Kavikumar Jacob

• PhD
• Professor (Associate) at Tun Hussein Onn University of Malaysia

We examine a heat-absorbing viscous fluid’s electrically conducting boundary layer flow over a semi-infinite permeable plate in a porous medium inclined at an angle α. Nonlinear partial differential equations are solved using perturbation methods, and graphical analysis is used to determine how parameters impact concentration, temperature, and velo...

This research investigates the performance of various one-dimensional cellular automata rules, namely Rule 30, Rule 150, Rule 184, Rule 105 and Rule 110, for image encryption. The proposed algorithm technique combines these CA rules to generate pseudo-random sequences for image scrambling. The effectiveness of the proposed method is evaluated using...

Goals for sustainability have caused an upcoming change in the emphasis of Economic Production Quantity models, which was previously limited mainly to financial considerations to include aspects of the environment as well. The primary tools used in many nations to reduce emissions are carbon cap and price legislation. However, companies in the prod...

Conventional Economic Order Quantity (EOQ) models operate on the implicit assumption that all received products are flawless. Current EOQ models for items of defectiveness implicitly suggest that suppliers do not conduct a comprehensive assessment, even though they loosen this presumption and are more applicable to scenarios in reality. This paper...

This paper considers a non‐standard Optimal Control problem that has an application in economics. The primary focus of this research is to solve the royalty problem, which has been categorized as a non‐standard Optimal Control problem, where the final state value and its functional performance index value are unknown. A new continuous necessary con...

This research addresses the critical issue of production planning through innovative methodologies. By introducing a fresh perspective to the classical Economic Production Quantity (EPQ) model, the study incorporates hexagonal fuzzy numbers to accommodate a single-stage system with rework. In today’s manufacturing landscape, the presence of imperfe...

This work examines F-transforms based on overlap and grouping maps, residual, and co-residual implicator over complete lattice from constructive and axiomatic approaches, wherein the results highly depend upon the negator. Specifically, (i) we initiate the study of F-transforms using the concepts of the overlap and grouping maps, which can be viewe...

In this study, we address the difficult group decision-making situations in which the preference data are represented by linguistic variables using the dynamic programming approach. Making decisions with exact numbers is difficult for decision-makers due to the ambiguity and complexity of reality. Since they cannot be computed directly, the languag...

In this paper, there is considered MHD boundary layer flow and heat transfer characteristics of Fe-Casson base nanofluid over an exponentially stretching/shrinking surface along the heat source/sink and Newtonian heating effects. In this regard, to develop the system of the governing equations, the one phase model named as Tiwari and Das model is c...

The concept of intuitionistic N-fuzzy set (INFS) has been applied to the quasi ideals of bi-ternary semigroups. The notion of intuitionistic N-fuzzy quasi ideal of bi-ternary semigroup has been introduced and characterized by using intuitionistic N-fuzzy level set and N characteristic function. The relationships between intuitionistic N-fuzzy quasi...

This article explores heat transfer characteristics of magnetohydrodynamics water-base silver (Ag) and iron oxide (Fe 3 O 4 ) hybrid nanomaterials flow in a Darcy-Forchheimer porous medium induced by a stretching/shrinking surface with impacts of heat sink/source. Moreover, thermal radiation effects and the slip boundary conditions are also incorpo...

With relevant computational software, fuzzy prediction, a new intelligent modelling technique, is utilised to resolve unclear phenomena in various disciplines. Excellent software risk prediction is essential for effective prediction, such as risk management, case planning, and control. We provide an intelligent modelling strategy for software risk...

The Interval Neutrosophic Set (INS) can be used to identify the difficulty associated with a set of numbers that are not exact integers inside a real unit interval. INS is utilized in engineering, information fusion, medicine, and cybernetics because it can effectively express incomplete information. When faced with conflicting, incorrect, and inco...

Industry 5.0 acceptance is accelerating, but research is still in its infancy, and existing research covers a small subset of context-specific obstacles. This study aims to enumerate all potential obstacles, quantitatively rank them, and assess interdependencies at the organizational level for Industry 5.0 adoption. To achieve this, we thoroughly r...

