Kazuhiro Ueda

The University of Tokyo | Todai · College of Art and Science & Graduate School of Arts and Sciences

Feeling that a non-human object has emotions (hereinafter referred to as emotional state attribution) is generally known as animacy perception. Previous studies have considered appearance and motion separately as factors that evoke emotional state attribution. Then, if both the degree of human likeness in shape and the presence or absence of motion...

People apply more frequently when "apply" is the default choice (Apply Default architecture) than when "do not apply" is the default choice (Not-Apply Default architecture). However, Apply Default architecture might let them make choices inconsistent with their preferences as this architecture is counterintuitive. Those trying to apply might mistak...

In creativity research, an important unresolved issue relates to identifying the kind of information an individual should be exposed to in order to be highly creative. We aimed to gain insights into this issue; we collected and statistically analyzed three datasets related to three large online communities (namely Cities: Skylines, SCP-wiki, and Ar...

Previous studies have demonstrated that individuals can utilize the wisdom of crowds, known as ‘the wisdom of the inner crowd’. This requires them to estimate a single question multiple times, and subsequently average these estimates. Although several methods have been proposed to achieve more accurate estimates, its efficacy remains relatively low...

Some people overestimate the benefits of certain kinds of foods, such as organic foods, while others underestimate it. Previous studies have found that reducing people’s self-assessed knowledge successfully moderated these extreme attitudes. In this study, we investigated interventions to reduce people’s self-assessed knowledge and to moderate atti...

Verbal probability is categorized into two types in terms of directionality: positive (suggesting the occurrence of a target outcome such as “it is likely”) or negative (suggesting the nonoccurrence such as “it is quite uncertain”). Previous studies have shown that people’s decisions are affected by differences in directionality, and that they use...

Androids that strongly but imperfectly resemble humans in shape can elicit negative emotions in people, a phenomenon known as the "uncanny valley," which has been replicated in laboratory experiments. Recently, the accuracy of face recognition utilizing machine learning has increased, raising the question of whether machine learning can replicate t...

Aesthetic value, beauty, is a complex concept in that it has both subjective and objective aspects. However, in previous eye-tracking studies of artworks, the target associated with the gaze has often been only the latter image feature (e.g., symmetry). By contrast, recent developments in computational aesthetics (especially aesthetic classifiers)...

Identifying helpful information from large-scale online reviews has become a core issue in studies on harnessing wisdom-of-crowds. We investigated whether online reviews expressing dissenting opinions (i.e., outlier reviews) can provide helpful information. Using statistical and simulation methods with a large-scale dataset, we found that, compared...

Previous studies have demonstrated that individuals can utilize the wisdom of crowds, known as ‘the wisdom of the inner crowd’. This requires them to estimate a single question multiple times, and subsequently average these estimates. Although several methods have been proposed to achieve more accurate estimates, its efficacy remains relatively low...

Researchers have shown that even an individual can produce the wisdom of the crowds, called “the wisdom of the inner crowd.” However, the previous methods leave room for improvements in terms of efficacy and response time. This paper proposes a more efficient method, which required a short time, based on findings from cognitive and social psycholog...

There is a widely held view that visual representations (images) do not depict negation, for example, as expressed by the sentence, "the train is not coming." The present study focuses on the real-world visual representations of photographs and comic (manga) illustrations and empirically challenges the question of whether humans and machines, that...

People’s estimates are biased toward previously considered numbers (anchoring).We have aggregated all available data from anchoring studies that included atleast two anchors into one large dataset. Data were standardized to comprise oneestimate per row, coded according to a wide range of variables, and are available fordownload and analyses online...

With the growing need for water demand management, several nudge-based interventions have been undertaken from March to September 2019 to guide humans toward the socially desirable behavior of conserving resources and reducing the negative environmental impacts in the Tokyo Metropolitan area, Japan. In this study, we provided two types of visualize...

Latent scope bias is a bias that arises when humans estimate how probable a causal explanation is. This bias is a tendency to underestimate the probability of explanations with latent scope, the set of unobserved events that may or may not be occurring. Previous studies proposed the "inferred evidence" account, in which the bias occurs because we u...

Researchers have shown that even an individual can produce the wisdom of the crowds, called ‘the wisdom of the inner crowd’. However, the previous methods leave room for improvements in terms of efficacy and convenience. This paper proposes a more efficient method with low cognitive cost, based on findings from cognitive and social psychology. The...

When people evaluate explanations in uncertain situations, the latent scope bias occurs. It refers to the tendency to perceive explanations that do not include unobservable events as plausible. Previous studies have proposed the inferred evidence account, which states that the bias is caused by underestimating the occurrence probability of unobserv...

