Kazimierz Witkowski

Wroclaw University of Health and Sport Sciences

A noticeably increased interest in mountain climbing, both as the form of extreme sport and a form of tourism, has been observed in Poland recently. The assumption of this study is that practicing different varieties of mountaineering influences the personality of Polish climbers in a different manner. The aim of the research was to compare the per...

The aim of this study is to determine the influence of training and selection on postural stability and its relationship with the sports level of judo practitioners aged 11–14 years. The study group consisted of 21 children judokas, aged 11–12, and 80 of their non-training peers, as well as 19 adolescent judokas, aged 13–14, and 76 of their non-tra...

Background & Study Aim: The phenomenon of corruption in sports is linked to profits on the huge social interest in maximizing sports performance and identifying with sports clubs. At the forefront of the escalation of corruption in sports is soccer, as the most popular sport in the world. The purpose of this article there are examples of corruption...

Background and Study Aim: Regular physical activity by mentally disabled people can contribute to their better functioning in society. Karate training through its comprehensive psychomotor emphasis can complement rehabilitation and therapeutic activities. Therefore, the aim was to analyze karate training for people with mental disabilities in order...

Jigoro Kano, at the Olympic Games in Los Angeles (1932), concluding an occasional lecture dedicated to judo recommendations, stated: “The final aim of Jiudo, therefore, is to inculcate in the mind of man a spirit of respect for the principle of maximum efficiency and of mutual welfare and benefit (...) that man individually and collectively can att...

Background and Study Aim: Military hand-to-hand combat is a part of physical training of soldiers that is very different from the typical preparation for competition in combat sports. But military hand-to-hand combat training uses methods, forms and means from physical culture to ensure soldiers’ all-round psycho-physical development. The combative...

Background and Study Aim: This article continues the research line on the geography of Olympic combat sports. It is based on the perspective of their spatial differentiation and development. The aim of the paper was to reflect on the phenomenon of geography of Olympic combat sports, which have their roots in ancient times – boxing, fencing, modern...

Background and Study Aim: In traditional karate, the kumite competition is dominated by hand techniques. Due to the specific nature of this competition, most probably a hypothesis is true that kumite athletes will have an athletic body build with a predominance of upper limbs. The aim of this study was to verify this hypothesis and the knowledge on...

Background and Study Aim: The gradual introduction of combat sports into the modern Olympic disciplines was dictated by their popularity, global prestige and meeting International Olympic Committee (IOC) guidelines. The perspective of spatial differentiation and development of Olympic combat sports is the premise of this paper. The aim of the paper...

Background and Study Aim: We assumed that a better club position in the league is associated with a more desirable personality of young football players. The aim of the research was the knowledge about relationship between a club’s position in the league and the personality of Wrocław football players at the junior and pre-junior level. Material an...

Background and Study Aim: The widely understood mental training was adopted as the background of the work as it has a sound grounding in numerous scientific papers as well as in the experience of trainers and coaches. The aim of the paper was to verify the opinions of kyokushin karatekas on mental training. Material and Methods: The Polish represen...

Background and Study Aim: Research on personality in sport often concerns the senior stage, that is why we are interested in the junior stage. The aim of this research is the personality traits profiles of athletes training combat sport and team sport at the level of the Polish representation of juniors and seniors. Material and Methods: The subjec...

Background and Study Aim: Judo is a speed-strength discipline and requires a high level of motor preparation from competitors. Judorelated effort is general and activates more than 30% of the athlete’s body mass, both in the upper and lower body, but the flexor muscles of the arm and elbow are the most involved. The aim of the study was knowledge a...

In the public sphere, a noticeable loss of the identity of Budo fighting methods in favour of the escalating phenomenon of neo-gladiatorism takes place. Therefore, any form of promotion of Budo values should be disseminated to the largest possible audience. Hence, the purpose of this article was an expert point of view of the 2021 publishing novelt...

