Kamil Kaygusuz

Karadeniz Technical University · Department of Chemistry

Mühendislik, köprüler, tüneller, yollar, araçlar ve binalar dahil olmak üzere makineler, yapılar ve diğer öğeleri tasarlamak ve inşa etmek için bilimsel ilkelerin kullanılmasıdır. Mühendislik disiplini, her biri uygulamalı matematik, uygulamalı bilim ve uygulama türlerinin belirli alanlarına özel vurgu yapan, geniş bir yelpazede uzmanlaşmış mühendi...

Mühendislik, köprüler, tüneller, yollar, araçlar ve binalar dahil olmak üzere makineler, yapılar ve diğer öğeleri tasarlamak ve inşa etmek için bilimsel ilkelerin kullanılmasıdır. Mühendislik disiplini, her biri uygulamalı matematik, uygulamalı bilim ve uygulama türlerinin belirli alanlarına özel vurgu yapan, geniş bir yelpazede uzmanlaşmış mühendi...

Mühendislik, köprüler, tüneller, yollar, araçlar ve binalar dahil olmak üzere makineler, yapılar ve diğer öğeleri tasarlamak ve inşa etmek için bilimsel ilkelerin kullanılmasıdır. Mühendislik disiplini, her biri uygulamalı matematik, uygulamalı bilim ve uygulama türlerinin belirli alanlarına özel vurgu yapan, geniş bir yelpazede uzmanlaşmış mühendi...

Mühendislik, köprüler, tüneller, yollar, araçlar ve binalar dahil olmak üzere makineler, yapılar ve diğer öğeleri tasarlamak ve inşa etmek için bilimsel ilkelerin kullanılmasıdır. Mühendislik disiplini, her biri uygulamalı matematik, uygulamalı bilim ve uygulama türlerinin belirli alanlarına özel vurgu yapan, geniş bir yelpazede uzmanlaşmış mühendi...

Mühendislik, köprüler, tüneller, yollar, araçlar ve binalar dahil olmak üzere makineler, yapılar ve diğer öğeleri tasarlamak ve inşa etmek için bilimsel ilkelerin kullanılmasıdır. Mühendislik disiplini, her biri uygulamalı matematik, uygulamalı bilim ve uygulama türlerinin belirli alanlarına özel vurgu yapan, geniş bir yelpazede uzmanlaşmış mühendi...

Mühendislik, köprüler, tüneller, yollar, araçlar ve binalar dahil olmak üzere makineler, yapılar ve diğer öğeleri tasarlamak ve inşa etmek için bilimsel ilkelerin kullanılmasıdır. Mühendislik disiplini, her biri uygulamalı matematik, uygulamalı bilim ve uygulama türlerinin belirli alanlarına özel vurgu yapan, geniş bir yelpazede uzmanlaşmış mühendi...

Mühendislik, köprüler, tüneller, yollar, araçlar ve binalar dahil olmak üzere makineler, yapılar ve diğer öğeleri tasarlamak ve inşa etmek için bilimsel ilkelerin kullanılmasıdır. Mühendislik disiplini, her biri uygulamalı matematik, uygulamalı bilim ve uygulama türlerinin belirli alanlarına özel vurgu yapan, geniş bir yelpazede uzmanlaşmış mühendi...

Mühendislik, köprüler, tüneller, yollar, araçlar ve binalar dahil olmak üzere makineler, yapılar ve diğer öğeleri tasarlamak ve inşa etmek için bilimsel ilkelerin kullanılmasıdır. Mühendislik disiplini, her biri uygulamalı matematik, uygulamalı bilim ve uygulama türlerinin belirli alanlarına özel vurgu yapan, geniş bir yelpazede uzmanlaşmış mühendi...

Engineering is the use of scientific principles to design and construct machines, structures and other items, including bridges, tunnels, roads, vehicles and buildings. The engineering discipline encompasses a wide range of specialized engineering fields, each with particular emphasis on specific areas of applied mathematics, applied science, and a...

This edited book, which is a piece of artwork prepared TUBA-Energy Working Group, brings a holistic approach to energy and covers all aspects of it, ranging from its history and importance to fundamental thermodynamic concepts and from the dimensions of energy systems to the role of innovation in these systems. The topics covered in the book are ex...

This edited book, which is a piece of artwork prepared TUBA-Energy Working Group, brings a holistic approach to energy and covers all aspects of it, ranging from its history and importance to fundamental thermodynamic concepts and from the dimensions of energy systems to the role of innovation in these systems. The topics covered in the book are ex...

