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Introduction
Landscape, people and global change - http://katesherren.org.
Please email me directly for typeset PDFs: kate.sherren@dal.ca.
Current institution
Education
June 2004 - February 2008
Australian National University
Field of study
- Resource Management and Environmental Science
Publications
Publications (168)
A gap exists in cross-technology and large-scale research about public support for energy infrastructure, particularly the influence of exposure on attitudes. We used a national panel sample of Canadians to explore drivers of support across ten energy technologies, comparing predictors such as exposure, political views, environmental values and sec...
We review what is known about ecosystem service (ES) delivery from agricultural dykelands and tidal wetlands around the dynamic Bay of Fundy in the face of climate change and sea-level rise, at the outset of the national NSERC ResNet project. Agricultural dykelands are areas of drained tidal wetland that have been converted to agricultural lands an...
Coastal communities face increasingly difficult decisions about responses to climate change. Armoring and defending the coast are being revealed as ineffective in terms of outcomes and cost, particularly in rural areas. Nature-based options include approaches that make space for coastal dynamism (e.g., through managed retreat) or leverage ecosystem...
Among many by-products of Web 2.0 come the wide range of potential image and text datasets within social media and content sharing platforms that speak of how people live, what they do, and what they care about. These datasets are imperfect and biased in many ways, but those flaws make them complementary to data derived from conventional social sci...
Understanding what factors can positively or negatively affect farmers’ decisions to adopt new practices is of particular importance to agricultural researchers and practitioners. Few studies in adoption research have examined the role that
fenceline neighbours can play in influencing the decisions of their neighbours to adopt new practices, especi...
Climate change will affect many global landscapes in the future, requiring millions of people to move away from areas at risk from flooding, erosion, drought and extreme temperatures. The term managed retreat is increasingly used in the Global North to refer to the movement of people and infrastructure away from climate risks. Managed retreat, howe...
Participatory Scenario Planning (PSP), the collaborative process of envisioning plausible futures, is a promising approach to aid environmental management and governance in the Anthropocene. Emerging scholarship on PSP emphasizes its potential for social learning to enhance knowledge, values, and competencies for more sustainable governance. Howeve...
There is a growing call in sustainability science and practice to build empathy, especially among actors involved in environmental management. We explored how participatory scenario planning (PSP), a popular collaborative environmental planning tool and an emerging transdisciplinary research approach in sustainability science, can influence empathy...
Ecosystem services (ES) are benefits people receive from nature. To sustain these benefits, we need to spatially connect communities benefitting from specific ES with landscape features that generate the ES. A variety of process‐based models support ES assessments by estimating the biophysical supply of ES that comes from landscapes. However, less...
Many landscapes are on the edge literally, particularly here on the Atlantic Coast of Canada. But landscapes everywhere are on the edge metaphorically: on the edge of change. Tackling the collective challenges we face, and redefining a "good life" in these new circumstances, will likely transform the places and landscapes that we care about. Yet ch...
1. Many invasive alien species gradually become embedded within local cultures. Such species can increasingly be perceived by society as familiar and native elements of the social-ecological system and as integral parts of local cultures. 2. Here, we explore this phenomenon and define it as cultural inception. Cultural inception can greatly hinder...
Nature‐based coastal adaptation is a subset of nature‐based solutions that has to this point focused on the materiality of managing coastal risks: what our coastal protections are made of or where we put things that are in the way of harm. In our collaborative interdisciplinary work, we have been reimagining nature‐based coastal adaptation to start...
Regenerative agriculture is an approach that places soil conservation at the center of its practices. As part of this approach, regenerative agriculture seeks to address concerns related to environmental and socio-economic dimensions of food production through the promotion of a range of best management practices. While regenerative agriculture has...
Social media has profoundly changed our modes of self-expression, communication, and participation in public discourse, generating volumes of conversations and content that cover every aspect of our social lives. Social media platforms have thus become increasingly important as data sources to identify social trends and phenomena. In recent years,...
This third decennial review from the International Association for Society and Natural Resources brings fresh perspectives on the assumptions and interests that underlie and entangle scholarship on natural resource decision making and the justness of its outcomes. With over 50 authors from across the world and career stage, this reflexive volume is...
Ecosystem services (ES) researchers have recognized the important role of urban planning decisions in influencing the quantity and distribution of ES in cities. However, knowledge about ES among planners is still modest, and more research is needed about planners’ experiences with ES. For this qualitative study, interviews and focus groups were con...
