Karen Lucas

The University of Manchester · School of Environment and Development

Energy demand reduction (EDR) will be required to reach climate targets in the Global North. To be compatible with just transitions principles, EDR needs to be equitable. Equitable EDR may involve targeting high energy users while ensuring the satisfaction of needs for all, which could require increasing consumption of low users. Emissions impacts...

This report has been produced by the Road Investment Scrutiny Panel – an assembled group of senior professionals supported by funding from the Rees Jeffreys Road Fund. Roads are the arteries of economic and social prosperity. They also come at a cost to the public purse and in terms of the negative consequences arising from their construction, mai...

As the chapter contributions by the various authors in this book have demonstrated, transport and mobility in Africa are not simply about shuttling people and goods from one point to another. Instead, they are fundamental to creating inclusive and sustainable cities.

This section of the book explores the highly prevalent issue of transport poverty, which is closely associated with the developed and developing spatial of African cities as they have been discussed in the previous section.

This book provides a collection of insightful conceptual and empirical works that situate transport and mobility challenges in the unique context of individual countries and cities while highlighting commonalities across the African continent. Written from an interdisciplinary perspective, the book covers important themes in transport and mobility...

In this introductory chapter, we briefly sketch the transport and mobility situations of African cities today. We highlight the urban mobility and transport problems that are becoming increasingly pronounced as urban areas in Africa have expanded in population and physical size. We also introduce the five thematic focus of the book, and set the bac...

This paper measures ‘excess’ car travel for its role in decarbonisation. On average, each English adult travels around 5,680 miles a year and emits 854 kg of CO2. However, the top 5% ‘excess’ car users travel 4.8 times and emit 5.7 times the national average. Four binary logistic regression analyses were used to model the probability that people wi...

Uses car ownership and use as a topic for exploring ideas of transport and social justice, by analysing and discussing how the inequalities involved can also be seen as inequitable, or unjust.

Housing and transport affordability (H + TA) analysis has been receiving increasing attention among academics and practitioners worldwide, particularly in Global North settings. These studies usually overlook spatial and socioeconomic distributional considerations that potentially underestimate the simultaneous impact of transport and housing costs...

This submission is based on our project on High Energy Consumers funded by the Centre for Research on Energy Demand Solutions 1. The project investigated the potential for reduction of high-end domestic and travel-related (henceforth ''household') energy consumption to contribute to decarbonisation. Summary:  We confirm known drivers of high house...

In this paper, we propose a mixed methods quantitative and qualitative approach to capture fully the measurable and less tangible social impacts of transport projects on local people and communities. The approach was used to assess the potential social impacts of a strategic road by-pass project case study in a deprived region of Wales in the UK. T...

Curbing excess: high energy use consumers and decarbonisation in the UK Authors This report is based on the findings of a research project at the University of Leeds looking at the consumption patterns of high-end and excessive consumption in households in the UK, to understand the reasons for high energy use and the structural, social, cultural an...

This paper combines two case studies from the UK and Israel to question/‘que(e)ry’ LGBTQ people’s travel and mobility behaviours, to explore the issue of ‘queer mobilities’ and related exclusions from heteronormative public transport spaces. Our research demonstrates how the fear of anti-LGBTQ discrimination and violence have profound impacts on LG...

Despite discourses of contemporary high-mobility, a life characterised by high mobility is in sharp contrast to many people’s experiences and personal preferences. Previous research has shown that mobility and transport opportunities are unevenly distributed in society. The paper explores how young unemployed people and low-skilled care workers in...

The combined decentralisation of many firms and services and the increasing concentration of traditional public transport services in the main corridors of urban centres have made it more difficult for people to access jobs, in particular when residing outside these prime accessibility areas. This is the first national study within the context of G...

The quantitative measurement of accessibility through public transport has become more complex and accurate over time. However, it lacks many of the deeper nuances of how people actually experience their travel environments. Our previous works have highlighted the importance of incorporating the lived travel experiences of passengers within accessi...

The role of transport in providing access to employment has received considerable attention. Since transport policies may be motivated by assumed effects on employment probability outcomes, it is important to establish the nature of the relationship between transport and employment outcomes. While the majority of the empirical evidence suggests a p...