Background and Study Aim: Material and Methods: Results: Conclusions: Karate competitions take place in the kata and kumite competitions. Karate athletes, depending on their preferences in the training process, focus on specializing in kata or kumite. Karate shapes the personality of practitioners. Therefore, the purpose of this work was to answer...

Background & Study Aim: Previous studies on personality in sport have shown that there is a profile that characterizes athletes. But in terms of the relationship between personality and gender, the results are not clear. The aim of the study was the knowledge about the personality of male and female practicing competitive football. Material & Metho...

Background and Study Aim: The problem, which has long been the area of interest of sport psychologists, trainers and athletes, concerns the determination of the personality factors of the master in sport. This specific task would have to be to determine the personality traits of athletes that are necessary for their success in sport. It is accepted...

Background & Study Aim: Martial arts shape the character of practitioners, while combat sports rely on the direct clash of two competing athletes. The aim of the study was the knowledge about the personality profile of people training kyokushin karate as a martial art. Material & Method: Twenty nine athletes (14 men and 15 women) between 18 and 54...

Background & Study Aim: Combat sports, in relation to other sports groups, are distinguished by a utilitarian factor, which manifests itself in the use of acquired skills in self-defence. The cognitive aim of this study was to answer the question: whether the personality of combat sports fighters at the championship level distinguishes them in some...

Access to sports services is important for the physical development and functioning of blind and visually impaired people. Access to this type of activity also affects the rehabilitation of people with visual impairment and their daily functioning. Sport activity and participation in various forms of recreation is a very broad concept in physical c...

Background and Study Aim: Football is one of sports that causes most injuries throughout the world. The reasons vary, because competition in football very often becomes fierce. The objective of the study was answer the questions which injuries are most frequently sustained by female and male football players, circumstances in which injuries are sus...

Background and Study Aim: Combat sports are characterised by a high dynamics of activities. One of the unwanted elements of the training process are injuries. The aim of this study was the knowledge about the body type of persons practising judo in accordance with Wanke’s typology and to specify injuries that are characteristic of individual body t...

Background & Study Aim: In combat sports (martial arts), numerous competitors with short training experience are injured relatively quickly. Such injuries, improperly treated or not treated, turn into a persistent, chronic conditions. The goal of this study was the knowledge about on prevention and treatment methods for martial arts practitioners....

This research presents the organisational model of digitisation of sport institutions as the element of development shifting towards digital models of sport business. Empirical research concerns: the level of saturation of information and communication technology (ICT) in sport institutions and media coverage of organizational space in sport as the...

Our objective was to examine how exercises with the second generation of the Microsoft Kinect sensor may aid in the process of motor learning in young judo practitioners. We addressed improvements in spatio-temporal accuracy during execution of three standing techniques in judo, in a simple paradigm designed to study short-term practice effects. Tw...

Background & Study Aim: Muscle strength, namely the capacity for overcoming the external resistance or counteracting it at the expense of muscular effort, plays an unquestionably essential role in judo competitor’s training. The objective of this study has been knowledge about the values of torques, torque gradient and muscle strength deficit relea...

Aim: The aim of the study was to get to know the forms of physical activity of women over 55 and a subjective assessment of their quality of life. Material and methods: The study included one hundred and twenty women chosen randomly aged 55-75 years. The diagnostic survey method was used to conduct the study. The research tool was a questionnaire s...

Background and Study Aim: As far as common adaptive effects are concerned, long-term karate training based on kumite technique (socially acceptable form of hand-to-hand-fighting) results in increased resistance to opponent’s strikes and ability to tolerate pain and certain type of body injuries. Therefore, it could be assumed that karate masters po...

Background & Study Aim: Controlling the body mass in long-term career of combat sports athletes is one of the most important health strategies. The aim of the study was the relationship between body weight and body fat level and correlation of body mass and composition with the subjective assessment of body weight and eating habits of the wrestlers...

