Kasinathan Muthukkumaran

National Institute of Technology Tiruchirappalli | nit-t · Department of Civil Engineering

The serviceability limit state is assured when the deflection resulting due to external load is within the specified limit. The deflection of a pile subjected to cyclic load can be reduced by replacing a regular pile with a tapered pile. A tapered pile is one in which cross section varies uniformly along the length. This study aims to analyse the b...

The rate of E-waste generation is increasing by approximately 10% every year, and most of the E-wastes is being disposed of by dumping in landfills and other uncontrolled ways. To avoid the toxic effect on the environment, it is necessary to find a proper way to dispose of the huge amount of E-waste. To deal with this issue, this research explores...

Life cycle assessment can act as an effective tool for evaluating the environmental impacts associated with the existing municipal solid waste management system. The present study elaborates on the multiple options associated with municipal solid waste management options for Indian cities with two different scenarios. It highlights the adverse impa...

This book comprises the select peer-reviewed proceedings of the Indian Geotechnical Conference (IGC) 2021. The contents focus on Geotechnics for Infrastructure Development and Innovative Applications. The book covers topics related to ground improvement techniques, like stone columns, PVD, granular pile anchors, soil stabilization methods, like fly...

Time and cost are the two crucial factors on which project progress is calculated. The time–cost analysis is a crucial parameter in quick and high-budget building projects, which actually demonstrates the alternative paths and optimum one for faster completion of any project. In the case of bridges, marine piling accounts for most of the time. Furt...

In general, the pile foundations have extensive applications, and predominantly, pile is using at a place where large axial forces are transfers between superstructure and ground. In some cases, like an earthquake zone, liquefaction zone, structures in a massive wind zone, retaining structures, to increases the slope stability, etc., the primary ro...

The present study assesses the reuse potential of landfill mining waste, finer than 2 mm retrieved from the urban mining activity at Ariyamangalam dumpsite located at Tamil Nadu, India. The reuse potential was evaluated for earthfill by auditing the crucial parameters such as the intensity of colored leachate, heavy metal concentration, soluble sal...

This paper explores the efficacy of a pervious concrete pile (PCP) in accelerating the rate of consolidation in unconsolidated soft clay deposits. A series of laboratory consolidation tests were performed on the pervious concrete pile, sand drains, and stone columns in two different soft clay soils (CI & CH), and their consolidation characteristics...

Use of pervious concrete piles is a ground improvement technique to improve soft soil's load-bearing capacity by accelerating radial consolidation. With improved stiffness, pervious concrete piles perform well even under the low lateral confining pressure offered by soft clay. Improved stiffness and optimum permeability of pervious concrete piles m...

The future lunar missions of the space research organizations (SRO) such as the (US) National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), the China National Space Administration (CNSA), the European Space Agency (ESA), the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO), the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), and the Russian Federal Space Agency...

A lot of uncertainty is associated with the behavior of pile foundations on the sloping ground due to factors like soil – pile interface and vague evaluation of pile bearing capacity. These constraints have a considerable impact on the extensive implementation of deep foundation on sloping ground. Comprehensive research studies were carried out on...

The distinct difference between the lunar surface (Moon) and the Earth forced space research organizations (SRO) and researchers to study the geotechnical properties of the lunar soils for the successful execution of lunar missions. The planned Chandrayaan Missions of the Indian Space Research Organization include constructing lunar structures on t...

In this study, the synergic effects of alkaline activation (AA) and fibre inclusions, on the mechanical behaviour of fly ash stabilized black cotton soil was investigated. The natural fibre used in this research was treated with Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH) solution as an expedient solution to attain durability. The fibres are added in two forms: discre...

The practice of manufacturing building materials using solid waste incineration ash provides an excellent avenue for reducing the drastic amount of volume entering the waste stream. Further, it curtails the replenishment of naturally available resources, thereby guaranteeing the management of carbon footprint in the construction industry. This pape...

The practice of manufacturing building materials using solid waste incineration ash provides an excellent avenue for reducing the drastic amount of volume entering the waste stream. Further, it curtails the replenishment of naturally available resources, thereby guaranteeing the management of carbon footprint in the construction industry. This pape...

This book comprises the select proceedings of the Indian Geotechnical Conference (IGC) 2020. The contents focus on recent developments in geotechnical engineering for a sustainable tomorrow. The book covers the topics related to traditional and latest methods in characterisation of ground at construction sites, recent technological developments/ ad...

