Katarína Vizárová

• Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava

This study focuses on the effectiveness of a new substance in stabilizing paper information carriers - hydrotalcite applied to the paper in a partially polar environment. The effect of modification on the stabilization of paper during accelerated aging was investigated by measuring chemical (surface pH, rate of glycosidic bond cleavage), mechanical...

Traditional stabilization techniques often struggle with limitations such as the need to sort documents prior to modification, the inability to mass deacidify books for aqueous systems, economic difficulty, environmental concerns etc [1, 2]. The period in recent years on which the paper focuses highlights the current efforts to advance the resoluti...

This article deals with the broad topic of the conservation of plastics, which, as objects of historical or artistic value an essential part of collections all around the world. This review focuses on the risks associated with plastic art, its degradation pathways, methods of identification and characterization, and currently used methods of preser...

Preservation of cellulose cultural objects, particularly books, is a field of research with about 100 years of history. The most dangerous in terms of their lifespan is the use of acidic wood-based paper which represents a problem in both quality and durability. Acid hydrolysis of polymeric cellulose chains is a key factor responsible for loss of v...

Hydrotalcite samples were prepared in the form of powder and/or sol under different conditions and characterised by various techniques. A suitable system of liquid carriers consisting of perfluoroheptane, isopropanol, and water (PFH-IPA-H 2 O) was chosen to apply HTlcs as deacidifying agents on paper. The areas of miscibility and immiscibility in t...

Stabilization and deacidification of paper information carriers is still a highly discussed topic. It is very important to continue in searching for new, more effective, and affordable methods of paper stabilization because none of the currently known processes is ideal. This study focuses on the effectiveness of a new substance in stabilizing pape...

Industrial progress in papermaking in the early nineteenth century led to the technologies that resulted in more acidic papers, which was caused mainly by the exploitation of alum (KAl(SO4)2) and rosin as sizing agents. The papers prepared by such technologies have degraded more quickly. From the 1930s various deacidification and preservation proce...

The aim of this work is to propose the first model hypothesis and function for predicting the efficacy of deacidification. We have used the dDEA as the first basic factor influencing the efficacy. The resulting relationship is based on the best achieved reliable η data and related dDEA data, from mass deacidification technologies used for the lifet...

In protecting cultural heritage, deacidification is used to stabilize acidic papers, ensuring the neutralization of acids present in the paper. But in the process of aging, several mechanisms of degradation occur simultaneously. Therefore, substances used to stabilize the paper should contain an antioxidant component in addition to the deacidifying...

Hydrotalcite samples were prepared in the form of powder and/or sol under different conditions and characterised by various techniques. A suitable system of liquid carriers consisting of perfluoroheptane, isopropanol, and water (PFH-IPA-H2O) was chosen to apply HTlcs as deacidifying agents to paper. The areas of miscibility and immiscibility in the...

The stability of plasticized poly (vinyl chloride) (PVC-P) stored under indoor conditions, despite it being in commercial use for more than 80 years, hasn't been sufficiently experimentally examined, as documented in available works on PVC-P stability. With the increasing number of actively deteriorating priceless modern and contemporary artworks m...

Preservation of cellulosic cultural objects, particularly books, is a field of research with about 100 years of history. The most dangerous in terms of their lifespan is the use of acidic wood-based paper, which, due to the machine production of such paper, represents a problem in terms of both quality and durability. The acid hydrolysis of polymer...

The stability of plasticized poly (vinyl chloride) (PVC-P) stored under indoor conditions, despite it being in commercial use for more than 80 years, hasn’t been sufficiently experimentally examined, as documented in available works on PVC-P stability. With the increasing number of actively deteriorating priceless modern and contemporary artworks m...

The industrial progress in papermaking in the early 19th century led to the technologies resulting in more acidic papers, which was caused mainly by exploitation of alum (KAl(SO 4 ) 2 ) and rosin. Papers prepared by such technologies have degraded more quickly. From the 1930 various deacidification and preservation processes with basic agents have...

Determination of degradation compounds of aged and deacidified papers requires an application of sev-eral analytical methods, including chromatographic and electrophoretic ones. Paper and paper extracts are very complex samples. Therefore, application of sample preparation methods is mostly involved in process of analysis. Sampling and sample prepa...

