Kaushik Das

• Doctor of Philosophy
• Senior Researcher at Technical University of Denmark

Optimal sizing of hybrid power plants (HPPs), which include wind power plants and battery energy systems, is essential to prevent financial losses from under- or over-sizing relative to grid connection capacities. Accurate sizing requires high-fidelity energy management systems (EMSs) to model bidding strategies and operations in electricity market...

In recent years, renewable hybrid power plants (HPPs) have experienced rapid expansion. Energy management systems (EMSs) are vital to these facilities, helping maximize economic returns for owners and shaping operational strategies across various time scales. However, a comprehensive review of advancements in this field is still lacking. This paper...

Hybrid power plants (HPPs) combining multiple generation and/or storage sources behind a single connection point are becoming popular due to their capability to provide additional value for both plant owners and power systems compared to individual technology renewable power plants. However, the research on HPPs is still in nascent stage. This arti...

This paper reviews the possible contributions of Hybrid Power Plants (HPPs) to support weak grids while maintaining the desired system stability. Moving towards a converter-dominant power system with less inherent inertia and distant connections to the nearest synchronous generator, frequency and voltage controls are becoming more critical to ensur...

An increase in the share of weather-dependent generation at low voltage levels necessitates incorporating the low-voltage network in optimizing a distribution network. Optimization in a multi-voltage network requires significant computation time and effort due to many nodes operating at different voltage levels. This research proposes a decompositi...

Wind energy is becoming an essential part of the energy system in the Baltic Sea region (BSR). There has been a tremendous development of offshore wind energy in the early 21st century in this region, and the plan for further growth in the coming years is ambitious. The development and implementation of offshore wind energy is a complex process inv...

Sizing of Hybrid Power Plants (HPPs), which include wind power plants and battery energy systems, is essential to capture trade-offs among various technology mixes. To accurately represent these trade-offs, an Energy Management System (EMS) is introduced to model the operation of a battery when participating in any market, resulting in realistic op...

Hybrid renewable power plants consisting of collocated wind, solar photovoltaic (PV), and lithium-ion battery storage connected behind a single grid connection can provide additional value to the owners and society in comparison to individual technology plants, such as those that are only wind or only PV. The hybrid power plants considered in this...

The operational profitability of co-located hybrid power plants (HPPs) consisting of wind and storage has emerged as a subject of great interest in both academia and industry. Addressing the uncertainties associated with wind power and market prices during the operation process has become a critical focus. While existing studies have explored optim...

In recent years, there has been a growing interest in reducing greenhouse gas emissions by integrating new technologies into energy delivery systems. Hybrid power plants (HPPs) have become popular for their potential to add market value benefits. The harmonization of diverse dynamic technologies and intricate interactions within an HPP to meet mand...

An emerging approach for effective grid integration of renewable energy sources (RES) involves hybridizing one or two types of RES with battery energy storage (BES). A BES in such a hybrid power plant (HPP) allows for maximizing generation and profitability while offering ancillary services to the grid. Various grid operators around the world are a...

Distribution networks worldwide are on the verge of a significant transformation owing to the increasing share of distributed generation connected, especially wind and solar, at medium and low voltage levels. The traditional distribution network infrastructure , designed for uni-directional power flow, is non-optimal to accommodate generation sourc...

p>In recent years, utility-scale hybrid power plants (HPPs) have emerged as promising electricity generation resources by combining multiple generation technologies and storage capabilities. This paper presents a novel framework for optimizing the offering and operation of HPPs in the voluntary balancing market, specifically for providing regulatin...

p>In recent years, utility-scale hybrid power plants (HPPs) have emerged as promising electricity generation resources by combining multiple generation technologies and storage capabilities. This paper presents a novel framework for optimizing the offering and operation of HPPs in the voluntary balancing market, specifically for providing regulatin...

Since hybrid power plants (HPPs) play an intensive role in the energy supply balance of future energy systems, there is today increased attention on co-located wind–battery HPPs both in industry and academia. This paper proposes an energy management system (EMS) methodology for wind–battery plants participating in two sequential electricity markets...

