Karl Zeller

US Forest Service | FS · Program for Fire, Fuels, and Smoke Sciences (FFS)

Past studies have reported a decreasing planetary albedo and an increasing absorption of solar radiation by Earth since the early 1980s, and especially since 2000. This should have contributed to the observed surface warming. However, the magnitude of such solar contribution is presently unknown, and the question of whether or not an enhanced uptak...

Micrometeorological eddy flux measurements in the early developing days

The circumstellar Habitable Zone (HZ) is the region around a star, here liquid ater can e ist on the surface of a planet or moon under temperature regimes that are conductive to Life as e kno it. A HZ is defined b its inner edge and an outer edge measured in Astronomical Units (AU) from the host star. Currentl , the HZ edges are calculated using th...

The human story of two scientist triggered by the

have a unique and elegant research paper entitled 'New Insights on the Physical Nature of the Atmospheric Greenhouse Effect Deduced from an Empirical Planetary Temperature Model'. Their work comes out of left field; it provides a shocking new paradigm heretofore unbeknown to science; it is physically plausible, and it proves beyond a doubt that gre...

A recent study has revealed that the Earth’s natural atmospheric greenhouse effect is around 90 K or about 2.7 times stronger than assumed for the past 40 years. A thermal enhancement of such a magnitude cannot be explained with the observed amount of outgoing infrared long-wave radiation absorbed by the atmosphere (i.e. ≈ 158 W m-2), thus requirin...

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1186/2193-1801-3-723.].

We present results from a novel Dimensional Analysis of observed planetary data spanning a broad range of environments in the Solar System, i.e. from the hot Venus to the frozen world of Neptune’s moon Triton. Our analysis reveals that the average global surface temperature of rocky planets with tangible atmospheres and negligible geothermal surfac...

The Global Mean Annual near-surface Temperature (GMAT) of a planetary body is an expression of the available kinetic energy in the climate system and a critical parameter determining planet's habitability. Previous studies have relied on theory-based mechanistic models to estimate GMATs of distant bodies such as extrasolar planets. This 'bottom-up'...

Announcement of new discovery in planetary climatology based on NASA observational probs. IN: Book of Abstracts.

The presence of atmosphere can appreciably warm a planet's surface above the temperature of an airless environment. Known as a natural Greenhouse Effect (GE), this near-surface Atmospheric Thermal Enhancement (ATE) as named herein is presently entirely attributed to the absorption of up-welling long-wave radiation by greenhouse gases. Often quoted...

Expands the Concept of Atmospheric Greenhouse Effect Using Thermodynamic Principles: Implications for Predicting Future Climate Change. Presents a whole new paradigm for understanding the basic fundemental cause of baseline global warming. Demonstrates that atmospheric mass and TOA solar radiation provide our planet with atmospheric warm and that a...

Canopy leaf area index (LAI) is an important structural parameter of the vegetation controlling pollutant uptake by terrestrial ecosystems. This paper presents a computationally efficient algorithm for retrieval of vegetation LAI and canopy clumping factor from satellite data using observed Simple Ratios (SR) of near-infrared to red reflectance. Th...

The RAWS network and RAWS data-use systems are closely reviewed and summarized in this report. RAWS is an active program created by the many land-management agencies that share a common need for accurate and timely weather data from remote locations for vital operational and program decisions specific to wildland and prescribed fires. A RAWS measur...

Graham, Russell T., Technical Editor. 2003. Hayman Fire Case Study. Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-114. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station. 396 p. In 2002 much of the Front Range of the Rocky Mountains in Colorado was rich in dry vegetation as a result of fire exclusion and the droughty conditions...

A new biophysical model (FORFLUX) is presented to study the simultaneous exchange of ozone, carbon dioxide, and water vapor between terrestrial ecosystems and the atmosphere. The model mechanistically couples all major processes controlling ecosystem flows trace gases and water implementing recent concepts in plant eco-physiology, micrometeorology,...

Urban and non-urban rural ozone (O3) concentrations are high in Bulgaria and often exceed the European AOT40 ecosystem as well as the AOT60 human health standards. This paper presents preliminary estimates to establish background, non-urban O3 concentrations for the southern region of Bulgaria. Ozone concentrations from three distinctly different s...

In an effort to examine ozone (O3) deposition over a forest site in the Czech Republic, a low cost eddy flux experiment using slow response ozone and temperature sensors was implemented in July 1993 within the Brdy Mountains. Half-hour 2-Hz ozone and sensible heat measurements made at the Brdy Mountains for 98 days during the period 7 July 1994-20...

Based on published emission inventories for metropolitan Mexico City (Bravo 1987; INEGI 1999; Ruiz and Gasca 2002), elevated deposition of nitrogen (N) and sulfur (S) pollutants is expected to occur in forests downwind of Mexico City. Air pollution concentrations are elevated in montane areas to the south-southwest (SSW) of Mexico City because of t...

