Katarzyna Czerewacz-Filipowicz

• Bialystok University of Technology

This article examines the importance of ensuring the reliability of financial statements, the causes of distortions, and the possibility of minimizing them in different countries, such as the USA, UK, Japan, Kazakhstan, and China. The purpose is to emphasize the importance of reliable financial reporting and to find the best methods for identifying...

The energy crisis in Europe in 2022 and its consequences have brought changes to approaches towards the issue of energy security, energy policy, and the ability to react to crisis phenomena in the energy market in a short period of time. European countries that are dependent on Russian fossil fuels have faced numerous dilemmas and challenges in 202...

The current situation in Ukraine has led to severe supply chain disruptions, contributing to a sharp increase in food and commodity prices globally and the limitation of fossil fuel imports from Russia to the EU. Moreover, to end Europe's dependence on semiconductor suppliers from Asian countries, it is necessary to take immediate action of a struc...

The presented research identifies and assesses the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the development of three selected overland rail routes of the Belt and Road Initiative. The three, running through Poland, are as follows: (1) Podlaskie province, (2) Terespol, and (3) Hrubieszów. Each of the selected rail routes represents a different variant of...

The main purpose of the research presented in the article is to answer the question of whether or notthe Eurasian Economic Union has strategic opportunities to initiate integration processes with third countriesand built comparative advantages. The authors identify the channels of its integration with third countries aswell as assess their effectiv...

The article is dedicated for analyses cooperation of China with world economy, because as statistics shows PRC has powerful position. In the article, important historical periods were analyzed, as these historical moments had significant influence on China’s economy formation after World War II. Nowadays, the growth of the global economy growing fa...

Purpose: The research aims to analyse mutual relations between Poland and China in the context of the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), assess Poland's involvement in this China-led project and identify the most significant factors affecting the cooperation between both countries. The multidimensional analysis is based on a set of criteria, which are...

Abstract: In modern conditions, the competitive advantages of the economy of Kazakhstan and the possibility of its modernization, which is inextricably linked with innovative activity, are largely determined by the accumulated and realized human capital. In a knowledge-based economy, the generation of high-quality human capital, necessary for susta...

The New Silk Road, or actually the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), is a Chinese concept aimed at facilitating international trade between China, Europe and Africa as well as building a new international economic order and security system. More than 60 countries belonging to various economic groupings with different levels of economic development an...

In the literature, the regional integration policy of the Russian Federation has been studied in a variety of contexts. The focus is on the imperial and international aspirations of Russia. The article attempts to answer the question of whether participation in global value chains can be treated as a new criterion of regional integration. The artic...

The Chinese One Belt One Road (OBOR) initiative often referred to as the New Silk Road (NSR), seems to be the greatest endeavour of our times in terms of economy, politics and logistics. The study aimed to examine the potential of Poland, Belarus, Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia and Russia to participate in the NSR. The method applied was comparative an...

The research problem consists in explaining the motives and conditions of the process of economic integration within the Eurasian Economic Union (EEU). It is aimed at clarifying the effects and experiences resulting from this process. The author discusses the possible quantifiable effects of the EEU, the influence of this structure on the economies...

This chapter indicates the impact of cultural determinants on the integration processes in the post-Soviet space in the context of domestic and international conflicts. The former Soviet Union area has experienced various interethnic, religious, transborder, and territorial conflicts, many of which have been resolved by military means. Nevertheless...

The Eurasian Economic Union (formerly the EurAsEC) appears to be the most significant integration initiative in the CIS area. This chapter elaborates the genesis of this structure, its institutions, as well as the main area of interest in mutual relations between participating countries and the level of integration. The main research questions are:...

This chapter presents the scope and the state of institutional (de jure) integration and, therefore, a calendar of the most significant integration initiatives, among the post-Soviet countries in the former Soviet Union area between 1991 and 2015, such as the Commonwealth of Independent States, Central Asian integration initiatives, the Customs Uni...

This chapter presents the genesis, aims, and scope of the CIS with special consideration given to the reasons for integration between the CIS countries. The main CIS institutions, their aims, and the structure thereof are also described in the chapter. The main aim of this chapter is an analysis of the mechanisms which drive the CIS. The main quest...

This chapter is part of a multidimensional (three-layer) analysis on selected noneconomic factors of regional integration and is complementary to the chapters concerning leadership in the post-Soviet countries and domestic and international conflicts in the region. This chapter, based on a dynamic approach, presents the changes to and tendencies of...