Marine and coastal environments are diverse and dynamic, supporting competing human interests and demands. As society seeks to balance contested uses of space, more holistic planning processes have emerged, which consider social, economic, and ecological factors. One approach that considers social factors, and more specifically social acceptance, i...
Sea levels are rising faster than ever, limiting the effectiveness of hard infrastructure-based coastal protection. Scientists and policymakers are exploring alternative adaptation approaches that use nature's capacity to buffer flooding and erosion – a strategy we refer to as nature-based coastal adaption (NbCA). They involve changes from site-lev...
The tidal wetland-dykeland ecosystems of the Bay of Fundy provide essential benefits or ecosystem services that support peoples’ well-being and those of non-human lifeforms, such as plants and animals. However, the futures of these ecosystems and their ability to provide and sustain these benefits are strongly driven by climate change impacts (e.g....
Flagship species are an important tool for mobilizing support for conservation. Here, we extend this concept to include individual organisms, whose characteristics, fates, and connections to people can garner public attention, attract conservation support, and spur activism. Flagship individuals typically share a similar suite of characteristics, i...
In this work, we collected eBird and iNaturalist observations in the Upper Bay of Fundy area (around the Minas Basin) from 2016-2021 to explore the utility of citizen science datasets in spatially restricted landscapes like dykelands and tidal wetlands with scarce primary biodiversity data. This was done as a report to the NSERC Strategic Partnersh...
Blue carbon ecosystems are marine vegetated ecosystems, such as mangroves, salt marshes, kelp forests and seagrass meadows, that naturally sequester and store atmospheric carbon in their deep sediments and biomass. Their ecosystem services extend from carbon capture and storage to coastline protection and flood mitigation, making their management a...
Societal awareness of, and engagement with, environmental problems is a critical prerequisite for effective conservation programs. Research has revealed a strong general pattern whereby public attention received by cultural products diminishes over time. If transposed to conservation, this transience of societal attention is likely to be of major i...
Laura Ogden begins Loss & wonder at the world’s end, a book about social-ecological change in the Fuegian Archipelago, by musing on the irreparable geography of the place: “fragments … broken off from South America’s southern tip” (p. 2). They remind her of chipped family heirlooms. We all have a drawer or box full of such sundry material in our ho...
We conducted a scoping review to identify and describe trends in the use of social media images as data sources to inform social science research in published articles from 2015 to 2019. The identified trends include the following: (1) there is increasing interest in social media images as research data, especially in disciplines like sociology, cu...
Flood risk mapping allows for informed decision making regarding personal and community
planning. Resistance to flood risk mapping can be driven by potential decline of property
values. This paper explores resistance to flood risk mapping through the lens of climax
thinking. Climax thinking is a novel theory guiding explorations of resistance to pr...
The ongoing digital transformation that all sectors are experiencing, recently accelerated by a global pandemic, is impacting the practice of impact assessment (IA). It is impacting how we support and inform established IA practice, and it is offering new approaches to supplement established IA practice. This entry describes digital impact assessme...
Agricultural dykelands and tidal wetlands around Canada’s Bay of Fundy are experiencing increasingly severe impacts from sea level rise and climate change, leading to management challenges. Managers will have to decide which dykes to reinforce, which to realign or remove, and where to restore wetlands. These decisions will have important impacts on...
Shifts from fossil fuels toward renewable energy (RE) introduce profound changes to landscapes, including visual impacts that are often investigated during environmental and social impact assessment. Moreover, RE transitions are among many visual changes happening in rural areas that are increasingly serving amenity functions and becoming destinati...
in press in Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment (https://doi.org/10.1002/fee.2598).
Citation: Jarić, I., Correia, R.A., Bonaiuto, M., Brook, B.W., Courchamp, F., Firth, J.A., Gaston, K.J., Heger, T., Jeschke, J.M., Ladle, R.J., Meinard, Y., Roberts, D.L., Sherren, K., Soga, M., Soriano-Redondo, A., Veríssimo, D. and Roll, U. (2023). Transience...
in press in Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment (https://doi.org/10.1002/fee.2599). Citation: Jarić, I., Normande, I.C., Arbieu, U., Courchamp, F., Crowley, S.L., Jeschke, J.M., Roll, U., Sherren, K., Thomas-Walters, L., Veríssimo, D. and Ladle, R.J. (2023). Flagship individuals in biodiversity conservation. Frontiers in Ecology and the Enviro...