This contribution presents a brief overview of the deacidification and preservation of aged cellulosic objects. Aqueous, organic liquid and air - solid/liquid systems are discussed. The global aim of all these techniques is to deliver alkaline species to acidic sites in the volume of the paper, to neutralize them and to create the so-called alkalin...

The surface pH is a critical factor in the quality and longevity of materials and products. Traditional fast colorimetric pH detection-based tests such as water quality control or pregnancy tests, when results are determined by the naked eye, cannot provide quantitative values. Using standard pH papers, paper-printed comparison charts, or colorimet...

This contribution presents a brief overview of the deacidification and preservation of aged cellulosic objects. Aqueous, organic liquid and air - solid/liquid systems are discussed. The global aim of all these techniques is to deliver alkaline species to acidic sites in the volume of the paper, to neutralize them and to create the so-called alkalin...

Determination of the pH value of the paper is a very specific phenomenon, especially the surface pH measurement. In the case of heritage objects, such as archival documents, books, artworks on paper carriers, is a determination of real pH value in the whole structure (in cross section) of paper very important, because of the mechanism of degradatio...

Scientists have long been looking for alternative methods for the cleaning of historical and cultural museum objects as conventional methods often fail to completely remove surface films, leaving contamination and surface residues behind. Low-temperature plasmas have recently been found to provide a new, efficient and durable approach that maintain...

Typical products generated during aging/degradation of cellulosic materials are carboxylic acids (e.g. formic, acetic), esters, ketones, cyclic oxygen compounds (e.g. furfural), sugars, phenolic compounds and many other volatile organic compounds. A wide set of physico chemical and analytical methods were applied to evaluate the degradation process...

One of the most important factors that influence ageing and degradation of cellulosic materials heritageobjects is microbiological contamination caused by filamentous fungi. For the treatment of contami-nated paper carriers disinfection and sterilization with various chemical and physical methods are used.A promising alternative to common steriliza...

This work is focused on the study of the effect of polluted atmosphere NOx and UV light irradiation on the thermooxidative stability of beeswax. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) were chosen to study the influence of ageing conditions. Thermooxidative stability of material was estimated by non-isothermal DSC m...

This contribution refers on experimental results obtained by analysis of papersheets from old newspapers and books and accelerated aging. Relation among formation of acidic compounds, decrease in degree of polymerization, appearance (colour, glossiness) and mechanical strength are reported. Effects of environment (acidity, alkalinity, transition me...

The chapter summarizes novel approach towards to cleaning of historical museum objects with low-temperature plasma. Cleaning represents a major activity for conservators and is conducted on practically every type of cultural heritage object. One of the main limiting factors for current artwork preservation and restoration is that existing technique...

This study is devoted to the statue of St. Ursula from the depositary to the Slovak National Museum–Červený Kameň Castle. It is a heavily damaged, slightly under life-size seated female statue from the 2nd half of 19th century. The artefact is very heterogeneous and degraded. The wax parts have been examined with the aim of detecting and quantifyin...

Possibilities of utilization of low temperature plasma in preservation of cultural heritage objects and materials

Cleaning represents a major activity for conservators and is conducted on practically every type of cultural heritage object. The processes and equipment for cleaning, dust removal, sterilization and/or stabilization up-to-now used are monofunctional. Moreover, they often use non-environmentally friendly substances, frequently toxic and aggressive...

Studying of paper carriers of information has become increasingly important in forensic practice. This is caused by growing number of bogus or in other manner fraudulently alternated documents. An identification of individual paper sheets and studying their differences are the parts of forensic analysis of multiple sheets documents. This paper focu...

The present study investigates the stabilization of a 60-year-old paper artefact via deacidification. Paper sheets originating from a naturally-aged artefact book were subjected to accelerated ageing performed at 98 °C during 0, 3, 5,10 and 15 days. A set of samples were deacidified before being subjected to accelerated ageing. Deacidification was...

