Kaveh FarrokhLangara College
Kaveh Farrokh
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Publications (28)
This article provides a synopsis of Parthian military architecture by an initial examination of Arsacid military requirements for the defence of their empire. Following an overview of Central Asian circular systems, Parthian architectural innovations, Seleucid-Hellenic influences, and the tripartite system, Parthian military architecture in the emp...
This 10th volume of the Oblicza Wojny (Faces of War) series, contains 12 papers written by archaeologists and historians from Czechia, Greece, Canada, Germany, Poland, Hungary, and Italy. Such a team of researchers not only ensures an interdisciplinary approach to the issue at hand but also guarantees a multifaceted approach. All papers address the...
The Sasanian spāh (army) is well known for its application of war doctrines and tactics, military architecture and logistics; however, there have been no academic analyses as to the role of geography, climate and the weaponization of the elements in warfare. This article examines (1) the spāh's utilization of geographical elements in the planning o...
The expansion of the Iranian peoples in first centuries of the 1st millennium BCE coincides with the creation and further development of the cavalry warfare in western Eurasia, as well as with the creation of the pastoral nomadic life-style which dominated the Great Steppe for millennia to come. The mounted warriors replaced the light chariots whic...
This article addresses and re-examines Marc-Anthony Karantabias’ analysis of factors that contributed to the defeat of the Sasanian Spāh by Heraclius by 627-628 CE. Karantabias’ analysis may be categorized into four (military) misconceptions with respect to the Spāh: (1) the notion that the late Sasanian Spāh lacked stirrups for the Savaran cavalry...
The article discusses the military confrontation between Neo-Assyrian kingdom and the Median polities in the 7th century BCE. At the beginning the outline of the history of wars between the Medes and Assyria from the 9th century onwards is presented which is followed by the brief description of the Assyrian forces of the era and detailed examinatio...
This article examines the military history behind the rise of Iranian Prime Minister Mohammad Mossadegh (in office from 1952 to 1953) and the (military) factors that led to his fall from power in 1953. The article is also prefaced by the state of the Iranian military following the Second World War up to and including the the events of Mossadegh's t...
This article examines Sasanian military architecture with respect to its integration with the four-region Spāhbed system (Ādurbādagān-Spāhbed, Xwarāsān-Spāhbed, Xwarbārān-Spāhbed and Nēmrōz-Spāhbed) for defending the empire. Following an overview of Sasanian military architecture within Iran, the article examines the Darband wall of the Caucasus in...
This article outlines the military campaign of Marc Antony into northwest Iran (Media Atropatene) in 36 BCE. The military forces of Antony who faced the Parthians and the Medes are examined as well as the tactics of the belligerents. The reasons for the failure of Marc Antony's in Iran are also analyzed.
This article outlines the military career of Xerxes prior to his invasion of Greece, notably his campaigns against the rebellions in Egypt and Babylon. Achaemenid military organization as well as preparations for the invasion of Greece are also discussed in this article.
The aim of this article is to study the Sassanid armor types and their construction methods based on Sassanid rock reliefs, surviving fragments, armor depicted on Sassanid dishes and stone statues in Iran. The article explains the construction methods of different armor types used by the Sassanids during their rule and how Sassanids influenced the...
Tomb of Māhūr is located at a village called Mahur Berenji, district of Sardasht a part of Dezfūl, Khuzestan province, Southern Iran. This tomb has been discovered by Karamian and Astraki in 2018. There is a four-legged cross symbol in the above part of the tomb entrance.
This text outlines the career of Emperor Trajan (r. 98-117 CE) (Chapter 2) and his successful campaign against the Parthian Empire which was riven by internal dynastic strife during the Roman invasion (4). A detailed overview is provided of the Parthian Army (Chapter 3) as well as Parthian feudal society (Chapter 5). The book was printed in 2018 an...
This paper examines Iranian helmets from the 2nd century BCE Parthian era into the Sasanian era in the 3rd to 7th century CE. Analyses involve excavated helmets, and depictions of helmets on plaques, coins, bullae, metalworks and stone reliefs housed in museums, private collections and auction houses. Clay sculptures and wall paintings in Central A...
This book first provides a comprehensive examination of Romano-Sassanian relations with respect to factors that led to the siege of Amida. These include analyses of the political and religious backgrounds leading to conflict. The wars of 33-350 CE are examined, followed by analyses of the Spah (Sassanian army) as well as its siege warfare capabilit...
This article describes a series of finds of Parthian military items in the graves and crypts of Vestemin in northern Iran. These findings are especially significant as they provide an array of discoveries of military equipment: swords, daggers, spearheads, arrowheads, armor and a possible helmet. This study obliges a revision of Winkelman’s observa...
p>This article provides an examination of archery techniques, such as drawing techniques of the bowstring, the method of grasping the bow grip and placing the arrow, and their relationship to warfare as depicted on 22 Sassanian and early post-Sassanian silver plates. These plates provide useful information on Sassanian archery equipment and techniq...
The article describes a series of finds of Parthian military items in the graves and crypts of Vestemin in northern Iran. These findings are especially significant as they provide an array of discoveries of military equipment: swords, daggers, spearheads, arrowheads, armor and a possible helmet. This study obliges a revision of Winkelman’s observat...
The book A Synopsis of the Sasanian Military Organization and Combat Units is the result of several years of collaboration between the authors who undertake daily research on the history of pre-Islamic Iran. The present work is primarily addressed to students of history who acquire their first experiences in exploring the history of the Near East....
Barz Qawaleh (also known as Bard Qawela or “Barz-Q” town) is an ancient site located in the vicinity of the village of Ramavand in Iran, in the Kounani region of the Seymareh river basin. The ancient site should be considered as one of the largest and most important Sassanian settlements in Lorestan, Iran. The present paper and accompanying photogr...
This article examines recent archaeological excavations with respect to two Parthian reliefs and an examination of Parthian blade weapons (swords, daggers). The first archaeological site examined is the late Parthian or early Sassanian cavalry motif in the town of Koohdasht in western Iran’s Lorestan province. The Koohdasht motif is comparable to l...
Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of British Columbia, 2001. Includes bibliographical references.