Climate change risks to coastal communities may overwhelm current management strategies. The emergence of nature‐based solutions could provide alternative approaches for climate adaptation; however, studies on their public acceptability are limited. This research focuses on the human dimensions of nature‐based coastal adaptation solutions. The rese...
Since 2016 I have been describing the fallacious way of thinking about landscapes as in their final or ideal state as ‘climax thinking’, and arguing for the need to foster a non-equilibrium way of thinking instead. I argue it is not necessarily a sign of good management when built landscapes stay the same despite changing conditions, needs and/or v...
First 50 downloads free at https://www.tandfonline.com/eprint/MP8AQ2REZHKZI4U8KU7J/full?target=10.1080/21683565.2022.2107597 ** Adaptive multi-paddock (AMP) grazing practices have been debated based on production, environmental and workload impacts, but farmer wellbeing is only beginning to be explored. A panel-based online survey of 200 Canadian b...
What does resilience mean when it's applied to adapting the food system to climate change? The term is a "boundary object": it has multiple definitions which do not necessarily correspond. While this slippery state can serve to unite different actors, it can also be co-opted by government to twist transformative adaptation into maintaining the stat...
A leverage points perspective recognises different levels of systemic depth, ranging from the relatively shallow levels of parameters and feedbacks to the deeper levels of system design and intent. Analysing a given social-ecological system for its characteristics across these four levels of systemic depth provides a useful diagnostic to better und...
The ongoing global biodiversity crisis not only involves biological extinctions, but also the loss of experience and the gradual fading of cultural knowledge and collective memory of species. We refer to this phenomenon as 'societal extinction of species' and apply it to both extinct and extant taxa. We describe the underlying concepts as well as t...
Place-based social-ecological research is often designed to improve local environmental governance, but it can also inform decisions at larger scales or in other places. However, the focus on local perspectives in such research creates challenges for transferring insights to other locations, and for aggregating understanding to larger scales. In th...
This paper applies an innovative approach to monitoring social effects occurring before and during construction of two hydroelectric dams in Canada. The two studied dams, Site C and Keeyask, are under construction in Canada and underwent community-based impact assessment (CBIA). News coverage and the CBIA documents were analyzed to understand and c...
Coastal systems provide multiple ecosystem services like food, accommodation, recreation, and protection, to name a few (Loomis & Paterson, 2014). Abundant in life supporting services, coastal system have historically been attractive to people, although overuse of these services have taken the systems to the brink of degradation. With an increasing...
Reviewing Social impact assessment (SIA) documents is important to understand whether SIA methods and the range of issues covered have evolved as a response to legislation changes and best practices. A national study can help researchers to understand the practice of SIA under comparable regulatory requirements. This study used available hydroelect...
Recent commentaries on the corpus of social acceptability research around renewable energy have identified the need for critical approaches that move beyond individualist and positivist methodologies. Many energy-related behaviours, much like the landscapes in which they play out, are recursively recreated and institutionalized as they are enacted,...
Nature based coastal adaptation (NbCA) sustainably helps minimize sea-level rise impacts, using and enhancing the natural capacity of coastal ecosystems. Despite its relative advantages over conventional hard protection infrastructure, the implementation of NbCA is challenged by diverse barriers, many of which cannot be overcome in the absence of a...
In 2018, two studies were conducted by Canada’s Parliament on the connections between climate change and agriculture. Links between grazing management and climate change adaptation and mitigation are included in the testimonies gathered during these studies but the resulting final reports are silent on the topic. Analysis of 112 parliamentary files...
While shifting electricity production to renewable sources is of critical importance in addressing global climate change, the costs of such development are often felt locally. This study explores what leads to support for wind development when respondents are asked to think about three different geographic scales: general, regional and within view...
Global social and economic changes, alongside climate change, are affecting the operating environment for agriculture, leading to efforts to increase production and yields, typically through the use of agrochemicals like pesticides and fertilizers, expanded irrigation, and changes in seed varieties. Intensification, alongside the expansion of agric...
Fulltext https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/j.ctv19t41pj.4.pdf Many of us, when facing landscape change such as energy infrastructure development, often demonstrate a belief that we inhabit a 'climax' landscape. In successional terms, a climax landscape is defined here as one that is perceived by those who live in and use it to have reached a stable...