コグニティブインタラクションは，従来の認知科学や情報科学だけではなしえていない，「状況に応じて，人と自然に，かつ持続的にインタラクションが可能な人工物を設計するための基礎理論」です．本書は，その入門書です．AIやロボットが人の社会生活にとけこむためには，人と協調行動をとれなければいけません．それには，コミュニケーション，つまり，意思疎通の能力が欠かせません．しかし，言語によるコミュニケーションよりも，非言語情報によるインタラクションのほうが重要になることがよくあります．相手が人であれ，動物であれ，AIやロボットなどの人工物であれ，人は相手の意図や欲求などの心的状況を読み取り，それに適応した行動をとるという，コグニティブ（認知的）インタラクションを繰り返すことで，円滑に対話を行っていると考えら...

In our daily lives, we must often predict the level of others’ satisfaction with something they have not experienced thus far. How can such a prediction be accurate? Existing studies indicate that, by referring to the extent to which people themselves have enjoyed something, they are able to predict others’ future satisfaction, to some extent. In t...

We often need to predict how much others will be satisfied with something they have not experienced thus far. In such a situation, how can we accurately predict it? Previous studies have indicated that by referring to the extent to which people themselves have enjoyed something, they could predict others’ future satisfaction to some extent. In this...

It is commonly recognized in the field of water demand management that social comparison of water usage among people with a similar background is an effective measure to promote water efficiency. Many studies have used “neighborhood” to represent group similarity, but it is unclear how much geographic proximity is appropriate for defining a neighbo...

Previous studies demonstrate that people with less professional knowledge can achieve higher performance than those with more professional knowledge in creative activities. However, the factors related to this phenomenon remain unclear. Based on previous Discussions in cognitive science, we hypothesised that people with different amounts of profess...

Cooperation (i.e., co-creation) has become the principal way of carrying out creative activities in modern society. In co-creation, different participants can play two completely different roles based on two different behaviours: some participants are the originators who generate initial contents, while others are the revisors who provide revisions...

There has been a widely held view that visual representations (e.g., photographs and illustrations) do not depict negation, for example, one that can be expressed by a sentence "the train is not coming". This view is empirically challenged by analyzing the real-world visual representations of comic (manga) illustrations. In the experiment using ima...

The anchoring effect is a form of cognitive bias in which exposure to some piece of information affects its subsequent numerical estimation. Previous studies have discussed which stimuli, such as numbers or semantic priming stimuli, are most likely to induce anchoring effects. However, it has not been determined whether anchoring effects will occur...

Cooperation has become the principal way in which creative activities are carried out in modern society. Previous research has shown that in the cooperation of creative activities (i.e., co-creation), different participants can play two completely different roles: some participants are the originator s who generate initial contents, and others are...

Previous studies have shown that people find special meaning in numerical arrays. In this article, we have focused on the features of numerical arrays, repdigits (e.g., “777”), and examined the effect of repdigits on judgments and choices. We formulated the following hypotheses: (1) when people want to assign special meanings to numbers [in the cas...

Logically equivalent but different descriptions (i.e., manipulation of verbal expressions) affect decision-making in a phenomenon known as the framing effect. A choice architecture changes decision-makers’ actions, which in turn create different frames, but little is known about whether the frame created by their action can change their judgments....

Recent studies on water demand management show that providing visual information on water usage along with social comparisons with neighbouring households resulted in more efficient water usage. However, social comparisons can be discomforting for participants, especially in the case of downward or negative evaluations. To avoid this, some studies...

There is a need within human movement sciences for a markerless motion capture system, which is easy to use and sufficiently accurate to evaluate motor performance. This study aims to develop a 3D markerless motion capture technique, using OpenPose with multiple synchronized video cameras, and examine its accuracy in comparison with optical marker-...

Objective The ability to integrate audiovisual information matures late in adolescents, but its neuronal mechanism is still unknown. Recent studies showed that phase‐amplitude coupling (PAC) of neuronal oscillations, which is defined as the modulation of high‐frequency amplitude by low‐frequency phase, is associated with audiovisual integration in...

Previous studies have shown that people often use heuristics in making inferences and that subjective memory experiences, such as recognition or familiarity of objects, can be valid cues for inferences. So far, many researchers have used the binary choice task in which two objects are presented as alternatives (e.g., “Which city has the larger popu...

Previous studies showed that regular users have become an important source of innovation (called user innovation). Previous studies also suggested that two factors have significant impacts on user innovation: the social network structure of the users and neigh-bours' innovation performance (neighbours mean users having interactions with the focal u...

There is a need within human movement sciences for a markerless motion capture system, which is easy to use and sufficiently accurate to evaluate motor performance. This study aims to develop a 3D markerless motion capture technique, using OpenPose with multiple synchronized video cameras, and examine its accuracy in comparison with optical marker-...

We examined whether probability weighting in decisions made under risk changed depending on the difference in evaluation methods. In particular, we focused on two methods, joint evaluation (JE) and separate evaluation (SE). We conducted a be-havioral experiment and found that participants put more probability weight on small probability when using...

Recently, nudging approaches wherein peoples decisions are altered in a predictable direction have attracted attention. Conversely, many embodied cognition approaches that relate peoples mind with their body have been studied in cognitive science. Based on these approaches, we investigated whether a forward posture (defined by leaning forward in a c...