Background & Study Aim: Many research reports confirm that regular sports training stimulates the development of physical fitness of children and adolescents. The aim of the study was knowledge about physical fitness, developmental age and somatic development of fifteen-year-old students whom some of them systematically trained wrestling and the ph...

This study attempted to create the psychological profiles of the personality of athletes practising individual and team disciplines, according to the type of pressure exerted on the opponent in a competitive situation. The selected criterion for division into the types of pressure exerted on the opponent was physical contact with the opponent durin...

Background & Study Aim: Sport, professionally and for all, is an area of both the application of modern technology, and to create new ones. The premises of such a statement is to protect health (all practitioners sport) and to achieve optimal sport results first of all by top athletes. In judo, like in each combat sports, motoric actions are cumula...

Aim of research. The purpose of the study was to examine the relationship between personality traits and body mass and body fat on the example of volleyball players. Material and methods. Personality assessment using the NEO-FFI questionnaire and mass measurement and body composition analysis were performed using the TANITA BC-418 analyzer. The stu...

Background and aim: Karate is a combat sport, which fully involves all motor skills. The aim of this paper is to present the specifics of motor preparation of the karate competitor for the kumite sports fight. Material and Methods: The study was based on the authors many years of experience as a trainers master class and an analysis of literature i...

Purpose: The purpose of this article was to present Kumite training in WKF karate on the basis of analysis of sport competition preparations. Material and Method: An annual training visit was conducted in four sections of the WKF (Sports Club Funakoshi Shotokan Karate) in the Jelenia Góra district of Lower Silesia. The dialectics was based on colle...

Introduction. A positive relationship is recognised in literature between strength and body weight. On that basis a division into weight categories has been introduced in many combat sports. Nutritional behaviours are influenced by a number of factors that indirectly affect body weight. The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship betw...

Background & Study Aim: Although the mission of sport is associated with health effects, a diversity of disciplines and competition itself, systematic long-term training, cyclical participation in sports competition are the reasons for adaptive differences. Apart from effects observed in three domains of health (somatic, mental, social health), the...

Background & Study Aim: There is a number of research proving decrease of stiffness after different types of intensive aerobic exercise, such as marathon or triathlon. On the contrary, other authors confirmed that the stiffness increase, as a result of eccentric contractions related to the delayed onset of muscle soreness. To the best of our knowle...

Background & Study Aim: A diet has a direct impact on a person’s body weight and is, therefore, very significant in combat sports, due to the existing division into weight categories. The purpose of this study was the relationship between specific personality traits and nutritional habits using the example of the Polish national youth female wrestl...

Background & Study Aim: As far as judo and other combat sports are concerned, the specificity of maintaining a stable posture is related to the distortions generated by a competitor and their offensive activity as well as defensive or motor preparatory actions. Body balance disturbation tolerance skills (BBDTS) result in situations during which an...

Background and aim: Mental visualisation training makes use of human imagination in such a way as to program a person’s mind to perform a movement task in the best possible manner. The aim of this article is to evaluate the effects of mental visualisation training in sport with regard to karate shotokan fighters. Material and methods: 20 karate sho...

StreszczeniePopularność pracy w charakterze instruktora fitness oraz trenera personalnego w naszym kraju stale rośnie. Prawo dotyczące tej grypy zawodowej w Polsce nie jest uregulowane, co stwarza wiele wątpliwości dotyczących jakości ich kwalifikacji. Obowiązująca ustawa o sporcie z dnia 25 czerwca 2010 roku m.in. zrównała wymogi dla trenerów i in...

Background & Study Aim:Background & Study Aim: Intentional reduction of body weight is a well-known and common practice among athletes, especially in weight category sports. The aim of this study was the effects of a 6-week gradual weight loss (GWL) program on anaerobic capacity, body composition and muscle strength of taekwondo athletes. Material...