Contemporary methods of rangeland health (RH) assessment evaluate indicators designed to assess land use impacts on ecosystem function. These methods have not been tested relative to variation in specific grazing practices, including grazing period length and stocking rates during the growing season. We report on RH outcomes for three habitat types...
Frameworks of ecosystem services (ES) are promoted as a new and important way to recognize, understand, and account for nature's benefits. We questioned assertions of the novelty of ES ideas and conducted a comparative analysis of approaches in planning, landscape architecture, and sustainable forest management against the Millennium Ecosystem Asse...
As renewable energy technologies evolve, how we think and talk about energy landscapes is also changing. Energy discourses shape our thinking, our reactions, and our sense of what is desirable or undesirable in the surrounding landscape. Understanding discourses as the subconscious organization of collectively held values and mental models (Lakoff,...
The ongoing digital revolution in the age of big data is opening new research opportunities. Culturomics and iEcology, two emerging research areas based on the analysis of online data resources, can provide novel scientific insights and inform conservation and management efforts. To date, culturomics and iEcology have been applied primarily in the...
It has become common to explore farmer motivations for adopting land management changes on a scale from intrinsic to extrinsic, including in studies on “motivation crowding” that examine how external incentives can undermine or reinforce a farmer’s intrinsic reasons for protecting nature. We set out to do the same in a study on riparian management...
In assessment of costs (and benefits) of wildlife conservation, conventional economic valuation frameworks may inadequately address various non-tangible values and neglect social, cultural and political contexts of resources and their use. Correspondingly, there seems to be much more focus on quantifying the economic, material benefits and costs of...
Climate change and sea level rise threaten coastal areas around the world. In the Bay of Fundy area of the Canadian Maritime Provinces, there are 364 km of dykes protecting 32,350 ha of drained agricultural land. The Nova Scotia Department of Agriculture is in charge of dyke maintenance on its coast, and making decisions about which dykes to reinfo...
Free for 50 days at https://authors.elsevier.com/a/1aoBNcUG5EeOu **** As a means of understanding responses to landscape change, the concept of climax thinking proposes that communities resist changes because individuals view their current landscape as in its optimal state. We examined perceptions of past landscape change to help predict support fo...
We examine collective action in the food system of the Canadian Maritimes to determine its effect on the resilience and adaptive capacity of food producers, distributors, retailers and governance institutions.
Our data suggest that beyond their immediate benefits for their participants, expressions of collective action generate higher‐level impacts...
50 days free at https://authors.elsevier.com/c/1abJ22eyKFZgaF ----While there is broad agreement in theory that farmers' expertise should be integrated into discussions of land management and climate change adaptation in the food system, it is unknown how much research practice has integrated these recommendations. To gauge the state of the field,...
50 days free at https://authors.elsevier.com/c/1abJ22eyKFdSGo. -----The Falkland Islands (‘Falklands’) are home to half a million sheep that graze a marginal and drying landscape. This presents new challenges for the grazing management decisions that sustain farmers’ livelihoods, lifestyles, and the surrounding natural environment. Our examination...
https://www.tandfonline.com/eprint/7UE6KXVR5HEK594ZMKAV/full?target=10.1080/1472586X.2020.1715068
Sea-levels have been rising at a faster rate than expected. Because of the maladaptive outcomes of engineering-based hard coastal protection infrastructure, policy makers are looking for alternative adaptation approaches to buffer against coastal flooding—commonly known as nature-based coastal adaptation (NbCA). However, how to implement NbCA under...
Engaging community stakeholders in coastal areas about climate change adaptation is a persistent and complex challenge in coastal communities everywhere. The 2018 IPCC report on climate change indicates that rising sea levels will continue increasing the risk to the global community and that change is needed to mitigate the effects. Mitigating risk...
Incentive programs to encourage landowners to protect habitat should be carefully designed to avoid motivation crowding: basically, replacing intrinsic reasons such as a land ethic with extrinsic ones like payments. Little research on motivation crowding tests real programs, and no such work has been done in Canada. We surveyed farmers in Nova Scot...