This chapter concerns the economic situation of particular countries researched. This chapter provides an insight into the economic conditions of selected CIS countries. The main aim is to indicate periods of economic health, and conversely of crises, and to compare such periods in particular countries which were the focus of research. The economic...

This chapter presents the scope of market integration (trade integration and investment). This chapter encompasses an analysis of the scope of economic relations between the countries studied in terms of commerce and investment based on the following indicators and statistics of Regional Integration Agreements: the share of intra-regional exports i...

This chapter presents the origins, aims, and scope of the Union State of Russia and Belarus. This part places major emphasis on the reasons why Russia and Belarus, despite the joint creation and functioning in the framework of the CIS, opted for separate bilateral integration. Moreover, the steps presenting the stages of the creation of the USRB an...

This chapter demonstrates a tabular model of economic and political determinants and the scope of institutional and trade integration of the Russian Federation in the period from 1991 to 2015. The factors of de jure (institutional) integration and trade are assigned to each 5-year time intervals. The table demonstrates the economic situation of Rus...

This chapter provides research into the intensity of trade integration (global and regional). Trade integration is the first step towards integration between countries, especially in the scope of free trade areas and customs unions, which constitute the only completed levels of integration within the CIS area. Further initiatives, such as the Singl...

This chapter demonstrates a tabular model of economic and political determinants and the scope of institutional and trade integration of the South Caucasus post-Soviet countries (Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia) in the period from 1991 to 2015. The factors of de jure (institutional) integration and trade are assigned to each 5-year time intervals. The...

This chapter is devoted to the origin, structure, internal cooperation, and external relations of the Organization for Democracy and Economic Development—GUAM. Beginning with 1997, the chapter describes the genesis of GUAM/GUUAM, the processes of accession of particular countries (Georgia, Ukraine, Uzbekistan, Azerbaijan, and Moldova), the subseque...

Following the collapse of the USSR, the new post-Soviet states, with the exception of the Baltic republics, established authoritarian mechanisms from the very beginning. Nondemocratic regimes in the former Soviet Union area have taken various forms in recent history, from totalitarian and consolidated authoritarian to nonconsolidated semi-authorita...

Based on the data, factual material, analysis, and research presented in Parts I–III, the authors have made a synthetic juxtaposition of the determinants and level of integration in the countries of the CIS. The data concerning the economic and political determinants, the factors of de jure integration, and trade were assigned to each 5-year time i...

This chapter demonstrates a tabular model of economic and political determinants and the scope of institutional and trade integration of Eastern European post-Soviet countries (Belarus, Moldova, Ukraine) in the period from 1991 to 2015. The factors of de jure (institutional) integration and trade are assigned to each 5-year time intervals. The tabl...

This chapter demonstrates a tabular model of economic and political determinants and the scope of institutional and trade integration of the Central Asian post-Soviet countries (Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan) in the period from 1991 to 2015. The factors of de jure (institutional) integration and trade are assigned to...

This chapter demonstrates the key directions of foreign policy in the post-Soviet countries within the specified intervals in the years between 1991 and 2015, which allowed for the observation of certain priorities, tendencies, and reversals outlined in foreign policy concepts. Some were modified under current events and conflicts on the domestic,...

Research on regional integration processes in the former Soviet Union area (including the Commonwealth of Independent States) is a new and growing discipline due to its international significance and the complicated and embroiled interdependencies found therein. The integration processes on the territory of the former Soviet Union constitute a comp...

The Introduction presents the material and geographical scope of research in the book, the time period covered by the book, the theoretical approach and methodological background to the research, the major objectives of the book, the selection process of the economic and political factors studied in the book, and the overall structure and content o...

This book investigates the economic, political and cultural factors that influence regional economic integration processes as well as international political cooperation in the area of the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS). The authors analyze market integration manifested in interregional trade, investment and service connections. Taking a...

The objective of this paper is to investigate the potential of the Chinese initiative The New Silk Route (NSR) comprising two transport routes: railway and maritime, linking Europe and Asia. In the paper the NSR was analysed from the perspective of: potential benefits from countries’ participation in NSR and challenges that NSR will have to face to...

Regional integration between Russia, Belarus, and Kazakhstan appears to be the most effective integrational process in the post-Soviet area. In the very nearly future the Customs Union can evolve to the Eurasian Economic Union (the EEU)—a structure characterized by the features of common market. Geographical evolution is also taken into considerati...

The article aims to analyze the effects of integration in the Eurasian Economic Community (Rus. Евразийское экономическое сообщество, ЕврАзЭС) through the prism of one of the functional areas, namely the migration policy, and treating it as a potential generator of spill-over effects. Signing and entry into force of the agreement on the legal statu...