Globally, industrial sector is responsible for approximately 50% of the total world annual energy consumption. Most of this energy is for the provision of heating, cooling, and electricity generation. Increasing awareness of the environmental impact of CO2, NOx, and CFCs emissions triggered a renewed interest in environment-friendly cooling and hea...

ICATES 2019 provides an ideal academic platform for researchers to present the latest research findings and describe emerging technologies, and directions in Engineering and Natural Sciences issues. The conference seeks to contribute to presenting novel research results in all aspects of Engineering, Technology and Natural Sciences. The conference...

The products obtained by fast pyrolysis of biomass can be used as an energy source or chemical raw material. In this study, samples of hazelnut shells, tea bush, and hazelnut knot selected as waste biomass were from the cities of Trabzon and Rize in the Eastern Black Sea Region. Firstly, the waste biomass samples were granulated into four different...

Uncertain supplies of oil, climate change and attempts to increase the nation's fossil fuel independence are concerns that have evoked a renewed interest in alternative sources of energy. Biomass is one of the most important of these renewable energy sources. Biomass can be converted to energy in a variety of ways. In the thermochemical conversion...

On behalf of the organizing committee, we are pleased to announce that the International Conference on Agriculture, Technology, Engineering and Sciences (ICATES 2018) will be held from September 19 to 21, 2018 in Lviv, Ukraine. ICATES 2018 provides an ideal academic platform for researchers to present the latest research findings and describe emer...

In this study, the aim was to characterize to bio-oil, obtained hazelnut cupula via catalytic fast pyrolysis in a fixed bed tubular reactor. The hazelnut cupula sample investigated in this study has been taken from Trabzon, located in Black Sea Region of Turkey. The liquid phase, obtained bio-oils without and with ZnO catalyst consisted aqueous and...

Biomass is the major source of energy in rural Turkey. Biomass is used to meet a variety of energy needs, including generating electricity, heating homes, fueling vehicles and providing process heat for industrial facilities. Biomass potential includes wood, animal and plant wastes. Among the biomass energy sources, fuelwood seems to be the most in...

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to investigate fast pyrolysis of maple fruit as an energy sources. This could serve as a solution to the energy sources problem. Design/methodology/approach Fast pyrolysis of maple fruit (samara) was achieved in a fixed bed reactor. The pyrolysis experiments have been conducted on the sample of maple seeds to...

Energy is the most important issues of social and economic life in countries either developed or just developing. It is very well known that hydrogen energy, which is the most advanced energy carrier; environmental friendly and sustainable, can compensate the increasing energy requirements. The generation of hydrogen through electrolysis possessed...

a b s t r a c t Today, there are 1.4 billion people around the world that lack access to electricity, some 85% of them in rural areas. Without additional dedicated policies, by 2030 the number of people drops, but only to 1.2 billion. Some 15% of the world's population still lack access, the majority of them living in Sub-Saharan Africa. The number...

Southeastern Anatolia Project (GAP) region in Turkey is rich in water for irrigation and hydroelectric power. The Euphrates and Tigris Rivers represent over 28% of the nation's water supply by rivers, and the economically irrigable areas in the region make up 20% of those for the entry country. Turkey has a total gross hydropower potential of 433GW...

This study aims to forecast the world's, European Union's (EU), and Turkey's electricity energy generation until 2030. For this purpose, the electricity energy sector of the world, EU, and Turkey was overviewed from past to present. The total electricity energy generation for the world, EU, and Turkey were then modelled by using historical energy g...

The concept of sustainability can be a way to understand the dynamics of reality and to consider not only the economic growth but also the social, environmental and cultural aspects of development. This new paradigm questions the role of nature as an instrument only to satisfy human needs and brings into consideration the rational use of natural re...

Energy is an essential factor to achieve sustainable development. So, countries striving to this end are seeking to reassess their energy systems with a view towards planning energy programmes and strategies in line with sustainable development goals and objectives. As would be expected, the rapid expansion of energy production and consumption has...

Currently, some 2.4 billion people in developing countries lack modern fuels for cooking and heating and about 1.6 billion people do not have access to electricity. In some developing countries in South Asia, only 30% of the rural population has access to electricity compared with 68% of the urban population. Energy services fail to meet the needs...

Turkey's demand for energy and electricity is increasing rapidly. Since 1990, energy consumption has increased at an annual average rate of 4.3%. As would be expected, the rapid expansion of energy production and consumption has brought with it a wide range of environmental issues at the local, regional and global levels. With respect to global env...