People and Nature (2575-8314)
https://besjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/pan3.10046
Sheep farms dominate the Falkland Islands landscape and have for over a century. The introduction of sheep, and several other species, has significantly transformed the ecology of this archipelago—the near elimination of tussac grass being one of...
https://www.ecologyandsociety.org/vol24/iss3/art19/ --- Holistic management (HM) is a decision-making framework, first developed in grazing systems, which combines intensive, rapid rotation of grazing livestock with adaptive and holistic decision making. Holistic management's use of systems thinking concepts may help farmers cope with increasing co...
The potential of land-use planning to implement ecosystem services (ES) knowledge is mostly unfulfilled. Examining how ES concepts are currently applied can provide practical and theoretical insights for supporting their further integration. The purpose of our research was to establish the use of ES concepts in Canadian municipal planning policy. W...
Large industrial projects change communities, landscapes, and ecosystems, with significant impacts for local people. But, conventional project evaluations often underestimate wide-ranging local interests, especially those of young people. To address this gap, we collected data from Instagram, where a younger demographic dominates the medium, focusi...
This chapter describes a project to realign a section of the North Onslow dyke near Truro, Canada. This project was intended to achieve the multiple goals of reducing dyke maintenance costs, enhancing protection of public and private infrastructure, and enhancing resilience to climate change through the restoration of a coastal flood plain.
Read t...
How to graze livestock sustainably is an important and complex question. The debate between rotational and continuous grazing has been ongoing since the 1950s, yet evidence is perennially mixed. We used scientometrics to understand the structure of science on Holistic Management (HM), the most contentious of these adaptive practices. We used papers...
Producer organizations representing Canada’s farm and livestock sectors are powerful change agents and advocates for their industries, particularly during challenging times such as climate- or weather-related hardships. Such organizations have a complex role: engaging with policy-makers, as well as their memberships and the public, to pursue the in...
The Special Feature led by Sutherland, Dicks, Everard, and Geneletti ( Methods Ecology and Evolution , 9, 7–9, 2018) sought to highlight the importance of “qualitative methods” for conservation. The intention is welcome, and the collection makes many important contributions. Yet, the articles presented a limited perspective on the field, with a foc...
Farmland comprises an important opportunity for biodiversity conservation worldwide. The likelihood of a farmer fostering habitat for biodiversity has been studied from the perspective of personal or economic drivers. Beyond farm area, the geographic characteristics of the farmland itself—such as parcel sizes, numbers, and distribution—are rarely c...
Most agree that social and ecological approaches should be integrated to ensure sustainable management of natural resources. However, an analysis of the content of three problem-based journals shows that if social sciences are included at all, they are typically subservient to natural sciences, and that quantitative approaches are privileged. We ar...
Our aim in this chapter is to identify distinct discourses on energy development in the south-western region of Alberta and to identify areas of overlapping interest (common ground) that can serve as a focal point and a foothold for progress on participatory governance within this energy landscape.
The aim of this chapter is to identify distinct discourses on energy development in the south-western region of Alberta and to identify areas of overlapping interest (common ground) that can serve as a focal point and a foothold for progress on participatory governance within this energy landscape.
Holistic Management (HM) is a grazing practice that typically uses high-intensity rotation of animals through many paddocks, continually adapted through planning and monitoring. Despite widespread disagreement about the environmental and production benefits of HM, researchers from both sides of that debate seem to agree that its emphasis on goal-se...
This study utilized the Integrated Valuation of Ecosystem Services and Tradeoffs (InVEST) pollination model to investigate the impacts of using field data on ecosystem services mapping studies by using potential pollination services in Cumberland and Colchester counties in Nova Scotia, Canada, as a case study. The model was run using two different...
As Marine Spatial Planning (MSP) is taking off world-wide as a holistic approach to marine management, there has been a growing need for the inclusion of socio-economic factors in this process. Yet, producing spatial data for cultural values, in particular, remain a challenge because these values are abstract and difficult to extract and quantify....
In 2013, the state-owned electrical energy utility in New Brunswick, Canada, announced that a
problem with concrete expansion was shortening by 40 years the expected life of the 660 MW Mactaquac
Generating Station on the Saint John River. Its construction late in the 1960s, and the subsequent inundation of
10,000 hectares (ha) was part of a regiona...