The Copula concept has long been used in many applications, especially in the financial field. This concept was first used in 1959 by Sklar in his mathematical work and greatly assisted in the applications of financial and insurance areas. The copula functions have been widely used in dependence modeling. In this study, we look at how the copula be...

Neutrosophic multicriteria is a method of decision-making that uses indeterminacy to combine several criteria or elements, frequently with incomplete or ambiguous information, to find a solution. The neutrosophic multicriteria analysis enables the assessment of qualitative and subjective aspects and can assist in resolving conflicting goals and pre...

In this study, the aim is to analyze numerically heat transfer through a higher grade Forchheimer porous CuO–H2O-nano-medium in an unsteady magneto-hydrodynamic (MHD) porous flow. The nano-medium is confined between two non-isothermal moving infinite parallel plates. The flow governing equations are developed through variational calculus approach a...

The Fuzzy Markov Model (FMM) is a fascinating domain for dealing with ambiguity in real-world scenarios. In type 2 fuzzy set (T2F), it has an uncertainty footprint, and the region circumscribed by the lower and upper interval membership functions is uncertain. In fuzzy sets, Triangular norms (t-norms) are a valuable tool for understanding the conju...

Te present paper considers the fuzzy economic manufacturing model (FEMM) for an inventory model with an imperfect production process that has been studied along with rework. During the pandemic, it is evident that the products accumulated without a sale, which has increased the maintenance cost of the products. Tis research paper compares a special...

This contribution introduces the concept of granular F-transform and investigates its basic properties by using the theory of fuzzy numbers and horizontal membership functions. Further, we present a numerical method based on granular F-transform to solve a fuzzy prey-predator model consisting of two prey and one predator due to its natural variabil...

The chemical reactions widely operate in industries to enhance the heat transfer rate among the chosen domain. In the current article, we are going to observe an exothermic reaction of calcium oxide and water in a backward step tubular reactor with a cooled surrounded surface. The tubular reactor will be considered axisymmetric with an aspect ratio...

Neutrosophic sets are employed to be handled indeterminacy in a real-life situation. us, neutrosophic approaches in the medical domain prove their excellence. e neutrosophic hidden Markov model is an inventiveness domain for uncertainty. e existing hidden Markov models are not able to consider the uncertainty information, but the neutrosophic hidde...

Schizophrenia (SZ) is a major neuropsychiatric disorder. Neuroimaging studies have provided compelling evidences of both structural and functional brain abnormalities in SZ. However, most existing studies are based on functional connectivity (FC) of brain regions under an implicit assumption of stationary of FC throughout the time. Recent studies h...

In this article, we introduce and study the theory of bipolar fuzzy sublattices (BFLs) and bipolar fuzzy ideals (BFIs) of a lattice, and some interesting properties of these BFLs and BFIs are established. Moreover, we study the properties of BFIs under lattice homomorphisms and also an application of BFLs.

In this paper, the flow of hybrid nanofluids in a three-dimensional rectangular channel consisting of three perpendicular blocks will be analyzed in terms of heat transfer. The two perpendicular rectangular blocks are rotating with speed ω . The hybrid mixture consists of aluminum oxide and copper, and each of them will contain in volume fraction o...

The ongoing epidemic SARS-CoV-2 named Corona Virus Disease (COVID-19) is highly infectious and subsequently spread all over the world affecting millions of people. Humans have never seen such a deadly disease so far, and as there is no specific drug or vaccination, the mortality rate of the disease has been increasing exponentially. This current si...

In this study, we intend to investigate the steady-state and laminar ow of a viscous uid through a circular cylinder xed between two parallel plates keeping the aspect ratio of 1 : 5 from cylinder radius to height of the channel. e two-dimensional, in-compressible uid ow problem has been simulated using COMSOL Multiphysics 5.4 which implements nite...

In this article, we analyze the analytical result of fractional-order Jaulent-Miodek equations with the help of two novel methods, namely, ρ-Laplace decomposition method and ρ-Laplace variational iteration method. The achieved results are shown in a series form, which is rapidly converging. The approximate simulations were performed in absolute err...