Hybrid renewable power plants consisting of collocated wind, solar photo-voltaic (PV) and Lithium-ion battery storage connected behind a single grid connection can provide additional value to the owners and to society in comparison to individual technology plants such as only wind or only solar-PV. These benefits become significant in projects that...

Hybrid power parks (HPPs) that combined renewable power sources and storage can improve generation flexibility compared to single-resource parks, making HPPs able to participate in different electricity markets, e.g., regulating markets. Despite the foreseen advantages with HPPs, a challenging aspect relate to coordination of the included assets du...

As markets continue to evolve, hybrid power plants (HPPs) are attracting the interest of plant operators and industry players alike. With their ability to provide flexible dispatchability, HPPs are poised to become a competitive solution in future energy markets, particularly in grid ancillary markets (such as frequency control, reactive power cont...

p>Since hybrid power plants (HPPs) play an intensive role in the energy supply balance of future energy systems, there is today an increased attention on co-located wind-battery HPPs both in industry and academia. However, the profitability of HPPs in sequential electricity markets to overcome initial investment costs has not been yet well examined...

p>Since hybrid power plants (HPPs) play an intensive role in the energy supply balance of future energy systems, there is today an increased attention on co-located wind-battery HPPs both in industry and academia. However, the profitability of HPPs in sequential electricity markets to overcome initial investment costs has not been yet well examined...

Utility-scale co-located hybrid power plants (HPPs) have received global attention due to enhanced controllability and efficient utilization of electrical infrastructure. While control of mono-technology plants has been extensively studied over the past decades, the control of co-located HPP including sub-plants of multiple technologies is yet to b...

Utility-scale and small scale wind and solar power installations along with electric vehicle charging stations, and other active sources of energy are increasing at the medium and lower voltage levels in the distribution grid. This situ- ation requires a better understanding of the impact of high penetration of weather-dependent renewable energy so...

Network operators have been increasingly concerned with procuring reactive power sources as more synchronous generators are planned to be decommissioned and a number of distributed generations is on the rise. Reactive power is necessary for the evolving grid with distributed generation to support the additional power flow and avoid expensive grid r...

The utility-scale co-located hybrid power plants (HPPs) have been receiving attention globally due to enhanced controllability and efficient utilization of electrical infrastructure. While power plant control has been extensively studied for single-technology power plants in the past decades, how to control a co-located HPP that includes sub-plants...

Frequency control (FC) enables utility-scale grid-connected hybrid power plants (HPPs) to operate in compliance with grid code requirements while to capture value streams from provision of frequency control services (FCSs). In this paper, a novel hierarchical FC approach is proposed to allow HPPs to provide three types of FCSs, namely fast frequenc...

Offshore grids can play key roles in the transition of energy systems toward sustainability. Although they require extensive infrastructure investments, they allow for the exploitation of additional resources and may be important in providing for part of the increasing electricity demands driven by sector coupling. This paper quantifies the socioec...

With frequency stability being challenged in modern power systems, transmission system operators have been designing new mitigation measures, such as fast frequency response (FFR), to maintain operation security of power systems. To accommodate technical requirements of new frequency control services (FCSs), the corresponding control should be impl...

Future distribution grids are likely to shift away from a passive grid consuming power to an active grid with a high share of weather-dependent renewable generation. Distribution grid operations are greatly interlinked between different voltage levels and depend upon the fluctuating load demand. Thus it is imperative to study and analyze multi...

Offshore grids can have a key role in the transition of the energy system to sustainability. Although they require extensive infrastructure investments, they open up for the exploitation of additional resources and may be important to provide for part of the increasing electricity demand driven by sector coupling. This paper quantifies the socio-ec...

The increased penetration of weather-dependent distributed generation, such as wind power plants and photovoltaics, in distribu- tion networks, presents new challenges for the distribution system operators to improve their networks’ operation by effectively utilizing the available resources. A higher amount of distributed generation also directly t...

div>Utility-scale and small scale wind and solar power installations along with electric vehicle charging stations, and other active sources of energy are increasing at the medium and lower voltage levels in the distribution grid. This situation required a better understanding of the impact of high penetration of weather-dependent renewable energy...

div>Utility-scale and small scale wind and solar power installations along with electric vehicle charging stations, and other active sources of energy are increasing at the medium and lower voltage levels in the distribution grid. This situation required a better understanding of the impact of high penetration of weather-dependent renewable energy...