Modern bioenergy is seen as a promising option to curb greenhouse gas emissions. There is, however, a potential competition for land and water between bioenergy and food crops. Another question is whether biomass for energy use can be produced in a sustainable manner given the current conventional agricultural production practices. Other than the l...

Fast pyrolysis utilizes biomass to produce a product that is used both as an energy source and a feedstock for chemical production. Considerable efforts have been made to convert wood biomass to liquid fuels and chemicals since the oil crisis in the mid-1970s. Virtually any form of biomass can be considered for fast pyrolysis. The effect of the woo...

In many rural areas, poor people still depend on wood and other biomass fuels for most of their household and income-generating activities. The difficult, time-consuming work of collecting and managing traditional fuels is widely viewed as women's responsibility, which is a factor in women's disproportionate lack of access to education and income,...

Limited fossil resources and severe environmental problems require new sustainable electricity generation options, which utilize renewable energies and are economical in the meantime. Concentrating solar power (CSP) generation is a proven renewable energy technology and has the potential to become cost-effective in the future, for it produces elect...

The growing demand for electrical energy is one of the most important subjects today. Decreasing amount and environmental effect of fossil fuels does not seem to surmount this challenge. Renewable energies give a good perspective to be an alternative to fossil and nuclear-fueled power plants, in order to meet growing demand for electrical energy. H...

Energy sustainability has had a profound impact on economic, social, and environmental development. Rural energy has always been a critical issue due to years of energy shortage for both households and industries. Biomass, for long time, has been the only available fuel in many rural areas. A series of policies and strategies have gradually been pu...

Main electrical energy sources of Turkey are thermal and hydraulic. Most of the thermal sources are derived from natural gas. Turkey imports natural gas; therefore, decreasing usage of natural gas is very important for both economical and environmental aspects. Because of disadvantages of fossil fuels, renewable energy sources are getting importanc...

Turkey’s demand for energy and electricity is increasing rapidly and heavily dependent on expensive imported energy resources that place a big burden on the economy and air pollution is becoming a great environmental concern in the country. As would be expected, the rapid expansion of energy production and consumption has brought with it a wide ran...

Many factors to be appropriately addressed in moving towards energy sustainability in Turkey are examined. These include harnessing sustainable energy sources, utilizing sustainable energy carriers, increasing efficiency, reducing environmental impact and improving socioeconomic acceptability. The latter factor includes community involvement and so...

The Southeastern Anatolia Project (GAP) is an integrated socioeconomic development project and one of the largest of its kind in the world. The GAP region is rich in water for irrigation and hydroelectric power. The Euphrates and Tigris rivers represent over 28% of the nation's water supply by, and the economically irrigable areas in the region mak...

The world needs to develop a coherent and practical approach to climate change. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change has recently confirmed that the evidence for global warming is unequivocal; meanwhile, an effort is under way to develop a successor to the Kyoto Protocol and provide a roadmap towards the lower carbon world of the future. O...

The global debate about large dams is at once overwhelmingly complex and fundamentally simple. It is complex because the issues are not confined to the design, construction, and operation of dams themselves but embrace the range of social, environmental, and political choices on which the human aspiration to development and improved well-being depe...

Global energy consumption is expected to increase dramatically in the next decades, driven by rising standards of living and a growing population worldwide. The increased need for more energy will require enormous growth in energy generation capacity, more secure and diversified energy sources, and a successful strategy to tame greenhouse gas emiss...

The term “biomass” covers a wide range of products, by-products, and waste streams derived from forestry and agriculture, as well as from municipal and industrial waste streams. Biofuels are the only renewable energy sources that have the potential to directly replace fossil fuels. Over the past decade, bioenergy technologies achieved significant c...

This study focuses on the preparation and thermal properties of paraffin/expanded perlite composite as novel form-stable phase change material for latent heat thermal energy storage by vacuum impregnation method. The paraffin could be absorbed in pores of expanded perlite as much as 55 wt% without melted phase change material seepage from the compo...

Attempts to establish regenerative energy sources are still being rejected. Only since the oil crises, have regenerative energy sources been included in energy policy discussions. Compared with conventional sources of energy that have been used a much longer period of time, there appears to be a considerable lack of knowledge on regenerative source...

Achieving sustainable solutions to today’s energy and environmental problems requires long-term planning and actions. Energy issues are particularly prevalent at present and renewable energy resources appear to provide one component of an effective sustainable solution. An understanding of the thermodynamic aspects of sustainable development can he...