The aim of the study is to verify the theoretical basis of advanced ICT and Augmented Reality in the organizational development and sports clubs to improve their sports performance. The methodology of the article is based on setting the computer designed system. The study includes the preparation and implementation of a system to manage a sports cl...

The aim of the study was to investigate the influence of karate fights on Achilles tendon stiffness in karate competitors. Eleven male karate fighters participated in the present study. A handheld MyotonPRO device (MyotonPRO, Myoton Ltd, Estonia) was applied to measure Achilles tendon stiffness in karate fighters. The Achilles tendon was tested 5 c...

Introduction. The aim of the study is to verify competitive sports in the MMA heavyweight fights. Material and methods. The material test was a digital recording of 6 fights in MMA Ultimate Fighting Championship (UFC) formula, in the heavy weight category in the period 2013-2014. As the research method authors used technology of augmented reality (...

Karate is now one of the most popular martial arts in the world. Karate-jutsu, okinawska martial arts evolved in karate-do - a martial art where the physical aspect and the spiritual merged in unity. Karate-do is so due to the inclusion of karate-jutsu to the group of Japanese martial arts Budo. Fashion on the Far Eastern martial arts fulfill the r...

The purpose of this paper is to present kyokushin karate as a form of leisure. For his needs have been pairing the various functions and aspects. They are presented in terms of four functions in a specially prepared questionnaire. The study involved 120 people aged from 13 to 19 years. This article presents karate as a form of leisure. It shows wha...

In traditional karate, there are three elements of training – kihon, kata, kumite. Under these names are hidden sets of exercises relevant to the type of workout. As kihon (school of fundamental techniques) is defined as fundamental techniques of karate. Kata (formal training) are systems consisting of fragments without fighting enemies according t...

Background and aim: Organisation of mass sports events is one of the functions of contemporary physical culture and, at the same time, a dynamically developing service, provided by both public and private institutions. Organising such an event requires a professional project-based approach, i.e. the conceptual preparation of activities related to i...

Background & Study Aim: Judo is a sport with a complex structure of short and " intense movements ". A judo competitor must possess high levels of strength, agility, and technical and endurance skills. The study aim is the relationship the body composition, the degree of symmetrization of muscle mass of the limbs, skinfolds and hand grip strength w...

Background: Among specific coordination abilities, kinesthetic differentiation capacity of movement belongs to the most crucial factors fostering rational human behavior in the surrounding environment. The capacity is universal – indispensable in nearly all sports disciplines. One of the most important constituent elements of kinesthetic differenti...

This paper presents an augmented reality (AR) trainer system based on the Microsoft Kinect to help improve performance when training high-precision techniques in judo. We focus on tachi-waza (standing techniques) in judo, however, other disciplines can be supported too, as well as rehabilitation of patients after injuries. The proposed AR system in...

Background and Study Aim: In traditional standards of youth education an exceptional role is assigned to the sports activity. However, the contemporary professional sports career is tempting due to the possibility of bringing fame, wealth and even power. This raises justified concerns whether such prospect prevails among coaches and youth athletes....

Background: and study aim: Each sports activity, particularly combat sports, involves various injuries and overloads. Injuries are a result of impact of sudden large for ceson tissues, while overloads are caused by small but repetitive forces, which lead to some dysfunction, pain. The aim of this study was to compare injuries and overloads in two c...

The mental training (Galloway, 2011) is one of the measures of the psychological preparation in sport. Especially such as the judo discipline requires the mental training, due to the fact that the judo is a combat sport, the direct, physical confrontation of two opponents. Hence the mental preparation should be an essential element of preparing for...

Aim and Objectives: The aim is to test three hypotheses. The first one reads: practising different styles of karate, with different rules of kumite, differentiates competing athletes in terms of aggressiveness. The second hypothesis postulates that: the culture of karate or other sport has an impact on the level of aggressiveness of kumite practiti...