This book comprises select proceedings of the Indian Geotechnical Conference 2020 (IGC2020) focusing on recent developments in the field of transportation geotechnics, scour and erosion, offshore geotechnics, and environmental geotechnology. The contents are useful to academicians, researchers, practitioners and policymakers to understand and tackl...

Large diameter rock socketed piles were preferred for the purpose of transmission of a huge volume of both vertical and lateral load from superstructure to a deeper depth safely without any structural defects. A series of experimental program was conducted on model pile for studying the behaviour of the rock socketed pile under static lateral load...

The present study deals with the assessment of surcharge induced consolidation effect on the shear strength of clayey soil and the pile capacity. The study was performed at a construction site located near the coastal area of Tamil Nadu, India. A series of laboratory tests were performed on the disturbed and undisturbed soil samples collected from...

The engineering properties (shear strength and compressibility) of lunar soils influence the design of landers, rovers, and their mobility behavior on the lunar surface. Assessing such properties is important for any lunar-based studies, and it is usually being determined by using suitable lunar soil simulants. This paper explains the shear strengt...

This paper presents the results of a laboratory study on evaluating the behavior of highly expansive clay that was treated with copper slag and lime under static and cyclic loading. The copper slag, obtained as a by-product from the smelting and refinery process of copper, was used as a stabilization agent in this study. In order to stimulate the p...

Berthing structures are constructed for berthing and mooring of vessels, to enable loading and unloading of cargo and for embarking and disembarking of passengers and vehicles. The soil found in the coastal areas is generally soft marine clay or a loose sandy soil deposit. Such kind of soil has a very low shear strength value. Hence pile foundation...

A series of laboratory experimental setup is designed with a single row of instrumented piles in a berthing structure reduced to a model scale. The experiments were carried out by applying both berthing and mooring forces, with and without considering the seabed slope angle. Tie rods are introduced in the frame of the berthing structure and its eff...

Piles of a supported berthing structure on marine soils are loaded both axially and laterally. When tie rods are provided to support such structures there is a considerable amount of reduction in the forces acting on these piles. This paper describes the typical analysis of a berthing structure using finite element approach. The analysis of these l...

Prototype-based experimental studies at the simulated environmental conditions are essential for the planned Chandrayaan missions of the Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO). A large quantity of lunar simulants was needed to prepare the lunar surface testbed, which cost more expensive to import. Therefore, the ISRO has intended to develop an i...

Raker piles are used more often in combination with vertical piles in a group where the lateral load per pile overshoots the value suitable for vertical piles. Under lateral loads, the behaviour of such group is generally different from that of a vertical pile group due to interaction of raker piles, resulting in the increase of the pile group capa...

The Stability of the superstructure of any building and its response against vibrations are completely dependent upon foundation systems adopted. The analysis and design of a foundation system with respect to ground motion and vibration relies on the dynamic properties of the soil. Therefore, the characterization of dynamic soil properties like she...

Lunar Regolith Simulants are imperative materials required for In-Situ Resource Utilization (ISRU), simulating physical and chemical properties of the lunar terrain, testing landers and mobility of rovers, and calibration of payloads and sensors. The available simulants do not represent all the lunar terrain environments and are insufficient to con...

The Pervious Concrete Pile (PCP) is a technique that has emerged as an innovative method to improve radial consolidation and the bearing capacity of soft soils. The PCP, a stiffer vertical column (pile), has voids on the surface that accelerate the radial consolidation and eventually improve soft soils' bearing capacity. Since the PCP is stiffer ma...

Piles are subjected to lateral loading due to wind or wave action and earthquakes. Therefore, it is important to understand the pile response under the action of lateral loads. The study of laterally loaded pile response requires a proper assessment of soil–structure interaction phenomenon involving the interaction between the pile and the surround...

Every architectural building design is a combination of various geometrical forms. These forms are generated from the geometrical shapes such as circles, squares, and triangles which undergoes transformations to form substructures. These substructures are then organized to form an architectural design. Similarly, in music a substructure may involve...

Berthing structures are constructed in coastal areas to accommodate berthing and mooring of vessels. Tie rod anchors are provided in such structures in order to improve the performance and to reduce the deflection of the structure. In this study, various types of berthing structures, namely open and closed types, are analysed with and without tie r...

Research performed on pile foundations installed over sloping ground has consistently reported a reduction in the lateral load capacity. Therefore, identifying ideal solutions for the related circumstances is imperative. This paper explores the possibility of socketing piles into rock as a viable solution for piles being installed in the vicinity o...

The Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO) has planned to explore the possibility of soft-land the lander/rover on the highland area of the Moon. The rover mobility and interaction studies under the terrain condition of the Moon need a large quantity of lunar soil simulant. This study presents the development of a new novel lunar highland soil s...

Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO) planned the Chandrayaan missions 2 and 3 to explore the South Polar Region of the Moon, which is believed to consist of lunar highland soil. As a part of its moon-landing mission, it is necessary to prepare a “lunar surface terrain testbed” so that the lander and rover could be tested under simulated condit...

Non-destructive testing techniques are highly valuable in the present day scenario as it can save money and time for the qualitative evaluation of any site. This paper presents a case study utilizing one such technique, employing a ground-coupled Ground-Penetrating Radar (GPR). The GPR was used to estimate the damages to the pavement and underlying...

The analysis of laterally loaded pile is complex due to its site specific behaviour. Whereas most of the analytical methods provides only a generalized solution to it. Behaviour of piles in clay depends on site specific factors like subsoil condition, type of superstructure and the load transfer from it, construction duration and ground improvement...

Under Chandrayaan - II mission, simulation studies on lunar terrain were required for evaluation of the performance of rover and lander. In order to carry out mobility tests of a rover, it was required to prepare a lunar terrain testbed, which required a large quantity of lunar soil to represent the terrain conditions of the Moon. Under such compel...

Efforts to discover the logic of unfreezing the music in architecture started with Vitruvius (80–15 BC) and were continued in the modern era by Iannis Xenakis, among many others. Through these efforts, a process for unfreezing the architecture in music has gradually been constructed. Initially, rhythm, texture, harmony, geometry, proportion and dyn...

The usage of pozzolanic material as a soil stabilizing agent is a well-established technique in the geotechnical engineering field. The main objective of this paper is to explore the possible usage of neem leaves ash as pozzolana and a stabilizing agent for the montmorillonite-rich bentonite clay (swelling soil). Any material that contains a signif...

In this paper, the results obtained from the tests conducted on a single model aluminium pile embedded in soft clay (Consistency index Ic=0.42) with sloping ground, and subjected to static lateral loads under free pile head conditions are presented and discussed. A series of laboratory model tests has been carried out on instrumented aluminium mode...

Laboratory model tests were conducted on an aluminum model pile embedded on a crest of soft clay. The slope angle and L/D ratio (L = embedded length, D = diameter of pile) were varied, and the pile was subjected to lateral loads at the pile head by a loading frame and frictionless pulley arrangements. Through the experimental investigation, the eff...

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This paper presents the results of static lateral load test carried out on single aluminum model pile embedded in soft clay (consistency index Ic = 0.42) on sloping ground. A series of laboratory model test had been carried out on the instrumented aluminum model pile on sloping ground of varying slopes (1V:1H, 1V:3H and 1V:5H) and with varying embe...

The pile, carrying large axial and lateral load is often subjected to lateral cyclic load due to the wave action of water, glacier movement and by heavy wind action. Transfer of heavy load requires the pile to socket into the hard stratum. The existing p-y curve for socketed pile gives an approximate solution under static load. In order to overcome...

Numerical, analytical and experimental studies have shown that sand drain accelerates the rate of consolidation soft clay soil by providing the drainage path, reduction in settlement, increasing bearing capacity of the soil, this paper studies influence of cyclic behavior of sand drain imposed clay soil in laboratory cyclic Tri-axial apparatus, An...

Pile foundations are often subject to lateral loading due to various forces on a variety of structures like high rise buildings, transmission towers, power stations, offshore structures and highway and railway structures. The present investigation is to study the effect of slopes on p-y curves (where p is the static soil reaction and y is the pile...

In this paper, a finite element numerical analysis was carried out to study the behaviour of group of piles located on sloping ground using finite element analysis software PLAXIS 3D. A pile of 0.305 m diameter and 9.1 m length was arranged in 3 × 3 group pattern with spacing equal to three times the pile diameter (3D) and was modelled by PLAXIS 3D...

Behavior of pile under lateral loading is a composite problem for soil-structure interaction. Field study data on such cases are not available in a large number, inspite of its essentiality due to site specific behavior. This paper deals with the field experimental study on behavior of laterally loaded pile in clayey soil. The site selected for the...

Pile foundations are usually used when heavy superstructural loads have to be transmitted through weaker subsoil. Piles are also subjected to significant amounts of lateral loads and overturning moments besides axial loads. Lateral loads are in the order of 10-15% of the vertical loads in the case of onshore structures, whereas in the case of coast...

Piles could be damaged under major lateral loading environment for a long period. The sources of lateral loads are lateral earth pressure, wind loads, seismic loads, impact loads from ships (berthing and mooring) eccentric loads on columns, river current and mud movement loads in alluvial settings (foundations subject to scour), ocean wave forces,...