Exergy analysis is a general method for efficiency analysis of systems and processes. The use of the exergy concept and the analysis of ultimate efficiencies of processes is more or less still limited to the academic world. There are several reasons why its industrial use is still limited. To overcome some of the difficulties in industrial applicat...

Turkey's demand for energy and electricity is increasing rapidly. Since 1990, energy consumption has increased at an annual average rate of 4.3%. As would be expected, the rapid expansion of energy production and consumption has brought with it a wide range of environmental issues at the local, regional and global levels. With respect to global env...

Wind energy is the fastest-growing electricity-generating technology. The wind energy targets set during the last decade have all been surpassed. Climate change is a major challenge to sustainable development worldwide and is increasingly recognized by forward-looking political and business leaders. One of the tasks we are facing is a profound tran...

Over the last two decades, global electricity production has more than doubled and electricity demand is rising rapidly around the world as economic development spreads to emerging economies. Not only has electricity demand increased significantly, it is the fastest growing end-use of energy. Therefore, technical, economic, and environmental benefi...

Attempts to establish regenerative energy sources are still being rejected. Only since the oil crises, have regenerative energy sources been included in energy policy discussions. Compared with conventional sources of energy, used a much longer period of time, there appears to be a considerable lack of knowledge on regenerative sources of energy. I...

This study focuses on the preparation of capric acid/stearic acid mixture as novel phase change material for latent heat thermal energy storage and determination of its thermal properties and thermal reliability by using differential scanning calorimetry analysis technique. The differential scanning calorimetry results indicated that the capric aci...

The effects on global and environmental air quality of pollutants released into the atmosphere from fossil fuels in power plants provide strong arguments for the development of renewable energy resources. Clean, domestic and renewable energy is commonly accepted as the key for future life, not only for Turkey but also for the world. In this regard,...

The effects on global and environmental air quality of pollutants released into the atmosphere from fossil fuels in power plants provide strong arguments for the development of renewable energy resources. Clean, domestic and renewable energy is commonly accepted as the key for future life, not only for Turkey but also for the world. In this regard,...

The present study was focused on three aims: (1) preparation of the phase-change gypsum wallboard as novel phase-change wallboard incorporated with the eutectic mixture of capric acid (CA) and myristic acid (MA) for latent heat thermal energy storage (LHTES); (2) determination of thermal properties and thermal reliability of prepared phase-change w...

Two interlinked and complex problems face energy policymakers: future energy supplies and climate change. The choices made on energy mix will lock development pathways for some considerable time ahead. Climate change is a challenging problem. Decarbonizing the energy system requires sustainable and environmentally friendly technologies that work wi...

There is increasing consensus in both the scientific and political communities that significant reductions in greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions are necessary to limit the magnitude and extent of climate change. Renewable energy systems already reduce GHG emissions from the energy sector, although on a modest scale. Turkey is heavily dependent on expen...

This paper demonstrates the application of exergy to gain a better understanding of coal properties, especially chemical exergy and specific chemical exergy. In this study, a BASIC computer program was used to calculation of the chemical exergies of the coal-based fuels. Calculations showed that the chemical composition of the coal influences stron...

In this study, experiments are conducted to investigate melting and solidification characteristics of calcium chloride hexahydrate (CaCl(2)center dot 6H(2)O) as a phase change material (PCM). In the present study, some parameters that affect the melting and the solidification time of PCM used to store low temperature energy have been observed exper...

The thermal performance of power generating and consuming devices can be improved significantly, both during design and operation. Turkey's electric energy demand is growing at an average of 6-8% yearly. Cogeneration facilities have an important role in the country's energy strategy, because a substantial amount of Turkey's energy need has been met...

This study was aimed at preparing the capric acid (CA)/lauric acid (LA) and capric acid (CA)/myristic acid (MA) mixtures as novel phase change materials (PCMs) for low-temperature latent heat thermal energy storage (LHTES) and to determine their thermal properties and long-term thermal reliability by using differential scanning calorimetry analysis...

This article presents a comparison between geothermal energy and other energy sources in Turkey. Turkey's primary energy consumption is about 64 Mtoe in 2003, mostly provided by fossil fuels (74.7%). Renewables collectively provide 25.3% of the primary energy, in the form of hydro (14.6%), combustible renewable and waste (9%), geothermal (1.2%), an...

This article aims to prepare novel shape-stabilized phase change materials (PCMs) by encapsulating fatty acids (stearic acid [SA], palmitic acid [PA], and myristic acid [MA]) as a PCM in an acrylic resin (Eudragit E) as supporting material and to determine latent heat thermal energy storage (LHTES) properties. The maximum percentage of all fatty ac...