Embora a noção de equidade seja considerada primordial no emergente paradigma da mobilidade urbana sustentável, o planejamento da mobilidade tem sido acusado de contribuir para a produção e a consolidação de desigualdades sociais e espaciais relacionadas à provisão e organização do transporte coletivo urbano, principalmente no contexto de países em...

Public acceptability is a major concern for road pricing schemes in Western countries but has not yet been sufficiently studied in the context of Chinese cities, a number of which are considering the introduction of such travel constraint measures. This study explores factors influencing public acceptability of a proposed congestion charge in the C...

Introduction: Accessibility to healthcare is recognised as an important component in the uptake of healthcare. Accessibility gaps may underpin health inequalities and the burden often born by socially disadvantaged groups who experience higher levels of disease and have shorter lives. This study aims to identify, from the perspective of people on l...

This paper provides a brief overview of the transport-related social exclusion (TRSE) literatures and discusses the proliferation of this increasingly active research domain within transport geography over the last twenty years. It then focuses on a rapid evidence review of the implications for TRSE of major future innovations in the transport doma...

Explores the measurement of transport equity and demonstrates the distributional and social consequences of transport decision-making. • Written by a collection of top researchers and upcoming scholars in the transport field. • Shows how to apply transport equity measurement ideas in the real world through case study examples. • Covers emerging tra...

This report is a scoping study of the transport conditions and experiences of people and communities living at the margins of Africa’s burgeoning cities. The term ‘transport’ is used in its widest sense to include all aspects of travel from walking and other non-motorised trips to public and private motorised journeys. However, air passenger travel...

This chapter assesses equity in the provision of public transport supply and presents a high-level strategic analysis for policymakers. The core of the methodology is a comparison of the need for public transport with the supply of public transport. The balance between need and supply is captured by an index of public transport deprivation (dispari...

In this chapter, we recommend that the development of equity indicators should account for three components: (i) the benefits and burdens of interest, (ii) the population groups over which they are distributed; and (iii) a clear conception of what a "morally proper distribution" of benefit or burden should be. We present a simple framework of how t...

This paper focuses on the use of mixed method social network analysis to understand how people’s conversations might influence their energy practices and attitudes to energy conservation. Eighty-five qualitative interviews were conducted with individuals living in six different communities across the United Kingdom. Our analysis sheds new light on...

Egalitarian thought has a long tradition in Chinese history. Synthesized with the socialist ideology, it was practiced nationwide in the first decades of Communist China. Alongside the well-reported quality of life improvements that the recent economic liberalisation reforms have brought about, Chinese people are experiencing an increasingly seriou...

The paper presents a study to explore the relationship between travel poverty and social disadvantage at the local geographical level. The main aim of the research was to identify the extent to which the revealed travel behavioural outcomes of the study participants are due to personal social constraints or environmental conditions in their residen...

The chapter looks at the role of transportation resources and services in shaping social justice through its delivery of access to services and daily activities and also the negative influences of road traffic and pollution on people's right to a healthy environment.

In highly motorised countries, some sectors of the population own and use cars despite struggling to afford their running costs, and so may be particularly vulnerable to motor fuel prices increases, whether market-led or policy-driven. This paper proposes a novel, disaggregated approach to investigating vulnerability to such increases at the househ...

Defining characteristics of ridesourcing, such as the provision of door-to-door mobility, may get lost in Global South cities as drivers’ decisions and providers’ restrictive policies make this transport option unavailable for residents of low-income areas. Beyond facing difficulties to afford transport, socially disadvantaged groups may not rely o...

The notion of ‘fuel poverty’, referring to affordable warmth, underpins established research and policy agendas in the UK and has been extremely influential worldwide. In this context, British researchers, official policymaking bodies and NGOs have put forward the notion of ‘transport poverty’, building on an implicit analogy between (recognised) f...

This special issue brings together contributions from the three diverse perspectives of its co-editors – urban geography, planning and transport studies. Its primary aim is to think through the relevance and utility of contested mobilities as a framing concept, and Latin America as a paradigmatic case. In particular, we ask the question: what can s...