This report summarises findings on wind integration from the 17 countries or sponsors participating in the International Energy Agency Wind Technology Collaboration Programme (IEA Wind TCP) Task 25 from 2006–2020. Both real experience and studies are reported. Many wind integration studies incorporate solar energy, and most of the results discussed...

The utility-scale co-located hybrid power plants (HPPs) have been receiving attention globally due to enhanced controllability and efficient utilization of electrical infrastructure. While power plant control has been extensively studied for single-technology power plants in the past decades, how to control a co-located HPP that includes sub-plants...

The utility-scale co-located hybrid power plants (HPPs) have been receiving attention globally due to enhanced controllability and efficient utilization of electrical infrastructure. While power plant control has been extensively studied for single-technology power plants in the past decades, how to control a co-located HPP that includes sub-plants...

The aim of this paper is to review and compare present European and Indian grid code requirements imposed to hybrid power plants (HPPs) combining wind, solar and storage technologies. Since there are no grid codes specifically for HPPs, the paper will review grid codes for the power plant based on individual renewable technology in the HPP. Europea...

Wind farm control (WFC) allows coordinated operation of the wind turbines within a wind power plant (WPP). However, its development has traditionally been split into the distinct disciplines of power plant control and farm flow control. As variable renewable energies, in particular wind energy, increase their penetration into the power system, grid...

The concept of hybrid wind power plants (HWPPs) that consist of wind, solar and batteries has received a lot of attention, since HWPPs provide a number of advantages thanks to the complementary nature of wind and solar energy and the flexibility of batteries. Nevertheless, converter-based technologies, as interfaces of HWPPs to the utility grid, co...

div>The increased penetration of wind power plants (WPPs) in distribution networks challenges the distribution system operators (DSOs) to improve and optimize networks’ operation. A higher amount of local power production translates to more losses in the network. This paper proposes a deterministic optimization methodology to minimize the losses in...

div>The increased penetration of wind power plants (WPPs) in distribution networks challenges the distribution system operators (DSOs) to improve and optimize networks’ operation. A higher amount of local power production translates to more losses in the network. This paper proposes a deterministic optimization methodology to minimize the losses in...

div>This paper proposes a mathematical model to perform optimal operational planning of large-scale energy systems with high share of renewable energy. Furthermore, it analyses the influence of different unit commitment modelling approaches on the operational planning outcomes. The value of co-optimisation of electricity and heating sector is empha...

div>Offshore grids can have an important role in the transition of the energy system to sustainability. Although they require extensive infrastructure investments, they open up for the exploitation of a vast amount of additional resources and may be important to provide for part of the increasing electricity demand driven by sector coupling between...

div>Offshore grids can have an important role in the transition of the energy system to sustainability. Although they require extensive infrastructure investments, they open up for the exploitation of a vast amount of additional resources and may be important to provide for part of the increasing electricity demand driven by sector coupling between...

This paper proposes a mathematical model in order to simulate Day-ahead markets of large-scale multi-energy systems with a high share of renewable energy. Furthermore, it analyses the importance of including unit commitment when performing such analysis. The results of the case study, which is performed for the North Sea region, show the influence...

This paper analyses several energy system scenarios towards 2050 for the North Sea region. With a focus on offshore wind power, the impacts of meshed offshore grid and sector coupling are studied. First, a project-based scenario, where each offshore wind power plant is connected individually to the onshore power system, is compared to a meshed grid...

In order to participate in energy market, variable renewable energy sources need to reduce the uncertainty of forecast errors. Inclusion of storage can be a viable option not only to minimize the penalties due to forecast uncertainties but also to maximize the revenue generation. This paper presents a decision framework for respecting the market co...

Power distribution systems with a high share of Variable Renewable Energy Sources (VRE) face problems due to the variability, uncertainty, and non-dispatchable nature of VRE. This paper reviews and discusses the pertinent challenges arising for steady state operation of future distribution systems with a large share of weather-dependent renewable e...

