Kendall A. King

• University of Minnesota

This paper analyzes how multi-level marketing companies (MLMs), via direct selling through electronic commerce (e-commerce) and social media, enact and evade federal language policy to maximize profits. Here we describe the federal language policies that govern this type of e-commerce, and in particular, the language policies of the Federal Trade C...

State‐issued seals and certificates of biliteracy are increasingly common nationwide. Nevertheless, limited research to date has examined how this state legislation functions as language in education policy and the ideological foundations of these policies. Addressing this gap, the present paper examines state seals as an instance of neoliberal lan...

This paper examines how English as a foreign language (EFL) teachers in Iran manage the identity conflicts that arise within their language teaching contexts. The position of English in Iran is manifestly, ideologically, and politically shaped, yet little is known about the process of EFL teacher identity construction and management in this context...

Minnesota has a decades-long history of welcoming and resettling refugees, but there exists a longstanding gap in programming for minority language students and an absence of instruction to develop and build upon students’ native languages. To address these educational inequities, the 2014 Learning English for Academic Proficiency and Success (LEAP...

This paper examines recent political debates surrounding data disaggregation in education policy in one US state, and analyses the discourses taken up by supporters and opponents of these policies. Analysis suggests how discourses move across time and space, and focuses on how these discourses are contextualized and entextualized in social media, i...

Emerging as an important field in the 21st century, family language policy brings forth core challenges of language ideologies, practices, maintenance, shifts, losses and transmission at the micro-level unit of the society. This special, first-ever bilingual French-English volume illustrates a range of issues exploring immigrant and transnational f...

This entry provides an overview of heritage language (HL) theory and research as they connect with language policy. The first of four sections synthesizes and problematizes definitions of HLs in use in US and European contexts. Next, HL learner typologies are defined, including critical evaluation of current proficiency‐based HL learner identificat...

This volume challenges traditional approaches to foreign language education and proposes to redefine them in our age of international migration and globalization. Foreign language classrooms are no longer populated by monolingual students, but increasingly by multilingual students with highly diverse language backgrounds. This necessitates a new un...

This contribution outlines the current research on many of the positive benefits of cross-border education as well as some of what we know about student experiences. The authors also highlight some of the limitations of the study-abroad research to date (too White, too American, too European), and suggest that it is time to consider different sorts...

While social media is widely used by youth around the world, research is only beginning to document how transnational students employ these technologies. This study investigated how English-learning adolescents in the United States use social media to engage in social, academic, and identity work. Data were collected during a four-day social media...

This article examines everyday classroom peer interaction among emergent multilingual high school students who are new to the United States, new to school, new to English, and new to alphabetic print literacy. Data were collected through observation and video recording within a daily 90-minute, English language and literacy block class over the cou...

Research indicates that immigrant and refugee students benefit from use of their native languages in education. Nevertheless, what this means in practice has infrequently been examined by researchers, and teachers often struggle to find ways to use their refugee students’ native languages as resources that encourage the development of the native la...

Ideology, identity and agency are central concerns in the current study of multilingualism and transnational families as greater analytical attention is given to how multilingual families imagine and collectively construct themselves. This introduction reviews recent shifts in the study of multilingual families and discusses the four articles that...

This chapter focuses on language socialization and the ways in which language development and culture are tied in bilingual and multilingual family contexts. A brief overview of language socialization theory and methods is presented. We then examine major contributions to language socialization in contexts of migration, colonization, globalization,...

Family language policy is generally defined as explicit and overt planning in relation to language use within the home and among family members. Family language policy provides a frame for examining child-caretaker interactions, parental language ideologies (including broader societal attitudes and ideologies about language(s) and parenting), and u...

This chapter focuses on language socialization and the ways in which language development and culture are tied in bilingual and multilingual family contexts. A brief overview of language socialization theory and methods is presented. We then examine major contributions to language socialization in contexts of migration, colonization, globalization,...

U.S. public schools are required to establish policies ensuring that English language learners have equal access to “meaningful education.” This demands that districts put into place mechanisms to determine student eligibility for specialized English language services. For the most states, this federal requirement is fulfilled through the local adm...

This volume represents the first collection of empirical studies focusing on peer interaction for L2 learning. These studies aim to unveil the impact of mediating variables such as task type, mode of interaction, and social relationships on learners' interactional behaviors and language development in this unique and pedagogically powerful learning...