Previous studies have shown that people can make adaptive inferences based on memory-based simple heuristics such as recognition, fluency, or familiarity heuristic. In the present study, we discussed the adaptive nature of memory-based simple heuristics in a group decision making setting. In particular, we examined how the diversity of memory affec...

There has been much discussion around the Linguistic-Savings Hypothesis (LSH), which postulates that language can affect intertemporal choices of its speakers; the validity of this claim has remained controversial. To test the LSH independent from the possible influencing factors, such as cultural differences, we focused on the Japanese language, w...

This study aimed to identify effective presentation methods used for historical self-comparisons of residential water consumption that will lead to the efficient use of water. To compare each household’s current and previous water consumption, illustrations of water droplets were used as feedback every other week for five months, with the number of...

Objective Recognizing what physicians know and do not know about a particular disease is one of the keys to designing clinical decision support systems, since these systems can fulfill complementary role by recognizing this boundary. To our knowledge, however, no study has attempted to quantify how many diseases physicians actually know and thus th...

Relationship between physicians’ disease knowledge and their self-assessment. (PDF)

Disease knowledge questionnaire (Original). (PDF)

Data of figures and tables. (XLS)

Disease knowledge questionnaire (English). (PDF)

Previous studies have shown that when choosing one of two logically equivalent frames (e.g., “half full” or “half empty”), people tend to choose based on a reference point. For example, when the amount of water in a glass with 500 ml capacity was originally 0 ml (or 500 ml), and then increased (or decreased) to 250 ml, people tend to express the am...

Abstract Studies on inference have shown that people use a variety of inference strategies depending on the situation. Despite a great deal of discussion on the use of these strategies at an individual level, very little research has examined how the strategies people use affect group performance. To address this issue, we conducted two computer si...

The modern Japanese writing system comprises different scripts, such as Kanji, Hiragana, and Katakana. These scripts differ greatly in both typicality and frequency of usage. In two experimental studies using names of cities or prefectures in Japan as target stimuli, we examined two hypotheses, the typicality hypothesis and fluency hypothesis, in o...

How can Euler diagrams support non-consequence inferences? Although an inference to non-consequence, in which people are asked to judge whether no valid conclusion can be drawn from the given premises (e.g., All B are A; No C are B), is one of the two sides of logical inference, it has received remarkably little attention in research on human diagr...

The extension of trading hours to provide more trading opportunities and improve price efficiency has increasingly been discussed. However, currently, stock market trading activity during the extended-hours session is quite limited. Thus, we should examine whether the extension of trading hours is effective in creating more trading opportunities an...

In this study, Knauff and Johnson-Laird's (2002) visual impedance hypothesis (i.e., mental representations with irrelevant visual detail can impede reasoning) is applied to the domain of external representations and diagrammatic reasoning. We show that the use of real objects and augmented real (AR) objects can control human interpretation and reas...

Food appearance influences the food's perceived value. It is paradoxical that animal-shaped foods (e.g., animal crackers) are popular and widely accepted among consumers, given that foods with an animal likeness usually elicit emotional disgust and avoidance behaviors. We experimentally tested the psychological influences of animal-themed food deco...

Previous studies have shown that one can exploit " wisdom of crowds " by oneself. This is achieved by aggregating multiple " quasi-independent " estimates from the same person. However, previous methods were not necessarily easy to utilize. Therefore, we propose an efficient method based on perspective-taking. The procedure is as follows: First, on...

Previous studies have shown that individuals often make inferences based on heuristics using recognition, fluency, or familiarity. In the present study, we propose a new heuristic called familiarity-matching, which predicts that when a decision maker is familiar (or unfamiliar) with an object in a question sentence, s/he will choose the more (or le...

We examined decisions based on verbal probability phrases, such as "small chance," "likely," or "doubtful" (we call these phrases verbal probabilities). Verbal probabilities have communicative functions called directionality and can be categorized into positive (e.g., "likely" or "probable") or negative (e.g., " unlikely, " " doubtful ") phrases in...

Potential needs and preferences of consumers are often difficult to evaluate with questionnaires. Numerous studies have indicated that in reality, people do not necessarily recognize the influences on their own preferences and misrecognize the rationale for their preferences. Neuromarketing, which is the application of neuroscientific findings to m...

We examined the factors that produce differences in generating scenarios on the near future using the scanning method. Participants were asked to briefly read (scan) 151 articles about new technology, the latest customs, fashion, social change, value system transition, or emerging social problems, and then to generate three scenarios about the near...

People collect and use information about real world from internet to help their daily activities. In particular, the number of users in microblog such as Twitter is so large that users can get a diversity of information. They can elicit not only the information which they need from microblog posts but also the location which is indicated by the con...

This study was designed to investigate methods of promoting water conservation through feedback about the level of water consumption in the long term. Most previous studies have been conducted in areas where water resources are under stress, whereas as this study was conducted in the Tokyo commuting area, where there is little worry about a water s...