despite their similarity in a number of features, the Barents Sea supports a vast biomass of commercially important fish, but the Chukchi does not. Here we examine a number of aspects of these two seas to ascertain how they are similar and how they differ. We then ind...

Drinkwater, K. F., Hunt, G. L. Jr, Astthorsson, O. S., and Head, E. J. H. 2012. Comparative studies of climate effects on polar and subpolar ocean ecosystems, progress in observation and prediction: an introduction. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 69: . Background to and content of this part-product of the second ESSAS (Ecosystem Studies of Sub-A...

There is growing interest in linking marine biogeochemistry with marine ecosystems research in response to the increasing need to understand and predict the effect of global change on the marine ecosystem. Such a holistic approach combines oceanographic and biogeochemical processes and information on organisms, ranging from microbes to higher-troph...

Understanding the drivers of the productivity of marine ecosystems continues to be a globally important issue. A vast body of literature identifies 3 main processes that regulate the production dynamics of fisheries: biophysical, exploitative, and trophodynamic. Here, we synthesize results from international workshops in which surplus production mo...

The MEPS Theme Section on 'Comparative Analysis of Marine Fisheries Production' is dedicated to Dr. Bernard Megrey. Dr. Megrey was well known for comparative studies of ecosystems, but his contributions to science were far broader. His pioneering of comparative marine ecosystem studies began long before they achieved a high profile in the field. He...

Wiebe, P. H., Rudels, B., Cadrin, S. X., Drinkwater, K. F., and Lavin, A. 2012. Introduction to Variability of the North Atlantic and its marine ecosystems, 2000–2009, the proceedings of an ICES/NAFO symposium held in Santander, Spain, 10–12 May 2011. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 69: 697–702. An international symposium on decadal changes in th...

The shift in marine resource management from a compartmentalized approach of dealing with resources on a species basis to an approach based on management of spatially defined ecosystems requires an accurate accounting of energy flow. The flow of energy from primary production through the food web will ultimately limit upper trophic-level fishery yi...

Understanding how climate change may impact important commercial fisheries is critical for developing sustainable fisheries management strategies. In this study, we used simulations from an Earth System Model (NOAA GFDL ESM2.1) coupled with an individual-based model (IBM) for larval fish to provide a first assessment of the potential importance of...

The focus of this study is on the fluxes and forcing of the Norwegian Coastal Current (NCC) at the entrance to the Barents Sea. The structure and dynamics of the NCC, which consists of a slope branch and an offshore branch, are investigated using (1) a recent 1 year full depth current meter record in the core of the slope region; (2) repeated hydro...

The Norwegian Component of the Ecosystem Studies of Sub-Arctic Seas (NESSAS) was funded by the Research Council of Norway from 2005 to 2008. Its aim was to quantify the impact of climate variability on the structure and function of the marine ecosystem of the Barents Sea and adjacent waters in order to predict the ecosystem responses to possible fu...

Correlations between annual catch of coastal commercial species of fish and the environmental factors of sea temperatures and St. Lawrence River discharge have led to an investigation of the relationship between the latter. Examining year-to-year variability of monthly means, effects of the St. Lawrence River discharge can be traced by correlation...

In an investigation of catches of 17 commercial marine species of fish and shellfish from the Gulf of Maine, 10 showed statistically significant correlations with sea temperatures at St. Andrews, N.B., or Boothbay Harbour, Maine. Most fish records contained at least 40 yr of data. Descriptive equations are produced for four species based first on t...

The circulation of St. Georges Bay, Nova Scotia, under stratified conditions is presented. The mean surface circulation is characterized by a clockwise eddy with velocities of about 10 cm∙s−1. Bottom (30 m) flow at the mouth is found to be < 2 cm∙s−1 out of the bay. Depth-averaged currents still exhibit the clockwise eddy. Although energy is found...

An external alongshore current setting to the east and across the mouth is proposed as the driving mechanism for the measured clockwise circulation in St. Georges Bay, Nova Scotia. A barotropic numerical model of an open bay forced by an alongshore current was able to produce a clockwise gyre in the bay. The model current velocities were in good ag...