This volume represents the first collection of empirical studies focusing on peer interaction for L2 learning. These studies aim to unveil the impact of mediating variables such as task type, mode of interaction, and social relationships on learners’ interactional behaviors and language development in this unique and pedagogically powerful learning...

The field of second language studies is using increasingly sophisticated methodological approaches to address a growing number of urgent, real-world problems. These methodological developments bring both new challenges and opportunities. This article briefly reviews recent ontological and methodological debates in the field, then builds on these in...

The study of what has come to be known as family language policy has evolved and expanded significantly over the last hundred years, from its early beginnings in the diary studies of Ronjat and Leopold, to the interdisciplinary and transnational research found in this thematic issue of the Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development on ‘M...

Family language policy is generally defined as explicit and overt planning in relation to language use within the home and among family members. Family language policy provides a frame for examining child-caretaker interactions, parental language ideologies (including broader societal attitudes and ideologies about language(s) and parenting), and u...

This article examines some of the ways in which the politics of a written script are enacted among Somali refugees and immigrants in present-day schools and classrooms. Analysis focuses on data gathered with Somali youths in one all-immigrant high school classroom in the US. Data are examined to illustrate how global processes, some of which have d...

Although Indigenous language loss and revitalization are not new topics of academic work nor new areas of community activism (e.g., King, 2001; Grenoble & Whaley, 2006), increased attention has been paid in recent years to the ways that new technology can support efforts to teach and renew endangered languages such as Ojibwe. However, much of the w...

This longitudinal case study investigated how linguistic identity was constructed, constrained, and performed by three sisters, aged 1, 12, and 17, within one bilingual, transnational Ecuadorian–U.S. family. Data were collected over 14 months through weekly home visits that included participant observation, informal interviews, and family-generated...

The term heritage language (HL) was first used in the Canadian context to refer to any “language other than English and French,” and intended to reference the languages spoken by indigenous (First Nation) people or by immigrants (Cummins, 1991, pp. 601–2). Clyne (1991) modified the definition for the Australian context to include any language other...

Undocumented migration is a major demographic trend, yet both under researched and under-theorized. This is particularly the case for undocumented students in the U.S., as most studies that target this population have spotlighted extraordinary adolescents (e.g., Gonzales, 2008). Much less is known about the everyday unextraordinary experiences of u...

This chapter discusses questions regarding linguistic and cultural changes as the effect of migration among Indigenous people in Ecuador. We explore how transmigration and the formation of transnational communities affect those who do not leave.

This article investigates how Latin American women who migrate to the US frame their language experiences through narratives told in sociolinguistic interviews. As narratives reflect and shape social realities and relationships, narrative analysis can illuminate how individuals position themselves relative to language obstacles and ideologies, thus...

This article examines how Spanish-speaking Latina (im)migrants position themselves relative to US language policies. Drawing from interviews with 15 Latin American women in the USA, we illustrate how understandings of language policy are constructed through individuals' reports of everyday experiences and framed within the constraints of contempora...

Multilingual Classroom Ecologies: Inter-relationships, Interactions and Ideologies. Angela Creese and Peter Martin. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters, 2003. Pp. 142. ISBN 1-85359-695-7 (hbk): $44.95

This article describes the newly emerging field of family language policy, defined as explicit and overt planning in relation to language use within the home among family members, and provides an integrated overview of research on how languages are managed, learned, and negotiated within families. A comprehensive framework for understanding family...

Terms and (Re)DefinitionsInternational Policy and Research Supporting Indigenous and Vernacular LiteraciesWhy Monolingualism and Monoliteracy?Moving Beyond Monoliteracy?

RAISING BILINGUAL-BILITERATE CHILDREN IN MONOLINGUAL CULTURES.Stephen J. Caldas. Clevedon, UK: Multilingual Matters, 2006. Pp. xvi + 231. $39.95 paper. Caldas's work tells the story of his three children's language development over the course of 19 years. Caldas is a native English speaker from Louisiana and a fluent but nonnative speaker of French...

Key Words: diminutive, evaluative morphology, emotion, narrative, evaluation, Spanish, Andes, maternal speech ABSTRACT This chapter investigates how emotional words and diminutives function as evaluative resources within mother–child narrative conversations. Participants included 32 Indigenous Spanish-speaking mother–child pairs from the southern E...