This paper discusses the related issues associated with dealing with immobility and survey non-response within survey design, sampling protocols and for different survey instruments and methodological approaches. How to develop new tools and methods to capture the travel under-surveyed, ‘hard to reach’ and ‘survey shy’ populations was discussed. Al...

This paper discusses the related issues associated with dealing with immobility and survey non-response within survey design, sampling protocols and for different survey instruments and methodological approaches. How to develop new tools and methods to capture the travel under-surveyed, ‘hard to reach’ and ‘survey shy’ populations was discussed. Al...

The latest Census survey driven by the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE) shows that the income groups having the smallest commuting time in the city of Recife are those with the lowest and the highest incomes. This paper tries to find reasons behind that behavior for the groups with lowest income by using data from focus groups...

The notion of ‘fuel poverty’, referring to affordable warmth, underpins established research and policy agendas in the UK and has been extremely influential worldwide. In this context, British researchers, official policymaking bodies and NGOs have put forward the notion of ‘transport poverty’, building on an implicit analogy between (recognised) f...

Background It is important to move beyond traditional Health Impact Assessment (HIA) focused on mortality, by including morbidity outcomes that pose a significant burden on healthcare systems and quality of life. Childhood asthma, the most common chronic illness in children, is one such outcome with 1 in 11 children in the UK suffering from this co...

This paper describes a four-year programme of ‘action research’ undertaken with six communities in the UK, referred to as the EVALOC (Evaluating Low Carbon Communities) project. The research combined a programme of community-facing events with phased household-level monitoring of energy and carbon reduction interventions. These interventions were f...

The aim of this report is to provide a social assessment of the impacts of Section 3 of the A465 Heads of the Valleys Road: Brynmawr to Tredegar, using a mixed methods approach which adapts and builds on the UK WebTAG appraisal guidance units 4.1 and 4.2. We define social assessment in this document as a study of the social and distributional impac...

Exposure to Traffic-related Air Pollution and Risk of Development of Childhood Asthma: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

This paper explores how the exercise of power in transport planning practices can lead into the exclusion of certain segments of the population by not considering their ideas into the planning process. The exercise of power is analysed using mechanisms of analysis developed by Foucault which are introduced to critically examine the planning process...

Existing research on 'oil vulnerability' has highlighted the low levels of resilience of low-income, car dependent suburbs to transport fuel price shocks. However, empirical studies in this area have often used rather static notions of car dependence, usually simply identified as high levels of car ownership or use. Also, they have identified vulne...

The world is currently witnessing its largest surge of urban growth in human history; a trend that draws attention to the need to understand and address health impacts of urban living. Whilst transport is instrumental in this urbanisation wave, it also has significant positive and negative impacts on population health, which are disproportionately...

In the UK at present domestic energy policies are framed in terms of reducing energy consumption and emissions while at the same time taking into account issues of affordability, which are part of the established fuel poverty agenda. Similar energy affordability issues in transport have not yet drawn the same attention. This is despite increasing r...

Transport poverty is an issue that has never fully captured the interests of the transport engineering profession in either the ‘global north’ or ‘global south’ and yet it is a problem that adversely affects the daily lives of millions of people across the globe. What precisely constitutes transport poverty is not adequately articulated within acad...

The purpose of this paper is to model the travel behaviour of socially disadvantaged population segments in the United Kingdom (UK) using the data from the UK National Travel Survey 2002–2010. This was achieved by introducing additional socioeconomic variables into a standard national-level trip end model (TEM) and using purpose-based analysis of t...

This paper describes a study of the transport and accessibility needs of residents living in low-income communities in the City of Recife in Brazil. It discusses the theoretical background underpinning the academic and policy rationale for such a study. We outline the qualitative methodological approach, which was adopted to engage in meaningful kn...

There is increasing concern for the affordability of daily mobility costs, notably by car. In this paper, we use the term 'car-related economic stress' (CRES) to refer to households spending a disproportionate amount of money on car travel. We propose two indicators to investigate CRES in Great Britain, both of which are based on widely available,...