Piles are commonly used to transfer vertical forces, arising primarily from super structure. Lateral loads, however, are just as important as vertical loads in designing pile foundations and are often more complicated. More powerful lateral loads occur as a result of unpredicted events such as heavy wind, earthquakes, slope failure, and lateral spr...

Pile foundations are often subjected to lateral loads due to various forces on variety of structures like high rise buildings, transmission towers, power stations, offshore structures and highway structures. In the present study, a series of laboratory 1-g model test has been carried out on a single instrumented model pile embedded in soft clay (Co...

The design of roads and embankments in coastal regions with a deep deposit of soft compressible clay is challenging as a result of excessive settlements and expansive nature of clay soil. Among varied technologies enforced by engineers, Vertical Sand Drain (VSD) is one among the versatile ways to improve compressible soil. It also offers a permanen...

This paper presents the results of static lateral-load test carried out on a single aluminium model pile embedded in soft clay (consistency index, Ic = 0.42) on a sloping ground. A series of laboratory model tests had been carried out on the instrumented aluminium pile with outer diameter of 25.46 mm on a sloping ground of varying slopes (1V:1H, 1V...

Instability of upstream or downstream slope causes failure of an embankment. This paper concentrates on slope stability analysis of the railway embankment located between Nagapattinam to Thiruthuraipoondi. A series of laboratory tests were conducted on disturbed and undisturbed soft clay for determination of index, engineering and deformation prope...

Soil has a great role in construction of any structure. In order to improve the behaviour of the soil, various ground improvement methods are available. Methods like chemical stabilisation, cement stabilisation has been adopted for stabilising cohesionless soils in the construction industry. The inherent drawbacks of these methods are not new to th...

There are around 10 major bridges are being under construction in the Nagapattinam Tiruthuraipoondi B.G railway line. These bridges are supported by pile foundations with varying founding depths depending up on the soil stratum. Bored cast in suit piles were cast and pile load tests were conducted at five locations for the estimated pile capacity (...

Piles have been extensively used for supporting axial loads and lateral loads for variety of structures including high rise buildings, transmission towers, power stations, offshore structures and highway and railway structures. Pile foundations are subjected to lateral loading due to wind action, wave action, earthquake and impact of ships in dock...

Piles are often constructed on natural slope such as sea bed slope in off-shore structures. When piles are constructed on sloping ground, the behaviour of piles under earthquake loading is different from the piles on horizontal ground surface. The dynamic response of a pile subjected to external excitation is a complex phenomenon resulting from the...

Instability of upstream or downstream slope causes failure of an embankment. This paper concentrates on slope stability analysis of the railway embankment located between Nagapattinam to Thiruthuraipoondi. A series of laboratory tests were conducted on disturbed and undisturbed soft clay for determination of index, engineering and deformation prope...

Usage of natural fibers such as coir, jute, sisal, as a reinforcing material for stabilization which possesses great tensile properties.This paper focuses on the chemical modification that happens in the black cotton soil when it is treated with sisal fiber(Agave sisalana), fly ash along with an alkaline solution of NaOH.The percentage of sisal fib...

Urbanization and inadequacy of land result in the compulsion to utilize the problematic surface area, like Soft clay soil, hence Ground improvement techniques are taking part in the foremost role in strengthening that specific weak soil structure. Technique of ground improvement will have an intensive influence on the project length, fund allocatio...

This paper deals with an experimental investigation on laterally loaded piles of a berthing structure. A prototype berthing structure constructed at Chennai Port in India is simulated in a 1∶40 laboratory scale model. The model consists of a row of five piles connected at the top by a wooden beam for rigidity and to transfer the load laterally to t...

Fixed offshore platforms supported by pile foundations have to resist lateral loads due to wave and current forces. The response to environmental loads is strongly affected by the soil-structure (pile) interaction. Forces exerted by waves are the predominant lateral environmental forces governing jacket structure design, especially the foundation p...

Fixed offshore platforms supported by pile foundations are required to resist lateral load due to wave and current forces. The response to environmental loads is strongly affected by the soil structure (pile) interaction. The forces exerted by waves are most dominant among the lateral environmental forces which governing the jacket structures desig...

A detailed laboratory experimental model tests was undertaken to study the effect of slope on laterally load pile capacity and p-y curves. The paper concerns the method developed in a series of laboratory model tests (27 lateral load tests) to experimentally determine p-y curves. The study was carried out on horizontal ground and two different type...