This paper summarizes data from two case studies of how two families enact language policies with the goal of cultivating early and additive bilingualism. The focus is on primary caretakers' everyday speech and their interactional strategies. Our aim is to provide insight and additional descriptive data concerning how family language policies are e...

This paper investigates how parents explain, frame and defend their particular family language policies. We focus here on 24 families who are attempting to achieve additive Spanish-English bilingualism for their children, an aim which in many cases requires parents to use and to teach a language that is not their first language, nor the primary lan...

This article examines ideologies surrounding Quechua's use as a lingua franca and contrasts these ideologies with the historical and ethnographic record across pre-Colombian, colonial, and postcolonial times. Drawing from classic and recent research on Quechua sociolinguistics and comparatively on current work in the study of World Englishes and En...

AN INTEGRATED VIEW OF LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENT: PAPERS IN HONOR OF HENNING WODE. Petra Burmeister, Thorsten Piske, and Andreas Rohde (Eds.). Trier, Germany: Wissenschaftlicher Verlag, 2002. Pp. xxv + 552. 40.00 € paper. Wode's lifetime of scholarship can be divided loosely into three general research areas, each of which comprises one section of this e...

This article examines patterns of national, cultural, and linguistic identification among Chilean-Swedish transmigrant adolescents in and around Stockholm, Sweden. Drawing from ethnographic interviews and observations, analysis focuses on adolescents' (a) views on ethnic and national identity; (b) general perceptions of Chileans and Swedes; and (c)...

This paper contributes to recent work examining the role of identity, and in particular the uses of language for self-presentation and the expression of individual identity, through the analysis of two sociolinguistic interviews from a community of German origin in southern Brazil. Drawing from a quantitative study of variation in the southern stat...

Over the last three decades, research on family and community literacy practices has moved from the periphery to center stage in a quest to understand which policies best support the acquisition and development of literacy skills among diverse populations. Indeed, some of the most important theoretical insights concerning the nature and acquisition...

This paper discusses bilingual education model types in South America with a special focus on the Andean region, and examines the recent language planning decisions by one Ecuadorian indigenous group to formally instruct Quichua as a second language in community schools. Specifically I argue that this type of localised planning – which promotes an...

This paper explores how Spanish-speaking Peruvian mothers and their children use diminutives in everyday conversations, seeking to characterize the discourse forms and functions of diminutive imitation and to explore potential differences across speaker groups. More generally, we investigate how and why the use of diminutives may play an important...

The present study examined gender and age patterns of diminutive use in conversations between 32 Spanish-speaking Peruvian mothers and their three- and five-year-old children. Results confirm previous findings concerning both parents' greater use of diminutives with younger children and children's early acquisition of this complex aspect of morphol...

This paper investigates how and to what degree English is used in specific elite domains in Sweden through analysis of (1) language requirements to participate in undergraduate and graduate programs at competitive institutions; and (2) language qualifications and language use patterns in elite professions. We find that English is used pervasively,...

This monograph presents up-to-date information concerning language planning and policy in Ecuador, highlighting the country's cultural and linguistic diversity, historical context, current sociolinguistic situation and possible directions for the future. Taking into account Ecuador's particular sociopolitical conditions, it aims to provide a compre...

This excellent collection of twelve papers is sure to be of keen interest to Andean scholars from a range of disciplines. Howard-Malverde has succeeded at two difficult tasks: compiling a substantial number of academically outstanding papers and, perhaps a greater challenge for an editor, creating a volume which reads as a coherent whole. The...

This paper explores the divergent Quichua language ideologies which exist among an indigenous group of the southern Ecuadorian Andes. Analysis of data from 51 interviews with indigenous highlanders reveals the presence of two conflicting Quichua language ideologies. Through discussion of these disparate ideologies, this paper contributes to our und...

This paper examines efforts to reverse language shift in two indigenous communities of southern Ecuador. The ongoing decline and rapid pace of extinction of many of the world's languages have received increasing amounts of attention. Yet while the linguistic and social processes of language loss and language death have been extensively investigated...

The Social Life of Numbers:. Quechua Ontology of Numbers and Philosophy of Arithmetic. GARY URTON. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1997. xv. 267 pp., figures, tables, appendix, notes, bibliography, index.

With more than ten million speakers and numerous local and regional varieties, the unification and standardization of Quechua/Quichua has been a complicated, politically charged, and lengthy process. In most Andean nations, great strides have been made towards unification of the language in recent decades. However, the process is far from complete,...