![Seasonal variation (2006–2013) of [1,3-butadiene] (μg/m³) comparing...](profile/Judith-Guernsey-2/publication/318381271/figure/fig4/AS:941864328900623@1601569363209/Seasonal-variation-2006-2013-of-1-3-butadiene-mg-m-comparing-AOWD-to-PW-for-at_Q320.jpg)
![Seasonal variation (2006–2013) of [benzene] (μg/m³) comparing AOWD to...](profile/Judith-Guernsey-2/publication/318381271/figure/fig5/AS:941864328908802@1601569363269/Seasonal-variation-2006-2013-of-benzene-mg-m-comparing-AOWD-to-PW-for-at-least-1h_Q320.jpg)
Nowadays, firms spend a great deal of effort on Corporate Environmental Responsibility (CER) disclosure. From prospect theory, firms might disclose more CER information when they fail to achieve expected financial performance of the organization. We have constructed a CER disclosure index based on the “Guidelines for Environmental Information Discl...
First 50 days free here: https://authors.elsevier.com/a/1Vak0iZ5st7O9
Social impact assessment (SIA) is well-established but uses conventional approaches that have become less effective in recent decades, particularly in relation to declining survey response rates and a lack of youth engagement. Images from digital archives and social media source...
Landscape values indicate how humans perceive and evaluate the landscape. In our study areas, two hydroelectric proposals have the potential to alter the landscape dramatically, particularly the river (reservoir) and riparian land. An understanding of the spatial patterns of landscape values, especially the social and cultural values which are inta...
Culturomics, as commonly described, is limited to text-based ‘big data’, even for applications such as conservation where images are much closer to the phenomena under study. Conservation issues are primarily cultural problems. Conservation culturomics should be expanded to include images, as has been developing in the context of cultural ecosystem...
Local populations, when facing 'public good' landscape change, often demonstrate a belief that they inhabit a climax cultural landscape. In successional terms, a climax landscape is one that has reached a stable state after various stages of socio-cultural progress, from ‘pioneers’ on up, as humans met their needs through landscape modifications. C...
Questions
Questions (6)
In many coastal places, coastal wetlands have been drained and converted to agricultural land (a process often also called reclamation). But the names for the infrastructure that creates them, and the resulting landscapes, vary widely. For instance, here in Nova Scotia, Canada, the barrier is usually called a dyke (or dike), penetrated every so often by aboiteaux (one way gates that let fresh water out but prevent sea water coming in), and the agricultural land behind is called dykeland or agricultural marshland, formed and ditched to facilitate drainage. But in the UK similar landscapes are called fenlands (at least in some places) and in the Netherlands polders. We are trying to compile a global glossary of similar landscapes. Can you help us find other such terms where you live or work?
We are working on a shorebird conservation project where one group seems to be immune to our messages: birders/bird photographers. Anglers and walkers are responding well to the signage and high-tide 'resting beach' strategy for these migratory shorebirds, but photographers seem resistant to leave the birds rest. The birds are spectacular when flushed - large flocks flying in unison and flashing their white underbellies - which probably makes for a great picture. But it exhausts the birds, which risks a failed migration after this critical stopover (Bay of Fundy). As bird lovers, they know this. Any ideas about the psychology that underlies this behaviour?
Seems there may be parallels in many other conservation domains where those who think of themselves as 'green' resist messaging that they are not: self-identity conflict or similar. Other ideas? Thanks.
Many researchers use scenario planning as a way to explore alternative futures with citizens, but how far ahead should people be asked to consider? Too far ahead and the problems under consideration become subject to the SEP engine of Douglas Adams' Hitchhiker's series (Somebody Else's Problem). Too close and panic may ensue, or at least fear-driven System 1 responses. What is the 'sweet spot' of both personal stake and cognitive capacity? Are there demographic or cultural differences in temporal thinking and risk perceptions? Do you have an example of a successful scenario planning exercise, and can share your time horizon and rationale? Or do you have a reference to recommend that explores this question? Thanks in advance.
How different should survey/question design be, or how much time should elapse, between pre- and post-intervention surveys to avoid: a) people remembering their previous answers and trying to recreate them; b) annoying respondents; or c) inspiring non-completion. This approach from program evaluation seems valuable for a new project, where a cohort approach may not work, but I'm wary of using two instruments.
I am looking to understand how farmers perceive their role in land management, particularly in marginal areas less amenable to production. The conservation ('wise use', balance, human stewardship) vs preservation (separation of humans and nature) dichotomy seems a useful frame. An analogous concept is the land sparing' and 'land sharing' philosophies of integrating nature on farms. Does anyone know of tested question sets on these or other potentially useful concepts?
