
Kathleen Marie HaywoodUniversity of Missouri–St. Louis | UMSL · College of Education
Kathleen Marie Haywood
PhD
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42
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August 1976 - present
Publications
Publications (42)
Professional practice doctorates have learning outcomes and capstones that are very different than research doctorates. One type of capstone suited to a professional doctorate is a client-based dissertation in practice (DiP). In this type of capstone, students address a problem of practice faced by an institution or program (the client) in the stud...
Advanced Analysis of Motor Development explores how research is conducted in testing major issues and questions in motor development. It also looks at the evolution of research in the field, its current status, and possible future directions. This text is one of the few to examine motor development models and theories analytically while providing a...
IntroductionThe Sport of ArcheryPsychological ConsiderationsTraining and Competitive Schedules For ArcherySummaryReferences
This study tested the hypothesis that scaling environmental objects can afford differently sized individuals the opportunity to make similarly effective movements with that object. Four similar tennis rackets were scaled to provide consistent differences in length, weight, and grip size. Children between 4 and 10 years of age were asked to strike w...
This investigation examined change in a motor pattern requiring multisegmented coordination in older adults. The overarm throw was observed longitudinally in 8 elderly individuals over 7 years. Data were evaluated using Roberton's (Roberton & Halverson, 1984) movement components. Contrasting the assumed pattern of aging, only small declines in move...
Both environmental and biological factors have been cited to explain large gender differences in throwing. Because differences are observed as early as three years, some researchers have suggested biological differences may be a primary factor (Nelson et al., 1986). To explore the contribution of these factors more carefully, three groups of childr...
Older adults were tested to clarify findings of an earlier examination of movement responses to shifting task requirements (Williams et al., 1993). Eleven participants (average age = 77 years) were evaluated on form and velocity as they performed overarm throws for force and accuracy. Significant gender and force-accuracy differences occurred for r...
This study examined tennis serving in older adult tennis players. Twentytwo
older adults, divided into younger and older halves, were videotaped
serving five "first" serves. Dominant shoulder flexibility also was measured.
From the videotape, servers were classified into developmental levels and
their resultant ball impact velocity was calculated....
Older adults threw tennis balls for force and accuracy to examine their
adaptability to different task demands. Twenty-one (13 women, 8 men)
participants were videotaped as they performed five force and five accuracy
throws. The developmental level of each throw was determined; resultant
ball velocities also were examined. Roberton's (1977, 1978) m...
If elementary physical education existed just to achieve "present" goals, especially regular exercise, the nature of the program would be clearer and the need for trained teachers less. It is the "future" goal that complicates the debate over the elementary program. It is the "future" goal that requires a broader range of experiences and a developm...
Previous investigations of the movement patterns of older adults have focused on functional movements. Performance declines have been reported with increasing age. Many investigations, however, do not require older adults to perform maximal, force producing actions. Smaller declines might be observed if older adults made a maximal effort. This inve...
Technical advancements in target archery have been extended to widespread use of "scopes" which magnify the target. In fact, these optical devices are simple converging lenses used at an arm's length from the eye. They produce a magnified image, but it is an image that suffers from significant dioptric blur, diminished somewhat by use of a peep sig...
Determined whether the visual-search pattern (VSP) used in viewing an oncoming baseball pitch differed for 9 varsity collegiate baseball players (expert) and 9 novice players. Each S was shown 20 pitches on videotape, with the type of pitch (curve, fastball) and type of motion (wind-up, stretch) varied. Differences in VSP support the information-pr...
The development of strength and flexibility in adults is enhanced by training in competitive sports. Much less is known about such physiologic changes in young children. The present study compared the effects of training between female gymnasts and swimmers, age 7 to 12 years. Anthropometric measures, specific and general strength tests, and flexib...
Physiologically healthy elderly individuals often exhibit visual deficits which result from age-related changes in both the transmission characteristics of the ocular media and the functional properties of the neural elements in the visual pathway. Many of the age-related changes in the optical quality of the ocular media have been identified, but...
Reaction time to initiate an eye movement to a target which suddenly appeared 2.8 degrees from fixation was measured for older and younger adults. Healthy men and women were tested in a series of trials; on one-half of these trials prior knowledge of the target's location was given (simple reaction time), whereas on the remaining trials the target...
Movement is visually detected by one of two systems: (a) the image‐retina system (image moves along stationary retina), or (b) the eye‐head movement system (eye moves to keep image stationary on retina). Previous research has shown that subjects, when they have to respond to movement to execute a coincidence‐anticipation task, will choose the image...
Physical changes in and conditions of the eye associated with the normal aging process are discussed with reference to their impact on performance in physical and recreational activities. Descriptions are given of characteristic changes in visual acuity in the areas of: (1) presbyopia (inability to clearly focus near images); (2) sensitivity to gla...
Investigated the existence of directional error, its persistence after extended practice, and its occurrence on transfer to new contextual stimuli. Two groups of 20 undergraduate women athletes each were tested for 270 trials over 3 days on a Bassin anticipation task. One group judged stimulus speeds of 2, 3, and 4 mph and the other group speeds of...
Differences between young and old adults in matching a motor response to arrival of a moving stimulus may be partially attributable to age group differences in eye movements. In Experiment 1 the eye movement patterns used by young and old adults during performance of a coincidence-anticipation task were recorded. Age group differences in preferred...
Age group differences in the direction of anticipatory motor responses may be attributable to the increased susceptibility of young children to contextual factors. That is, their performances on a given trial may be influenced by the stimulus speed presented in the previous trial. Mixed-sex groups of 8–9 year-olds and adults were given 3 blocks of...
A significant relationship exists between a person's body concept and his general self-concept. Physical educators need to be more concerned with the development of the body concept in children. Understanding how the growth process affects performance ability can help the teacher plan activities based on individual readiness factors. (JN)
simple anthropometric measures, flexibility, and strength performance tests were conducted on 30 young gymnasts and repeated one year later. During the intervening year, 13 gymnasts, average age 14.5 at the second year, reached menarche, while the remaining 17, average age 14.1 years, did not. Multivariate analyses of covariance were calculated to...
Improvement in response speed through young adulthood and decline in older adulthood has been consistently demonstrated. There is indication of a similar trend in coincidence-anticipation accuracy, wherein the performer predicts the arrival of a moving stimulus at a target point, although performance appears to plateau earlier and performance by ol...
The hypothesis of a critical day in biorhythm theory predicts that skill performance would be lower than normal on a physically critical day. Participants in an archery league were observed in 346 events. Indoor archery performance provided scores identical to the goal of the task and unaffected by environmental conditions or other competitors. Abo...
Investigations of the differences in movement speed over the age span, childhood to early adulthood, have typically confounded age with size differences which bring about mechanical differences in the task. The present study investigated the effect on arm movement time of confounding age and limb length. Young adults and children 7 to 9 yr. of age...
The present study related visual processing, as indicated by eye movements, to performance accuracy on coincidence-anticipation tasks. Three age groups were tested on a coincidence-anticipation task and their eye movements recorded. Three levels of response were administered under three levels of stimulus speed. A MANOVA indicated that both eye tra...
Research on children's performance on the Witkin Rod-and-frame Test has suggested that children rely heavily on contextual cues in perceiving verticality but that this reliance decreases with age. In the present study this developmental trend in children younger than those previously tested was studied. The effect on performance of the conventional...
The relative effects of three knowledge of results (KR) treatments on performance of a complex coincidence-anticipation task requiring speed and accuracy were studied. Male volunteers (n=75) were assigned to one of three treatments: no KR, quantitative KR, or qualitative KR. No significant differences in the performance of treatment groups were fou...
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