In this paper, the ow of a power law uid has been investigated for Newtonian and non-Newtonian uids with the temperature distribution in a rectangular channel containing a heated circular cylinder near the inlet with di erent blockage ratios. e generalized non-Newtonian power law model coupled with the energy equation is solved numerically, conside...

In this paper, a drop-shaped fractal patch antenna is designed and simulated using Polyamide substrate. The designed antenna is simulated for 4.35–4.42 THz. The designed antenna resonates at 4.4 THz frequency. The maximum gain of 9.34 dBi is achieved. The designed antenna has applications in THz for communication, sensing, and 4.2, 4.3, and 4.4 THz...

Automatic processing and diagnosis of electrocardiogram (ECG) signals remain a very challenging problem, especially with the growth of advanced monitoring technologies. A particular task in ECG processing that has received tremendous attention is to detect and identify pathological heartbeats, e.g., those caused by premature ventricular contraction...

In this paper microstrip ring antenna is designed for triple, quad, and super wideband terahertz application. Three antenna configurations are discussed here with application in upcoming 6G technology, Health monitoring systems, wireless sensor network, and the Internet of Things (IoT). A square ring resonator antenna designed on 710 × 910 × 10 µm3...

Automatic detection of life-threatening cardiac arrhythmias has been a subject of interest for many decades. The automatic ECG signal analysis methods are mainly aiming for the interpretation of long-term ECG recordings. In fact, the experienced cardiologists perform the ECG analysis using a strip of ECG graph paper in an event-by-event manner. Thi...

This research aims to investigate the determinization and minimization problems of a new class of fuzzy recognizers with input as multisets. We begin by introducing and examining the concepts of an $L$ -fuzzy multiset recognizer ( $L$ - LMR ), complete, accessible, and coaccessible $L$ - LMR over a quantale $L$ . We, then characterize intr...

Markov chain is a stochastic model for estimating the equilibrium of any system. It is a unique mathematical model in which the future behavior of the system depends only on the present. Often biased possibilities can be used over biased probabilities, for handling uncertain information to define Markov chain using fuzzy environment. Indeterminacy...

Considering the recent rapid advancements in digital technology, electroencephalogram (EEG) signal is a potential candidate for a robust human biometric authentication system. In this paper the focus of investigation is the use of brain activity as a new modality for identification. Univariate model biometrics such as speech, heart sound and electr...

This paper presents an analysis based on a mixture of the Laplace transform and the new iteration method to obtain new approximate results of the fractional-order Klein-Gordon equations in the Caputo-Fabrizio sense. So, a general system to investigate the approximate results of the fractional-order Klein-Gordon equations is obtained. This technique...

Recently, new advances and emerging technologies in healthcare and medicine have been growing rapidly, allowing for automatic disease diagnosis. Healthcare technology advances entail monitoring devices and processing signals. Advanced signal processing and analytical techniques were effectively implemented in numerous research domains. Thus, adopti...

The cortical pyramidal neurons in the cerebral cortex, which are positioned perpendicularly to the brain’s surface, are assumed to be the primary source of the electroencephalogram (EEG) reading. The EEG reading generated by the brainstem in response to auditory impulses is known as the Auditory Brainstem Response (ABR). The identification of wave...

In this paper, a mesh Ad Hoc network of error-resilient video transmission allows evaluating two disjoint nodes from source to destination. The main drawback of this paper is that it is impossible to safeguard video transmission over reliable channels. An error-resilient video transmission method is utilized over a wide variety of network applicati...

In the classical EOQ model, acquiring cost of an order would be usually paid while receiving its receipt. Sometimes, the supplier may offer the retailer to pay the entire amount or the fraction of acquiring cost in advance as equal number of payments. The present research discusses the EOQ model with substandard products under fuzzy situation. This...

The purpose of the present work is to introduce and study the concept of interval type-2 (IT2) fuzzy grammar which recognizes the given IT2 fuzzy languages. The relationship between IT2 fuzzy automata and IT2 fuzzy (weak) regular grammars is discussed. Specifically, the results we obtained here are (i) IT2 fuzzy weak regular grammar and IT2 fuzzy r...