Researchers using the eddy covariance approach to measuring trace gas fluxes are often hoping to measure carbon dioxide and energy fluxes for ecosystem intercomparisons. This paper demonstrates a systematic microprocessor-caused lag of -0.1 to -0.2 s in a commercial sonic anemometer-analog-to-digital datapacker system operated at 10 Hz. The result...

The collocation of three national networked programs NADP, EPA's CASTNET, and the Forest Service's IMPROVE Module A, within a few hundred meters of each other in the pristine Medicine Bow forest of Wyoming has made it possible to assess the total amount of sulfur and nitrogen deposition, both wet and dry for this alpine/subalpine ecosystem. Additio...

Assessing the long-term exchange of trace gases and energy between terrestrial ecosystems and the atmosphere is an important priority of the current climate change research. In this regard, it is particularly significant to provide valid data on simultaneous fluxes of carbon, water vapor and pollutants over representative ecosystems. Eddy covarianc...

High rural concentrations of ozone (O3) are thought to be stratospheric in origin, advected from upwind urban sources, or photochemically generated locally by natural trace gas emissions. Ozone is known to be transported vertically downward from the above-canopy atmospheric surface layer and destroyed within stomata or on other biological and miner...

Ozone concentrations from the Rila Mountains in 1996

1994-1996 Ovnarsko 1600m Rila Mountain site hourly ozone concentrations are analyzed and modeled.

Ozone measurements are presented from the Bulgarian Govedartsi ecosystem study site, Ovnarsko No. 3. The site is located on the south slope of the Govedartsi Valley in the northwestern part of the Rila Mountain area. The Rila is the highest mountain in the Balkan peninsula and is representative of rural conditions in that part of Europe. The experi...

To analyze air quality and deposition over a forest site in the Czech Republic, a cooperative study was implemented in July 1993 within the Brdy Mountains. Weekly average concentration measurements of SO2, SO4−2, NO3−, NH4+, and HNO3 were made at the Brdy Mountains during the periods 2 July, 1993 to 2 December, 1994 and 2 June, 1995 to 9 September,...

Coniferous forests cover one-third of Bulgaria’s forest ecosystems and occupy 31% of the country’s total area. Forests in general are considered vulnerable to air pollutants in the form of dry and wet pollution deposition. The Bulgarian Govedartsi ecosystem study site, Ovnarsko No. 3, was established in 1991 to: (1) determine the existing status of...

Atmospheric ozone concentrations have been monitored at a subalpine forest ecosystem site, 3180m above mean sea level (msl), and at a 2680m msl forest-steppe ecotone site 15km to the southeast. Ozone concentrations were monitored at three heights above the ground on a 30m tower at the higher elevation site, and on a 10m tower in a large meadow down...

Pressure pumping at the Earth's surface is caused by short-period atmospheric turbulence, longer-period barometric changes, and quasi-static pressure fields induced by wind blowing across irregular topography. These naturally occurring atmospheric pressure variations induce periodic fluctuations in airflow through snowpacks, soils, and any other po...

High rural concentrations of ozone (O3) are thought to be either stratospheric in origin, advected from upwind urban sources, or photochemically generated locally as a result of natural trace gas emissions. Ozone is known to be transported vertically downward from the above-canopy atmospheric surface layer and destroyed within stomata or on other b...

The fluxes of nitrogen dioxide and ozone, as well as supporting meteorological data, have been measured at a snow covered grassland field site in northern Colorado by eddy correlation. The fluxes of both species are small. The median surface resistance to ozone deposition is greatest during the morning and least during the afternoon. The nitrogen d...

The similarity theory proposed by Monin-Obukhov for the atmospheric surface layer is extended so that it can be used to study the flux-gradient relationships of chemically reactive species. A second-order model is developed in order to calculate the flux-gradient relationships and the (co-)variances of momentum, temperature, and concentration. The...

Ozone fluxes were measured by eddy correlation below and adjacent to a Picea engelmannii (48%), Abies lasiocarpa (48%), and Pinus contorta (4%) canopy at 2 m height in an open meadow site in the Snowy Range Mountains ofWyoming during 1994. The measurements were made in April over 2-m-deep snow cover, in June at the end of spring melt over saturated...

Lidar measurements of aerosol layer heights and morning boundary layer development are combined with surface eddy correlation measurements of kinematic heat and moisture fluxes, profiles of temperature and humidity, wind speed and wind direction. A diagnostic method is presented for determining vertical lapse rates using surface meteorological meas...

The movement of trace gases through porous media results from a combination of molecular diffusion and natural convection forced by turbulent atmospheric pressure pumping. This study presents observational and modeling results of an experiment to estimate the CO2 flux through a seasonal snowpack in the Rocky Mountains of southern Wyoming, USA. Turb...

In atmospheric surface layer studies, the turbulent flux of variable A is approximated by the formula (Stull, 1988; Garratt, 1992): $$\overline {wa} = - \frac{{\kappa zu * }}{{{\phi _a}(\zeta )}}\frac{{\partial {\rm A}}}{{\partial z}}$$ (1)

This paper is the published version of Karl Zeller's 1990 PhD. Thesis "Eddy diffusivities for sensible heat, ozone, and momentum from eddy correlation and gradient measurements" Colorado State University 140p.