This dissertation examines the process of Quichua language revitalization in two communities of Saraguro, Ecuador. Qualitative data were gathered through one year of residence in the Andean region, during the course of observations in communities, schools and homes, and interviews with community members, teachers, and political leaders. Language re...

Quechua, often known as the language of the Incas, remains today a vital language with over 10 million speakers in several Andean republics. Nevertheless, census records and sociolinguistic studies document a continuous cross-generational shift from Quechua monolingualism to Spanish monolingualism in the latter half of the twentieth century, at bot...

This chapter discusses the artificial transformation of mollicutes via polyethylene glycol (PEG)- and electroporation-mediated methods. The principle behind electroporation is the use of high-voltage electric field pulses to transiently disrupt the cell membrane allowing for the uptake of exogenous DNA. This technique is useful in the transformatio...

Plasmids pIK delta and pIK delta-erm have recently been developed as mycoplasmal cloning vectors. In this report, we demonstrate that these plasmids can replicate in Mycoplasma capricolum, a mycoplasmal species for which transformation had not previously been characterized. Both plasmids are stably maintained at a higher copy number than in their p...

The RecA protein has a central role in DNA repair and is essential for homologous recombination in most eubacteria. Little is known about these critical processes in mycoplasmas. By using standard and inverse polymerase chain reactions (PCR) coupled with conventional cloning techniques, a series of overlapping fragments comprising the entire recA g...

Only two plasmids have been isolated and characterized from the entire genus Mycoplasma, which includes over 90 recognized species. Both of these plasmids were obtained from the same species, Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides. We have previously characterized one of these plasmids, pKMK1, as a preliminary step in developing mycoplasmal cloning ve...

This paper examines the language planning efforts of the government of Ecuador and groups representing the indigenous peoples of the country. Government sanctioned policy and practice, as well as the grassroots efforts of the Indian population, both aim to influence language behavior and both have ultimately been directed at social and political go...

The study described here investigated the refusal strategies of intermediate-level second language learners and the potential for developing sociolinguistic competence in nonnative speakers (NNS) through classroom instruction. Subjects were six college students of English as a Second Language, divided into treatment and control groups. The treatmen...

To facilitate the development of mycoplasmal cloning vectors, we have determined the nucleotide sequence of pKMK1, a cryptic plasmid isolated from Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides. It is 1875 bp in length and contains two open reading frames (ORFs) that share homology with ORFs from members of a large family of gram-positive bacterial plasmids w...

The recent isolation and characterization of two plasmids from Mycoplasma mycoides subspecies mycoides has opened up new possibilities for studying mycoplasmal genetics. In order to facilitate the development of a genetic system in M. mycoides subsp. mycoides, parameters of polyethylene glycol (PEG)-mediated transformation were examined, as existin...

A growing number of U. S. parents view bilingualism as a laudable family goal. The reasons for this trend include a desire to maintain ties to the parents'heritage language and culture, to provide children with academic and cognitive advantages, and to promote cross-cultural understanding and communication. Yet research indicates that success in ra...

Histidine-U-¹⁴C and threonine-U-¹⁴C were used in tracer quantities to compare the effect of histidine imbalance on their metabolic behavior. Three groups of rats (six rats per group) were fed basal, histidine-imbalanced, and corrected diets. Two rats from each group were killed 2, 4 and 6 hours after feeding each diet. Radioactivity was determined...

In previous studies using the dietary amino acid deletion technique, it was found that the insect Argyrotaenia velutinana (Walker) required the same 10 amino acids indispensable for the rat. To further verify the dietary amino acid requirements of this insect, amino acid synthesis from glucose-U-¹⁴C was investigated in the larval stage. For this, f...

The hypothesis was tested that reduced food intake following ingestion of an imbalanced amino acid mixture is a consequence of abnormally low tissue concentrations of the free limiting amino acid. Rats were fed diets containing only L-amino acid mixtures as their protein source. Groups of animals received ad libitum a basal diet, a histidine-imbala...

The nutritional value of various beans indigenous to Haiti was evaluated in the rat, both as a sole source of protein and when blended with rice, sorghum, or corn. For the beans alone maximal PER and feed efficiency were ob served at 15 to 18% dietary protein. Amino acid supplementation of bean protein confirmed, in general, the deficiencies predic...