The idea of Neutrosophic statistics is utilized for the analysis of the uncertainty observation data. Neutrosophic multiple regression is one of a vital roles in the analysis of the impact between the dependent and independent variables. The Neutrosophic regression equation is useful to predict the future value of the dependent variable. This paper...

Picture fuzzy set is the most widely used tool to handle the uncertainty with the account of three membership degrees, namely, positive, negative, and neutral such that their sum is bound up to 1. It is the generalization of the existing intuitionistic fuzzy and fuzzy sets. This paper studies the interval probability problems of the picture fuzzy s...

Automata and languages have been studied in the context of different lattice structures by several authors. This paper is toward the categorical study of deterministic lattice-valued ([Formula: see text]-valued) fuzzy automata and deterministic quantale-valued ([Formula: see text]-valued) fuzzy automata. The existence of initial and final objects i...

Type-2 fuzzy sets (T2FSs) can deal with higher modeling and uncertainties which exist in the real-world application, specifically in the control systems. Particularly the climate changes are always uncertain and thus, the type-2 fuzzy controller is an effective system to handle those situations. Polyhouse is a methodology used to cultivate the plan...

Type-2 fuzzy sets (T2FSs) can deal with higher modeling and uncertainties which exist in the real-world application, specifically in the control systems. Particularly the climate changes are always uncertain and thus, the type-2 fuzzy controller is an effective system to handle those situations. Polyhouse is a methodology used to cultivate the plan...

The idea behind the neutrosophic set is we can connect the concept by dynamics of opposite interacts and its neutral that are uncertain and get common parts. Automata theory is beneficial to solve computational complexity problem and also it is an influential mathematical modeling tool in computer science. Inspired by the concepts of neutrosophic s...

One of the many techniques to obtain a new convex function from the given functions is to calculate the product of these functions by imposing certain conditions on the functions. In general, the product of two or finite number of convex function needs not to be convex and, therefore, leads us to the study of product of these functions. In this pap...

The process of breaking the image and finding the location of the object and boundaries is called image segmentation, it is an essential part in the field of image processing. Medical image segmentation, however, is challenging due to the nature of the images that contain noise, unequal in content with low contrast, and inhomogeneity. Thus extra ef...

Decision making techniques is the aim for finding a good alternative. Much of its in the real life application in the surrounding. The Fuzzy whole hyper soft set and Frequency Matrix Multi Attributes Decision Making Scheme (FMMADMS) is one of most important method to find the decision making process. In this paper explained hyper soft and included...

In modern days, online shopping is inevitable for varies types of customers around the world to shop at ease. However, online shopping is not always favorable as there are few obstacles that customers may face while doing online shopping. Therefore, the above-said predicaments must be carried out. When comes to purchasing the correct size of garmen...

The idea behind the neutrosophic set is we can connect the concept by dynamics of opposite interacts and its neutral that are uncertain and get common parts. Automata theory is beneficial to solve computational complexity problem and also it is an influential mathematical modeling tool in computer science. Inspired by the concepts of neutrosophic s...

Decision-making is an essential task in Science and Engineering. Since most of the real-world problems have uncertainty in nature, making the decision is challengeable one for the decision makers. Soft set has the advantage of free from the deficiency of the parameterization tools of existing theories, namely probability, fuzzy theory and the theor...

Neutrosophic along with its environment development over the past decades. Neutrosophic environment is apply to various applications in logic,statstics,albebra, neural networks and several other fields. Neutrosophic sets has been presented to handle the indeterminacy in real-world decision-making problem. Real world problems have some kind of uncer...

The collected data may be an interval number rather than the exact number in the process of information fusion for any real-world problem. By taking this into consideration interval numbers under interval spherical fuzzy environment have been used in this present work. To deal with vagueness, impreciseness, and uncertainty we have different environ...

Human psychological behavior is always uncertain in nature with the truth, indeterminacy and falsity of the information and hence neutrosophic logic is able to deal with this kind of real world problems as it resembles human’s attitude very closely. In this paper, age group analysis and time (day or night) analysis have been carried out using inter...