This paper presents the results of static lateral-load test carried out on a single aluminium model pile embedded in soft clay (consistency index,/c=0.42) on a sloping ground. A series of laboratory model tests had been carried out on the instrumented aluminium pile with outer diameter of 25.46mm on a sloping ground of varying slopes (1V:1H, 1V:1.5...

The existing field practice is to socket the end bearing piles in hard strata over a minimum depth of three times the diameter of the pile. In case of non-displacement piles, drilling the hard strata is a time consuming process and expensive also. This paper examines the performance of socketed pile subjected to lateral load based on experimental a...

The structure has to be socketed into hard strata to enhance the efficiency of load carrying capacity for a substructure carrying heavy lateral load. In case of non-displacement piles, drilling the hard strata is a time consuming and expensive process. A system of experimental program was conducted on an instrumented model pile to study the behavio...

In this study the concept of biofilm accumulation in the sand column was promoted to assess the changes in hydraulic conductivity and concentration of organic contaminants of the synthetic leachate. Four different combinations of column study were carried out using synthetic leachate as a substrate solution. Mixed and stratified mode of experiments...

Lateral load tests were performed on a raker pile group to determine the lateral load capacity. The behaviour of a pile group subjected to lateral load was studied through laboratory experiments with aluminum pipe pile with outer diameter of 25.4 mm and thickness of 1 mm. In this experimental study, clean river sand was used as a soil medium. Two-,...

Phosphogypsum is an industrial waste product obtained from the phosphatic fertilizer industry. Currently, it is being used in the construction industry as a replacement for natural gypsum in the manufacturing of cement, structural blocks, and phosphogypsum panel boards. Bottom ash is the coarse, granular, non-combustible by-product obtained from th...

An extensive program of laboratory model tests was undertaken to study the effect of slope and loading direction on laterally loaded piles in cohesionless soil. The paper includes studies of the effect of distance from the crest of the slope (both slope side and embankment side), soil properties, and loading direction (both forward in the direction...

Piles could be damaged under major lateral loading environment for a long period. The sources of lateral loads are lateral earth pressure, wind loads, seismic loads, impact loads from ships (berthing and mooring) eccentric loads on columns, river current and mud movement loads in alluvial settings (foundations subject to scour), ocean wave forces,...

Piles are mainly used to transfer the heavy axial load from the super structure to the ground. In the cases of piles are installed into slopes, earth retaining structures or to support open excavations, the primary function of pile is to transfer the lateral loads to ground and the most important lateral load to the pile is lateral soil movement. S...

An experimental investigation has been carried out with a model scale single row instrumented piles of a berthing structure, with and without tie rod anchor. Many studies have been reported previously, on the load sharing mechanism of laterally loaded pile group on horizontal ground and slope crest; whereas, the pile group of a berthing structure i...

One of the most common causes of ground failure during earthquakes is the liquefaction phenomenon, which produces severe damage to property. Although methods are available for seismic analysis of pile foundations, most of them consider soil to be an elastic material. Collapse of piled foundations in liquefiable areas has been observed in most recen...

In soil-structure interaction problems it often becomes important to make a good estimation of frictional resistance between ground and foundation. The interface friction angle of soil against structural materials is of great interest among the researchers in soil structure interaction. This study conducts a series of direct shear tests to investig...

Fixed offshore platforms supported by pile foundations are required to resist dynamic lateral loading due to wave forces. The response of a jacket offshore tower is affected by the flexibility and nonlinear behavior of the supporting piles. In this study, a typical fixed offshore platform is chosen, and dynamic wave analysis is performed on it. Ana...

The Geotechnical investigation is the backbone of any civil construction activity. The index and engineering properties of soil layers are to be estimated in a realistic manner for the design of structures. In general, the properties of soil vary randomly both in vertical and horizontal directions. The concept of probable soil description, effectiv...

Pile foundations are slender structural elements used to transfer loads from structures into deep hard strata below the ground level. It is time consuming and expensive to carry out field test over the piles in larger lengths. Computer simulations of Finite Element/Finite Difference Modelling will allow for in depth studies to analyze the pile - so...

Piles have been extensively used for supporting axial loads and lateral loads for variety of structures including high rise buildings, transmission towers, power stations, offshore structures and highway and railway structures. Many transmission towers, high rise buildings and highway and railway bridges are constructed near steep slopes which are...

This paper investigates the seismic characteristics and geotechnical properties with respect to the liquefaction potential of the deposits in the Coromandel coastal line of Nagapattinam town, Tamilnadu, India. A series of field tests were conducted using standard penetration test, cone penetration test and plate load test. Laboratory tests were con...