Abstrakt: Pre dostatočnú a cielenú ochranu knižničných dokumentov je nevyhnutné poznať a monitorovať ich stav a podľa toho plánovať a prispôsobovať pasívnu aj aktívnu ochranu daných dokumentov. Z dôvodu potreby hodnotenia veľkého množstva dokumentov je potrebné využívať nedeštruktívne a neinvazívne metódy, ktoré umožnia rýchly prieskum stavu dokume...

If we want to talk about training of archivists in the 21st century we must bear in mind that preservation of documents in their original form has to be one of the most important tasks of archivists - not only in the 21st century but every time. Generally, one of the principal tasks of archives, libraries, museums and other memory institutions is p...

Štúdia je zameraná na možnosti aplikácie nízkoteplotnej plazmy v konzervátorskej praxi. Z predloženej štúdie vyplýva, že pre aktiváciu a hydrofilizáciu všetkých materiálov, ktoré sú súčasťou projektového zámeru je možné použiť difúzny koplanárny bariérový výboj (DCSBD plazmu v atmosférach vzduchu (najlacnejšia) a čistých plynov O2, N2, H2,CO2 a Ar....

Presentation summarizing historical development, current state of the multifunctional conservation technologies for conservation of books and documents in archives and libraries and challenges for their development in the near future.

Each so far commercially developed and implemented process has its advantages and drawbacks. Based on a meta-analysis of data, developed in the framework of the Slovak project KnihaSK (Comparative evaluation) a comparative assessment has been created and the order of effectiveness of existing processes based on multiple criteria/measurable paramete...

Size exclusion chromatography (SEC) is currently the method most frequently used for molar mass determination of cellulose, being applied to either derivatized cellulose in the form of tricarbanilates (CTC) or nonderivatized cellulose in solution of lithium chloride in dimethylacetamide or 1,3-dimethyl-2-imidazolidinone. In this work, we compared t...

Research into paper artworks and the identification of drawing techniques dating from the 15th to the 19th century from the collection of Slovak National Gallery revealed that the most frequently used means of writing was a set of brown-gray inks. This set includes bistre, sepia, and iron-gall inks (IGI). The light fastness of these organic compoun...

We present method and new multifunctional device for jet application conservation substances and water-based mixtures. Functional model device was developed by the STU within the project "Preservation and stabilization of traditional information carriers in Slovakia - Kniha SK". Currently is available in the Technology Centre at the Faculty of Chem...

The main cause of aging and embrittlement of acid paper is the cleavage of cellulose macromolecules by the action of acids. For the preservation of documents there are used aqueous and non-aqueous systems. Elegant solution for deacidification books without unacceptable deformation and damage are non-polar preservative systems. The disadvantage of n...

Simple, rapid staining analytical methods with visual color assessment are the most used in practice, but they involve problems including subjective error, low accuracy, qualitative results, and the necessity of using many kinds of stains and a great deal of morphology information for correct identification. A method of objective fiber identificati...

Possibility of applying spectroscopic methods, particularly in the region of IR, in the analysis and identification of the components of documents - paper and recording means (writing and printing) is presented. Material analysis of document constituents is very important part of forensic examination of the questioned documents. Mostly is it used t...

The objects of cultural heritage age and are subjected to degradation changes in the course of time. As microbiological contamination, besides others, belongs to dangerous degradation factors threatening natural organic materials, significant attention is devoted to the development and application of new disinfection and sterilisation methods. On t...

In study of degradation products of paper, LC methods were tested for determination of some saccharides in water extracts of paper. Saccharides were analyzed by ion-exchange and partition chromatography with differential refractive index detection and on-line reconcentration, and by RP-HPLC with fluorescence detection based on pre-column derivatiza...

It is described the preparation, which consists of 4-amino-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine in the amount of 0.5% by weight up to 3% by weight, deacidification agent in an amount to 30% by weight. and the others to 100% by weight. is a solvent. Preparation may be in form of solution and / or suspension, so in the form of a suspension is formed by a de...

The water retention value (WRV) as a measure of the capability of cellulose fibres to retain water (swelling of fibres) was evaluated during accelerated ageing of acidic wood pulp newspaper containing 20% chemical fibres. It has been found that the WRV considerably decreases with accelerated ageing. Relations between the WRV properties and the mech...