Computational modelling for nanoparticle migration inside a permeable space has been reported. Impacts of shape factor and radiation were included in the mathematical model. CVFEM was employed to analyse magnetic force impact. Impacts of magnetic radiative parameters, buoyancy forces and nanoparticle shape on nanomaterial behaviour were demonstrate...

The constructions of finite switchboard state automata is known to be an extension of finite automata in the view of commutative and switching automata. In this research, the idea of a neutrosophic is incorporated in the general fuzzy finite automata and general fuzzy finite switchboard automata to introduce neutrosophic general finite automata and...

A cycle passing through all the vertices exactly once in a graph is a Hamiltonian cycle (HC). In the field of network system, HC plays a vital role as it covers all the vertices in the system. If uncertainty exists on the vertices and edges, then that can be solved by considering fuzzy Hamiltonian cycle. Further, if indeterminacy also exist, then t...

An algorithm with complete and incremental access is called a Floyd algorithm (FA). It determines shortest path for all the pairs in the network. Though there are many algorithms have been designed for shortest path problems (SPPs), due to the completeness of Floyd's algorithm, it has been improved by considering interval valued neutrosophic number...

This chapter focuses on neutrosophic finite automata with output function. Some new notions on neutrosophic finite automata are established and studied, such as distinguishable, rational states, semi-inverses, and inverses. Interestingly, every state in finite automata is said to be rational when its inputs are ultimately periodic sequence that yie...

Neutrosophic along with its environment development over the past decades. Neutrosophic environment is apply to various applications in logic,statstics,albebra, neural networks and several other fields. Neutrosophic sets has been presented to handle the indeterminacy in real-world decision-making problem. Real world problems have some kind of uncer...

By using fuzzy logic controller, one can control uncertain system where uncertainty exists on the input parameters. Generally, the delay in the system may cause time shift which disturbs the stability of the system. Therefore, the time delay systems with uncertainty can be represented by type-2 fuzzy logic controller. In this paper, the reference v...

Fuzzy hidden Markov model is the efficient way of finding an optimized path among the states where uncertainty exists. Aggregation operators replaced the conventional operators in the fuzzy environment and play a vital role in real-world problems. Here, the aggregation operators namely trapezoidal interval type-2 weighted arithmetic (TpIT2FFWA) and...

The square of an oriented graph is an oriented graph such that if and only if for some , both and exist. According to the square of oriented graph conjecture (SOGC), there exists a vertex such that. It is a special case of a more general Seymour's second neighborhood conjecture (SSNC) which states for every oriented graph , there exists a vertex su...

In current two dimensional nanomaterial convective flow, Lorentz force has been utilized to manage the flow pattern. Nano sized powders with homogeneous behavior were dispersed into H2O within a permeable media. Not only the buoyancy force but also the radiation affects the temperature distribution. In addition, nanoparticles’ shape was involved in...

This paper is toward the study of measure of different operators in fuzzy automata theory, which determine the amount of preciseness of given [Formula: see text]-valued subset endowed with an [Formula: see text]-valued preorder induced by [Formula: see text]-valued transition function of an [Formula: see text]-valued automaton. Further, we study th...

In recent year, Macular Degeneration is the leading cause of vision loss. Macular Degeneration is caused by the deterioration of the central portion of the retina, the inside back layer of the eye that records the images we see and sends them via the optic nerve from the eye to the brain. The retina’s central portion, known as the macula, is respon...

Membership function (MF) plays a key role for getting an output of a system and hence it influences system's performance directly. Therefore choosing a MF is an essential task in fuzzy logic and neutrosophic logic as well. Uncertainty is usually represented by MFs. In this paper, a novel Matlab code is derived for trapezoidal neutrosophic function...

Abstract: The constructions of finite switchboard state automata is known to be an extension of finite automata in the view of commutative and switching automata. In this research, the idea of a neutrosophic is incorporated in the general fuzzy finite automata and general fuzzy finite switchboard automata to introduce neutrosophic general finite au...

