Karan Sotoodeh

• Doctor of Philosophy
• Senior Technical Writer at KS Technical Writing and Consulting

Valves are essential parts of piping systems in the oil and gas industry. The failure of a valve due to corrosion is an adverse event with several negative consequences. One of the causes of valve corrosion is material mismatch. A PMI test is conducted as part of the project to verify the material of valves, pipes, joints, and pressure vessels. PMI...

Oil and gas plants require piping components and systems to transport fluids and gases. A number of factors affect piping, including pressure, temperature, load, and flow. The purpose of this study is to prevent mechanical failure of piping as a result of mechanical loads. As part of the proper design of piping systems, a comprehensive analysis of...

Storage Tanks Selection, Design, Testing, Inspection, and Maintenance: Emission Management and Environmental Protection provides the latest research and technological advancements in storage tank design, including materials selection, welding, and techniques used order to reduce or prevent emissions. This book details essential information regardin...

A valve lock, also known as a valve lock out device, is a device used to close off pressured valves, ensuring that machinery that uses valves remains switched off during maintenance. The paper discusses a variety of valve locking devices, ranging in security levels, including visual seals, car seals or wire locks, pad or chain locks, single locks,...

Overfilling occurs when a product inside a tank reaches a critical level. Having an overfilled tank can result in adverse consequences, including fires and explosions, which are harmful to the environment, pose a threat to human life, and are financially costly due to the loss of assets (storage tanks) and oil produced and stored. Various safety te...

Subsea axial check valves are used in manifolds on chemical injection lines. This study discusses the problem of the ingress of particles and dirt inside such valves during hydrostatic tests of the manifold. Visual inspection with a borescope and leakage tests are performed on the internals of four axial valves. The inspection and test results show...

Corrosion is a common problem in the oil and gas industry. Environmental conditions outside of oil and gas facilities can cause external corrosion, which has severe negative consequences, such as human death, environmental pollution, loss of assets and production, fines and loss of reputation for companies. Therefore, the objective of this study is...

In a piping system, water hammer occurs when pressure rapidly varies. As a result of these conditions, undesirable and damaging outcomes can occur, such as noise, excessive wear and fatigue, and collapse of the piping system and valves. This paper provides a review and mathematically analysis of the water hammering in check valves. The purpose of t...

It is more cost-effective to use lined concentric butterfly valves for sea water applications such as fire water than eccentric butterfly valves. Despite this, valves of this type have a limited life expectancy and may fail during operation if they are not designed and manufactured properly. Typically, failures result from a damaged liner that allo...

There are several hazards associated with oil and gas plants, but fire and explosion are the most destructive events. To minimize the possibility and consequences of negative events and hazards, a variety of industries, such as oil and gas, require a substantial amount of health, safety, and environmental engineering expertise. Fire safety engineer...

A ball valve with a size of 10″ and pressure class of 5000 psi for a subsea manifold had a forging defect on its body during the manufacturing process. Replacing the ball valve with a new one would be expensive and time-consuming. Thus, the defective area is cut and machined instead, resulting in a reduction in the wall thickness. Finite element an...

When an overpressure event occurs in the piping or facility, an automated on–off safety valve shuts down the system immediately. This study describes the basic function of these valves. In reviewing different literatures and identifying gaps, it has been determined that five major design aspects need to be discussed in additional detail in order to...

Similarly to corrosion, erosion can have several adverse effects, including human death, environmental pollution, and the loss of assets and productive capacity. The piping and valve systems of oil and gas plants are essential and expensive components that can be subject to erosion depending on factors such as fluid velocity and fluid turbulence. B...

Hydrogen has potential as an alternative source of energy (energy carrier) because it can be converted, stored, and used efficiently, with a wide range of applications. It can be created from renewable energy sources and can thus serve as stor�age of renewable energy like wind- and sun-power. It shall be noted that Hydrogen liquefies at -252.9 °C,...

In general, "noise" describes a loud, unpleasant, and disruptive sound that has undesirable psychological effects such as depression and irritability. The responsibility for minimizing noise generated at different types of valves on offshore platforms , refineries, and petrochemical plants lies with safety and instrument engineers in the oil and ga...

Piping Engineering: Preventing Fugitive Emission in the Oil and Gas Industry is a practical and comprehensive examination of strategies for the reduction or avoidance of fugitive emissions in the oil and gas industry. The book covers key considerations and calculations for piping and fitting design and selection, maintenance, and troubleshooting to...

This book looks at the applications of coating in piping, valves and actuators in the offshore oil and gas industry. Providing a key guide for professionals and students alike, it highlights specific coating standards within the industry, including ISO, NORSOK, SSPC and NACE. In the corrosive environment of a seawater setting, coatings to protect...