The organization of the mass sports event has to be supported by the tools and technologies related to the safety engineering. These include the ICT systems that enable the real-time upload the information necessary in making decisions. The picture of the augmented reality has to be ‘superimposed’ on the ICT systems. It generates the precognition a...

Mass events differ from other events owing to threats to security and safety associated with the presence of a large number of people participating in an event. In view of the potential threats and the need to prevent them, a number of requirements have been introduced to be met by the organisers of any such event. The present study aims at describ...

Background and Study Aim: Every sport, when fighting with each other at least two athletes, and the essence of struggle is to select one winner (apart from the possible in many sports tie – lack of a decision), and if the fight is to physical effort, there is always a risk of injury and even death (one or even both athletes). Sport fighting is also...

Background & Study Aim: The incessant technological progress and negative effects of environmental pollution which are felt more and more by an ordinary human being are the phenomena which have impact on the development of civilisation diseases. Judo by the authors of many publications is recommended as the optimal sport life for all. The aim of th...

The objective of this study is presenting the specific nature of technical preparation of karate competitor for kumite sports fight. A vital element of karate training is a proper technical preparation of a competitor, because the technique is a measure that enables to achieve a goal in kumite sports fight. Technique teaching should take into accou...

The article follows up on two research and implementation grants. One focused on the application of mobile ICT systems to improve communication efficiency within the structure of the AZS-AWF Wrocław sports club (e-AZS platform). The other was devoted to the application of the technology of augmented reality to prototype educational trainers as seen...

Background & Study Aim: Thai boxing, or muay thai, originates from southern Asia (not only from Thailand, but also from Burma, Cambodia, Vietnam and Malaysia). It was inspired by fighting skills used on battle fields during wars conducted by the Thais in the twelfth and thirteenth century AD. Apart from a fight with use of various weapons, during h...

Background and Study Aim: Maintaining vertical posture and throwing a competitor off balance during a judo fight is a fundamental mechanism in this sport. Maintaining vertical posture in numerous circumstances when other motor activities occur is, however, an essential element of injury prevention due to a fall. The aim of the experiment is to conf...

Purpose. The aim of the present study was to assess the morpho-functional characteristics of male jiu-jitsu practitioners against a sample of strength-trained university students. Methods. The all-male research sample included 49 jiu-jitsu competitors and 30 university students actively involved in strength training. Measures of body mass and heigh...

Background & Study Aim: Close resemblance of starting activity relates to judo and ju-jitsu athletes divided into several weight categories. Any changes in weight category or lowering body mass before competitions are a common practice. The purpose of this study was to answer the question whether the level of static strength and strength endurance...

Summary Introduction. The aim of this work was to provide a characteristics of the judo combat and present factors that may influence the result of a sports combat. On the basis of the tournament’s result analysis, the combat specifics of the world’s top athletes were determined and may be used to orient and streamline a training process. Material...

The health aspect of physical activity is not often referred to "effort safety" and "motor safety" of those engaged in this type of activity. The benefits of systematic training to humans are stressed instead. Yet even people for whom sport is a leisure activity often put in extreme physical effort. The aim of the paper is to expand the knowledge o...

Background and Study Aim: The phenotype body reaction to the long-lasting and intensive training in the various sport disciplines may differ. It is related to the adaptive changes in both morphological features and tissue relationship. In one hand it improves sport efficiency, but in the other it creates a threat of injuries and permanent abnormali...

Background: Study aim of the research was to evaluate the perception of martial arts by people practicing various martial arts and combat sports in the southern part of Poland with emphasis put on the aspect of educational values. The scientific research problem put forward in this way required numerous questions to be answered and three hypotheses...

The paper presents introduction to the research on possible supplying ship diesel engines with mixtures of diesel oils and vegetable oils or their esters with accounting for ecological aspects – exhaust gas purity. Characteristics of vegetable oils and their esters are compared with those diesel oils. Consequences of their application to diesel eng...