Neutrosophic is the logic which deals membership and non membership degree of the data and also indeterminacy of the data as well. Dealing indeterminacy is the advantage of the neutrosophic environment and hence helpful to find the optimized result of the system/ choosing the best alternative from the collected data in a complete manner. In this pa...

In this chapter, the authors introduce some basic definitions related to fuzzy graphs like directed and undirected fuzzy graph, walk, path and circuit of a fuzzy graph, complete and strong fuzzy graph, bipartite fuzzy graph, degree of a vertex in fuzzy graphs, fuzzy subgraph, etc. These concepts are illustrated with some examples. The recently deve...

To avoid mathematical complexity, Interval T2FSs (IT2FSs) have been pertained in majority of the fields. Type-2 fuzzy sets (T2FSs) handle a greater modeling and uncertainties that exist in the real world applications especially in control systems. One of the important components that influence the fuzzy controller is the triangular norm, which is t...

Type-2 Fuzzy sets (T2FSs) handle a greater modeling and uncertainties which exist in the real world applications especially control systems. To avoid mathematical complexity, interval T2FSs (IT2FSs) have been pertained in majority of the fields. One of the important components which influence the fuzzy controller is the t-norm. For obtaining the st...

An advantage of dealing indeterminacy is possible only with Neutrosophic Sets. Graph theory plays a vital role in the field of networking. If uncertainty exist in the set of vertices and edge then that can be dealt by fuzzy graphs in any application and using Neutrosophic Graph uncertainty of the problems can be completely dealt with the concept of...

Blockchain Technology (BCT) is a growing and reliable technology in various fields such as developing business deals, economic environments, social and politics as well. Without having a trusted central party this technology, gives the guarantee for safe and reliable transactions using Bitcoin or Ethereum. In this paper BCT has been considered usin...

The constructions of finite switchboard state automata is known to be an extension of finite automata in the view of commutative and switching state machines. This research incorporated an idea of a switchboard in the general fuzzy automata to introduce general fuzzy finite switchboard automata. The attained output reveals that a strongly connected...

Retinal degeneration is one of the vital cause of vision loss. Retinal degeneration is induced through the declension of the retina middle part. The aim of our proposed paper is to detect retinal degeneration by using image processing. This involves segmentation, plotting of histogram, edge detection. The performance measures are calculated and com...

Controlling traffic flow on roads is an important traffic management task necessary to ensure a peaceful and safe environment for people. The number of cars on roads at any given time is always unknown. Type-2 fuzzy sets and neutrosophic sets play a vital role in dealing efficiently with such uncertainty. In this paper, a triangular interval type-2...

A finite switchboard state machine is a specialized finite state machine. It is built by binding the concepts of switching state machines and commutative state machines. The main purpose of this paper is to give a specific algorithm for fuzzy finite switchboard state machine and also, investigates the concepts of switching relation, covering, restr...

Membership function (MF) plays a key role for getting an output of a system and hence it influences system's performance directly. Therefore choosing a MF is an essential task in fuzzy logic and neutrosophic logic as well. Uncertainty is usually represented by MFs. In this paper, a novel Matlab code is derived for trapezoidal neutrosophic function...

The proposed work is to analyse the user's behaviour in web access. Worldwide, the web users are browsing through different websites every second. Aim of this paper is to identify the behaviour of user's in a time bound using an Expectation Maximization (EM) algorithm and the maximum likelihood estimates of the model parameters. A novel approach ba...

Eradication of a desired portion of an image is a very important role in image processing and is also called feature extraction. This is mainly concern about reducing the number of possessions required to portray a large set of data and also reduce memory space requirement and power of data processing. Perfectly optimized feature extraction is an e...

In this paper we examine IVF INK-ideal in INK-algebras by giving a couple of definitions and relative hypotheses. The image and preimage of IVF INK-ideal become i-v fuzzy INK-ideals in INK-algebras.

In image processing, edge detection is an important venture. Fuzzy logic plays a vital role in image processing to deal with lacking in quality of an image or imprecise in nature. This present study contributes an authentic method of fuzzy edge detection through image segmentation. Gradient of the image is done by triangular norms to extract the in...