Valve systems are essential components in piping systems in a variety of industries, including oil and gas to stop and start the flow of fluid, regulate and control fluids, prevent backflows, and provide safety. The safety and reliability of industrial valves is an increasingly critical issue that has been addressed in previous studies. In case of...

Valve failure is a major risk and a costly phenomenon in the offshore sector of the oil and gas industry. It results in severe negative consequences, such as a loss of assets, a loss of production due to plant shutdowns, and health, safety, and environmental (HSE) issues, such as hydrocarbon (oil and gas) spillage. Improving the safety and reliabil...

An actuator is a machine or component installed on the top of an industrial valve for automatically moving and controlling the valve. The performance of a valve is largely dependent on its actuator. An actuator can be hydraulic, pneumatic, or electrical. This paper focuses on hydraulic actuators, which are common for large size and high-pressure cl...

Optimal operation of offshore plants depends on the correct material selection for offshore piping systems. Flare systems, in particular, play a critical role in the safety of personnel in the plant. This study aims to determine the most suitable material for flare piping in order to prevent such failures in the future. In order to select the optim...

One of the most important issues in the valve industry is the mechanical integrity between the valves and the actuators. Applied loads from the actuator that exceed the maximum load that can be tolerated by the valve stem pose a great risk to this integrity. This study develops a flowchart for ensuring the integrity between the valve and the actuat...

Hydrogen has potential as an alternative source of energy (energy carrier) because it can be converted, stored, and used efficiently, with a wide range of applications. It can be created from renewable energy sources and can thus serve as storage of renewable energy like wind- and sun-power. It has been several decades since liquid hydrogen has bee...

Stellite is a cobalt-chromium alloy that is widely used for hard facing of the industrial valves' internal components, including the seat and closure member, to prevent erosion and cavitation. Although previous studies have emphasized using stellite to avoid erosion and wearing of substrates, most of them do not focus on applying this material for...

Case Studies of Material Corrosion Prevention for Oil and Gas Valves delivers a critical reference for engineers and corrosion researchers. Packed with nearly 30 real-world case studies, this reference gives engineers standardized knowledge on how to maintain, select and prevent typical corrosion problems in a variety of oil and gas settings. Subse...

Natural gas and liquefied natural gas (LNG) continue to grow as a part of the sustainable energy mix. While oil and gas companies look to lower emissions, one key refinery component that contributes up to 60% of emissions are valves, mainly due to poor design, sealing, and testing. Cryogenic Valves for Liquefied Natural Gas Plants delivers a much-n...

Material selection is an important task in the mechanical design of industrial components such as piping and valves. Industrial valves play a vital role in fluid control in the piping systems used in various industries, including the oil and gas industry. Low-alloy steel materials are widely used for subsea valves in size ranges of 3″ and above. In...

Coating for corrosion protection of metallic substrates such as steel and alloys has attracted tremendous attention and interest in the offshore industry. The main reason for coating importance is to prevent external corrosion , and corrosion management is a vital issue in the oil and gas industry. Although previous studies have emphasized coating...

High integrity pressure protection systems (HIPPSs) have been maintained for many years in the oil and gas industry in order to prevent over-pressurizing of the pressure facilities. Fundamentally, the main function of a HIPPS is to protect downstream equipment from excess pressure by continuously monitoring the line pressure and automatically closi...

This chapter focuses on key design considerations for designing industrial valves in cryogenic services. Various aspects of cryogenic valve design features like extended bonnet and stem, stem sealing and soft seat design with regards to extremely low temperature, drip plate design, body, bonnet and bonnet extension wall thickness calculation, conne...

Testing of the valves is an important task in the industry. Cryogenic valves in LNG plants are expected to be operated for a long period of time, typically between 20 and 30 years in an extreme low temperature, and high pressure in many cases. It is very important that the valve functions properly and accurately without any failure during the life...

Many industries including liquified natural gas (LNG) production plants require materials that can withstand extreme cold temperature such as − 196 °C. The material selection process is always a complex and challenging task. In fact, material selection is considered as a part of design engineering that should be performed with extra care to prevent...

This chapter is dedicated to natural gas technology. Different topics such as chemical composition and physical properties of natural gas are discussed in this chapter. Definitions such as lean gas, dry gas, saturated gas, sweet and sour gas are explained in this chapter. Various gas physical properties such as specific gravity, viscosity, critical...

There are five main standards for cryogenic valves design that are discussed in more details in this chapter. In addition to the standards, there are various end users and contractor cryogenic valve specifications that should be considered and applied by the valve suppliers for design of the cryogenic valves. These main standards are summarized as...

This chapter provides an overview and detail information about liquified natural gas (LNG), its history and value chain. Different properties of LNG like chemical composition, density, boiling point, flammability and so on are explained in this chapter. The history of LNG from old days back to 1823 till 2008 is explained briefly. The most essential...