During natural ageing, paper undergoes colour changes and becomes brittle. It is mainly due to the degradation of cellulose, the main component of paper fibres. From the viewpoint of conservation/protection of paper-based information carriers, as well as of the utilisation of secondary fibres, knowledge of the impact of a decrease of the degree of...

1 – Ekológia lesa. 2 – Fotosyntéza. 3 – Mikroštruktúra. 4 – Chemické zloženie obnoviteľných rastlinných surovín. 5 – Drevo a rastliny ako chemická surovina. Produkty z dreva a rastlín. 6 – Prírodné nosiče informácií. Papier. 7 – Ochrana materiálov a nosičov informácií. Základy konzervovania LCM. Stabilizácia, konzervovanie, reštaurovanie a ochrana...

In the restoration of a baroque altar painting “Coronation of the Virgin Mary” originating in 18th century, selection of materials was based on the examination of their stability evaluated by objective physico-chemical methods and by visual inspection. The stability of fillings prepared by traditional recipes, and new ones based on modern, commerci...

1. Scope and meaning. This study presents the metanalysis of the data from multiply objective evaluation studies on deacidification. Results of evaluation of the most important large scale and industrial deacidification processes used by the national and other conservation archives and libraries for acid paper stabilisation worldwidefrom all availa...

A preparation for a chemical modification of an old paper by a technical solution consists of 4-amino-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine in quantities from 0.5 % by weight to 3 % by weight, a deacidification agent up to 30 % by weight and the remainder to 100 % by weight is a solvent. The preparation may be in form of solution and/or suspension, wherein...

n study of degradation products of paper, LC methods were tested for determination of some saccharides in water extracts of paper. Saccharides were analyzed by ion-exchange and partition chromatography with differential refractive index detection and on-line preconcentration, and by RP-HPLC with fluorescence detection based on pre-column derivatiza...

The task was aimed at elaborating optimum technological procedure to preserve historical carriers of information in acidic wood-containing paper, selecting and further improving the best available technologies, and establishing conditions for their sustainable development in SR. The best available technology (BAT) for books was selected – Papersave...

The task was aimed at elaborating optimum technological procedure to preserve historical carriers of information in acidic wood-containing paper, selecting and further improving the best available technologies, and establishing conditions for their sustainable development in SR. The best available technology (BAT) for books was selected – Papersave...

The task was aimed at elaborating optimum technological procedure to preserve historical carriers of information in acidic wood-containing paper, selecting and further improving the best available technologies, and establishing conditions for their sustainable development in SR. The best available technology (BAT) for books was selected – Papersave...

The task was aimed at elaborating optimum technological procedure to preserve historical carriers of information in acidic wood-containing paper, selecting and further improving the best available technologies, and establishing conditions for their sustainable development in SR. The best available technology (BAT) for books was selected – Papersave...

The task was aimed at elaborating optimum technological procedure to preserve historical carriers of information in acidic wood-containing paper, selecting and further improving the best available technologies, and establishing conditions for their sustainable development in SR. The best available technology (BAT) for books was selected – Papersave...

The task was aimed at elaborating optimum technological procedure to preserve historical carriers of information in acidic wood-containing paper, selecting and further improving the best available technologies, and establishing conditions for their sustainable development in SR.

A multikomponent mixture for stabilization and consolidation of paper sheets consists of chitosan with the concentration of 0.2 to 2 % by weight soluble in 0.1 M of vinegar acid, methyl-hydroxyethyl cellulose with the concentration of 0.2 to 2 % by weight and a starch with the concentration of 0.2 to 2 % by weight soluble in 0.04 M of magnesium hyd...

Generally it is believed that the visibility and recognisability of a document depend on optical contrast between the characters and the paper backround. The aim of this work was to test this hypothesis and to quantify the effect of accelerated ageing and paper modification with piperidine-based antioxidant on the visibility and recognisability of...

Modification of lignin-cellulose fibres by magnesium compounds leads to their better retention of water. Modification by magnesium compounds inhibits hornification of fibres along the process of ageing. The probable mechanism of the modification is based on reaction of magnesium compounds that are transported into the paper in organic phase by wate...