In this paper, we present the discussion and main findings from the ISCTSC Workshop B3, which focused on measuring the role of attitudes and perceptions in people's travel choices. The paper considers various issues concerning the design and use of quantitative and qualitative approaches in the measurement of attitudes and perceptions within travel...

In this paper, we present the discussion and main findings from the ISCTSC Workshop B3, which focused on measuring the role of attitudes and perceptions in people’s travel choices. The paper considers various issues concerning the design and use of quantitative and qualitative approaches in the measurement of attitudes and perceptions within travel...

This paper provides a critical review of the progress in understanding the linkages between transport disadvantage and social exclusion. It follows earlier work in proposing social capital as a concept that mediates those linkages but argues that transport researchers must not confine themselves to conceptualisations of social capital as predominan...

In this paper, we present the case that traditional transport appraisal methods do not sufficiently capture the social dimensions of mobility and accessibility. However, understanding this is highly relevant for policymakers to understand the impacts of their transport decisions. These dimensions include the distribution of mobility and accessibili...

After a discussion of the meaning of ‘sustainable public transport’, this Workshop discussed issues of need, system design, institutional arrangements, environmental improvements and social aspects of service. Land use/transport integration was seen as critical for long term strategic direction setting for public transport, backed by sustainable fi...

The paper identifies the potential spatial and social impacts of a proposed road-pricing scheme for different social groups in the Madrid Metropolitan Area (MMA). We appraise the accessibility of different districts within the MMA in terms of the actual and perceived cost of using the road infrastructure ‘before’ and ‘after’ implementation of the s...

Different social groups exhibit diverse travel behaviours and will thus experience very different outcomes in adapting to any changes to the transport system. This paper is concerned with making more transparent the equity implications of transport policies that are designed to change people's travel behaviours; explicitly those designed to mitigat...

Despite a long-standing tradition within transport studies research, capturing and assessing the long-term impacts of major transport investment projects is still problematic. This is partly due to the relative paucity of empirical data, as well as the considerable research effort involved in undertaking appropriate data collection for detailed lon...

Workshop 6 topics covered social inclusion, the informal transport sector, transport in developing countries and sustainability. The strong connections and complimentary goals were noted, where solutions to social exclusion and greenhouse gas reduction can both be realised with good transport and urban planning. There is an opportunity for developi...

This paper explores the potential of ‘action research’ as transport survey method, with particular emphasis on critically assessing its utility in the resolution of major transport policy challenges, such as the mitigation of climate change and environmental impacts, transport-related social exclusion and intergenerational equity issues. Although n...

Purpose — This paper explores the potential of ‘action research’ as transport survey method, with particular emphasis on critically assessing its utility in the resolution of major transport policy challenges, such as the mitigation of climate change and environmental impacts, transport-related social exclusion and intergenerational equity issues....

This chapter presents a summary of recent developments in transport and social policy in England under the social exclusion policy agenda. These have emerged largely in response to increasing government recognition of the issues raised in the preceding chapters of this volume and the growing acceptance of both social and transport policy makers wit...

Purpose – The social dimensions of the relationship between transport and climate change are examined, in particular, the potential for unintended negative consequences to directly and/or indirectly arise from policies to reduce the climate change impact of the transport sector. It takes the example of current policies in the UK as its primary focu...

The late 1990s and early 2000s witnessed a growing interest amongst UK academics and policy makers in the issue of transport disadvantage and, more innovatively, how this might relate to growing concerns about the social exclusion of low income groups and communities. Studies (predominantly in the United Kingdom) began to make more explicit the lin...

This book will prove an absorbing read for scholars, researchers and students working on accessibility issues across various academic fields including civil engineering, economics, geography, and the social sciences.

To date, the majority of studies which consider transport from a social exclusion perspective have been conducted in the context of the developed world where both income poverty and lack of transport are relative rather absolute states. In a unique departure from these previous studies, this paper explores the relationship between transport and soc...

Purpose — This chapter reviews the key findings of the reported research in this volume using the wider international literatures on transport and social exclusion as its conceptual framework. It begins by briefly summarising the research and policy context in which the study is set. It then provides an overview of major conceptual, theoretical and...