This paper proposes a mathematical model to simulate Day-ahead markets of large-scale multi-energy systems with high share of renewable energy. Furthermore, it analyses the importance of including unit commitment when performing such analysis. The results of the case study, which is performed for the North Sea region, show the influence of massive...

div>Increasing share of renewables poses new challenges towards planning and operation of power systems all over the world, thereby, requiring new methods and tools. This article explains the value of balancing tool chain which encompasses operation of market and power system from day-ahead planning until the real-time dynamic simulation. The sa...

div>Increasing share of renewables poses new challenges towards planning and operation of power systems all over the world, thereby, requiring new methods and tools. This article explains the value of balancing tool chain which encompasses operation of market and power system from day-ahead planning until the real-time dynamic simulation. The sa...

div>This paper proposes a mathematical model to perform optimal operational planning of large-scale energy systems with high share of renewable energy. Furthermore, it analyses the influence of different unit commitment modelling approaches on the operational planning outcomes. The value of co-optimisation of electricity and heating sector is empha...

div>This paper proposes a mathematical model to perform optimal operational planning of large-scale energy systems with high share of renewable energy. Furthermore, it analyses the influence of different unit commitment modelling approaches on the operational planning outcomes. The value of co-optimisation of electricity and heating sector is empha...

The operation of transmission systems with large share of wind power is specially challenging under storm conditions. Under the stormy wind speed conditions, wind turbine protection system is designed to shut down the turbine to avoid excessive mechanical load. The sudden loss of wind power from large offshore plants is difficult to forecast accura...

div>In order to participate in energy market, variable renewable energy sources need to reduce the uncertainty of forecast errors. Inclusion of storage can be a viable option not only to minimize the penalties due to forecast uncertainties but also to maximize the revenue generation. This paper presents a decision framework for respecting the mark...

div>In order to participate in energy market, variable renewable energy sources need to reduce the uncertainty of forecast errors. Inclusion of storage can be a viable option not only to minimize the penalties due to forecast uncertainties but also to maximize the revenue generation. This paper presents a decision framework for respecting the mark...

A mathematical program for global optimization of the cable layout of Offshore Wind Farms (OWFs) is presented. The model consists on a Mixed Integer Linear Program (MILP). Modern branch-and-cut solvers are able to solve large-scale instances, defined by more than hundred Wind Turbines (WTs), and a reasonable number of Offshore Substations (OSSs). I...

A methodology for optimum sizing of offshore wind farms high voltage AC export cables is presented. The method uses as main input site-dependent time series of wind power generation and seabed temperature, in order to apply Dynamic Temperature Estimation (DTE) analysis using a Thermo-Electrical Equivalent model (TEE), followed by an estimation of l...

Nowadays, wind is considered as a remarkable renewable energy source to be implemented in power systems. Most wind power plant experiences have been based on onshore installations, as they are considered as a mature technological solution by the electricity sector. However, future power scenarios and roadmaps promote offshore power plants as an alt...

The integration of renewable energy sources, including wind power, in the adequacy assessment of electricity generation capacity becomes increasingly important as renewable energy generation increases in volume and replaces conventional power plants. The contribution of wind power to cover the electricity demand is less certain than conventional po...

The scope of this paper is to review the hierarchical control architectures for offshore wind power plants (OWPPs) described in the state-of-art literature. A typical WPP control architecture consist of three levels: local wind turbine control level, WPP control level and control of group of WPPs. With more and more OWPPs development in close proxi...

A parallel-based algorithmic framework for automated design of Offshore Wind Farms (OWF) collection systems is proposed in this paper. The framework consists basically on five algorithms executed simultaneously and independently, followed by a combined analysis aiming to generate the best results in terms of different objective functions. The main...

In the recent years, the worldwide grid integration of renewable energy sources (RES) has grown rapidly. However , the grid-integration of large volume of renewables like wind and solar, interfaced by power electronics converters, is changing the dynamics of the power system and creating challenges to maintain reliability, robustness and stability...

A mathematical program for global optimization of the cable layout of Offshore Wind Farms (OWFs) is presented. The model consists on a Mixed Integer Linear (MILP) program. Modern branch-and-cut solvers are able to solve largescale instances, defined by more than hundred Wind Turbines (WTs), and any number of Offshore Substations (OSSs). In addition...