Abstract The cultural heritage on paper in archives and libraries is being destroyed by ageing. The biggest problems in preservation of books and archival documents are caused in modern papers produced from the 2nd half of the 19th century up to the recent decades. The lignocellulosic carriers of information are formed and stored mostly as stacks....

Paper and other lignocellulosic materials undergo the destruction as a result of ageing, influenced by various factors and accelerated by the formation of acids from components, used during its production [S. Katuščák, Wood Res. 45 (2000) 1; S. Katuščák, L. Ďurišová, Wood Res. 118 (1988) 75]. Various deacidification processes were developed in an o...

Normalised methods (by ISO and others state committees) are often used on measurements of physical and chemical properties of papers in technologies of pulp and paper industry. Most of the main tests are destructive: determination of pH hot and/or cold extracts, determination of alkali reserve, determination of polymerisation degree by method of li...

The contribution brings the results on evaluation of efciency of paper modi cation by a combined action of plasma and polysaccharide-based additives. From the LCM tensile strength point of view, the best results can be reached using a polysaccharide mixture, consisting of a chitosane, water-soluble cellulose derivative and cationic starch. The use...

Introduction The types of paper used for inkjet printing are non-coated, non-coated treated, or coated papers. The best papers for a high-quality photographic printing are coated papers, either matt or glossy. Matt coatings in inkjet papers typically contain pigments on silica basis, polyvinyl alcohol as a binder and an additive of cationic polymer...

The quality of the processes of stabilization of paper and other lignocellulosics using deacidification and strengthening has been evaluated mostly by measuring kinetic relationships between physico-mechanical properties and ageing time. The evaluation, comparison and optimizing of the modification processes can be promoted through improving knowle...

Increase of the complex environmental and hygienic quality of the coated and finished products and of their production is a key trend in the development of paints and lacquers and the coating and finishing technology. The manufacturers of the surface-treated products, of paints and laquers and machinery have been motivated to decrease the xenobioti...

Today, books and other documents are made from natural pulp. We use them as carriers of information for future generations. Performance and durability are very important for those documents. Paper degradation is caused by the influence of light and depends on storage time. The authors studied samples of copying paper and sulfate kraft pulp with the...

Artificial aging tests were performed for wood paper made from bisulfate pulp and copying paper made using sulfate kraft pulp. Changes in mechanical, optical and chemical properties were studied. The effect of UV-radiation, which simulated the effect of sunlight, and higher temperatures of accelerated aging changed the color of both paper types and...

This article describes properties of composites of collagen-hyaluronic acid shaped to layered materials. According to the results, interactions of these two polymers are very strong. The properties can be influenced by chemical crosslinking using glyoxal and starch dialdehyde. The different behavior during enzymatic degradation by collagenase and i...

Two kinds of layered atelocollagen materials cross-linked with hexamethylene diisocyanate (HMDIC), starch dialdehyde and glyoxal were enzymatically treated by bacterial collagenase. Evaluating collagenase digestion assay for these material showed progressive differences, particularly in the group of samples cross-linked with HMDIC. This should offe...

Physical and chemical modifications of atelocollagen materials have been carried out to improve their physical, chemical and biological properties. We have studied the influence of physical modification using ultraviolet irradiation and of chemical modification using hexamethylene diisocyanate on the physical properties of layered atelocollagen mat...

Samples of microbial sodium hyaluronate were degraded by heating, ultrasonication ultraviolet (UV) and gamma-ray irradiation and enzymatic treatment. The weight-average molecular weight, Mw, of hyaluronate in 0.15 M NaCl and 0.06 M Na2HPO4 was determined by gel filtration with UV detection. The Mw of the degraded samples varied from 8 x 10(4) to 1....

The review deals with collagen which is an essential natural polymer for preparing of biomaterials used in different fields of medicine. Besides discussing the structure of the basic polymer, the antigenicity of collagen materials as well as the bioactive properties of the collagen implants are described. The substantial part of the paper is orient...

The anomalous decrease of apparent solution viscosity (measured by a rheoviscometric system with a metal disc) below the viscosity of pure water was monitored by studying highly diluted solutions of water-soluble polymers. The phenomenon suddenly vanishes below 35°C, which is not the case for a simple drag reduction. It is suggested that the explan...