The fluxes of NOâ, NO{sub y}, and ozone were measured by eddy correlation at a grassland field site from March 5 to August 2, 1988. The nitrogen oxide fluxes were generally small and upward during the day. Overnight, the fluxes were zero. The average daytime NOâ flux increased from 2.2 ng (N) m⁻²s⁻¹ during March and April (Julian days 65 to 1...

A general algorithm is described for estimating average monthly solar radiation in cal cm−2 day−1 received on mountain slopes that uses basic topographic and climatic information for input, i.e. latitude, elevation, slope aspect and orientation, and average monthly data for ambient temperature, relative humidity and total precipitation. The algorit...

Nikolov, N.T. and Zeller, K.F., 1992. A solar radiation algorithm for ecosystem dynamic models. Ecol. Modelling, 61: 149-168. A general algorithm is described for estimating average monthly solar radiation in cal cm-2 day-l received on mountain slopes that uses basic topographic and climatic information for input, i.e. latitude, elevation, slope as...

Comparison of ozone concentrations verses Elevation in rural and non-rural experimental forest sites in the Rocky Mountain Front Range.

Micrometeorological field measurements of the fluxes and the gradients of momentum, sensible heat and ozone are presented and discussed. The eddy-correlation measurement technique was used to obtain the flux data at the heights of three and eight meters. A method to accurately measure mass (ozone) gradients from surface -layer based meteorological...

The fluxes of nitrogen oxides and ozone have been measured over the prairie grassland of Northern Colorado by eddy correlation. The deposition velocity of ozone varied diurnally. The ozone maximum deposition velocity occurred at around midday, Vd = 0.4 cm s-1, and was zero overnight. The net flux of nitrogen oxides was upward, with a diurnal and a...

The Pawnee grassland eddy correlation dry deposition project is described. Instrumentation, methods of analysis, and initial data and research findings are presented. Data from this eddy correlation system show agreement with previous observations of deposition velocities for atmospheric ozone, NOâ, and NOâ; micrometeorological theory; and micromet...

A fast algorithm to correct for the non-cosine response of the three-component Gill Propeller Anemometer is presented. Its intended use is for real time in-situ correction of the horizontal and vertical components of the wind velocity for high frequency turbulent flux measurement. Comparisons between this new method and the original Horst correctio...

It is commonly agreed that high ambient lower tropospheric concentrations of ozone, less than 0.08 ppm, are the result of the very complicated interactions of meteorology and emissions of both anthropogenic and natural ozone precursor gases within a daily or longer time frame. The possibility of occasional stratospheric ozone intrusion is an additi...

EPA 1975 summertime EPA and Washington State University airborne ozone measurement campaign in the southern New England area in an effort to document alleged New York City morning auto traffic reaching and polluting downtown Boston in the following day after midnight. Results were controversial.

Ozone measurements are presented from the Bulgarian Govedartsi ecosystem study site, Ovnarsko No. 3. The site is located on the south slope of the Govedartsi Valley in the northwestern part of the Rila Mountain area. The Rila is the highest mountain in the Balkan peninsula and is representative of rural conditions in that part of Europe. The experi...

The Pawnee Grassland Eddy Correlation Dry Deposition Project is described. Instrumentation, methods of analysis, and initial data and research findings are presented. Data from this eddy correlation system show agreement with: previously observations of deposition velocities for atmospheric ozone, NOâ and NOx; micrometeorological theory; micrometeo...

At the Central Plains Experimental Range/Long-Term Ecological Research (CPER/LTER) site at the Pawnee National Grasslands, scientists from both the Rocky Mountain Station and the Natural Resources Ecology Laboratory of Colorado State University are independently attempting to measure several major components of the surface energy balance. The repor...

Zeller, Karl; Harrington, Debra Youngblood; Fisher, Richard; Donev, Evgeny. 2000. Determining atmospheric deposition in Wyoming with IMPROVE and other national programs. Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-52. Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station. 34 p. Atmospheric deposition is the result of air po...

This paper discusses the fixed base air monitoring network, plans to use new techniques (e. g. Lidar Doppler Velocimeter, the Barringer Correlation Spectrometer and EPA's Remote Optical Sensing of Emissions System) and some additional results of a feasibility study conducted at Williams AFB in April 1975.

This chapter discusses the environmental impact statement (EIS) as it relates to the science of meteorology and air quality. It does not deal specifically with air-quality permits as required by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and state air-quality agencies. Initially it discusses in general the development of the EIS and then focuses spe...

Following is a continuation of the list of titles and authors of the papers presented: Detection of Water Pollution Sources with Aerial Imaging Sensors. By Charles L. Rudder and Charles J. Reinheimer. Standard Methods for Analysis and Interpretation of LIDAR Data for Environmental Monitoring. By S. H. Melfi. Visibility Sensors in Your Air Quality P...