In this study, the latent heat thermal energy storage system of the shell-and-tube type is analyzed experimentally. A novel design for the storage unit whose geometry is consistent with the melting/solidification characteristics of phase change materials (PCMs) is introduced. Three kinds of paraffin with different melting temperatures are used as P...

The fatty acid/expanded graphite (EG) composites as phase change material (PCM) for latent heat thermal energy storage were prepared by means of vacuum impregnation method and their thermal properties and heat charging/discharging characteristics were determined. In the composites, the fatty acids (capric, lauric, and myristic acids) act as a phase...

Renewable energy sources have been important for humans since the beginning of civilization. For centuries and in many ways, biomass has been used for heating and cooking. Many centuries ago mankind was already utilizing the clearly visible power of water for mechanical drive purposes, as was also the case with wind. On the other hand, Turkey, with...

A novel form-stable phase change wallboard (PCW) was prepared for low-temperature latent heat thermal energy storage by incorporating eutectic mixture of capric acid and stearic acid and gypsum wallboard. Thermal properties of form-stable PCW were measured by DSC analysis. The form-stable PCW has good thermal reliability with respect to the changes...

Achieving sustainable solutions to today's energy and environmental problems requires long-term planning and actions. Energy issues are particularly prevalent at present and renewable energy resources appear to provide one component of an effective sustainable solution. An understanding of the thermodynamic aspects of sustainable development can he...

Turkey's demand for energy and electricity is increasing rapidly and heavily dependent on expensive imported energy resources that place a big burden on the economy. As would be expected, the rapid expansion of energy production and consumption has brought with it a wide range of environmental issues at local, regional and global levels. Air pollut...

The influence of expanded graphite (EG) and carbon fiber (CF) as heat diffusion promoters on thermal conductivity improvement of stearic acid (SA), as a phase change material (PCM), was evaluated. EG and CF in different mass fractions (2%, 4%, 7%, and 10%) were added to SA, and thermal conductivities of SA/EG and SA/CF composites were measured by u...

In this study, experiments are conducted to investigate charging and discharging characteristics of a paraffin as a phase change material (PCM). A vertical tube-in-shell geometry is designed to store the PCM. The thermophysical properties of the paraffin examined are determined through the differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) analysis. A series...

Biomass can play a dual role in greenhouse gas mitigation related to the objectives of the UNFCCC, i.e., as an energy source to substitute for fossil fuels and as a carbon store. However, compared to the maintenance and enhancement of car- bon sinks and reservoirs, it appears that the use of biomass has so far received less attention as a means of...

This article is aimed to prepare the blends of poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) with fatty acids (lauric, myristic, palmitic, and stearic acids) as shape-stabilized phase change material (PCM), to prove the miscibility of fatty acids with the PVA by microscopic investigation and infrared (IR) spectroscopy, and to measure their melting temperature and the...

Renewable energy sources (RES) are essential to tackle climate change. Renewable energy (RE) technologies are uniquely well suited to respond to the limitations of current patterns of energy generation and consumption, to complement existing energy production systems, and to contribute to the further modernization of the energy sector. On the other...

Energy generation and use are strongly linked to all elements of sustainable development such as economic, social, and environmental. The history of human development rests on the availability and use of energy, the transformation from the early use of fire and animal power that improved lives, to the present world with use of electricity and clean...

Thermal energy storage (TES) using phase change materials (PCMs) has recently received considerable attention in the literature, due to its high storage capacity and isothermal behaviour during the storage (melting or charging) and removal (discharging or solidification). In this study, a novel modification on a tube-in-shell-type storage geometry...

An experimental study is conducted in order to investigate the melting and solidification processes of paraffin as a phase change material (PCM) in a tube in shell heat exchanger system. The motivation of this study is to design and construct a novel storage unit responding to the melting/solidification characteristics of the paraffin. The PCM is s...

This article focuses on the preparation and thermo-physical properties of paraffin/high density polyethylene (HDPE) composites as form-stable solid-liquid phase change material (PCM) for thermal energy storage. In the paraffin/HDPE blend, the paraffin (P) dispersed into the HDPE serves as a latent heat storage material when the HDPE, as a supportin...

The inherent technical, economic and environmental benefits of hydroelectric power, make it an important contributor to the future world energy mix, particularly in the developing countries. These countries, such as Turkey, have a great and ever-intensifying need for power and water supplies and they also have the greatest remaining hydro potential...

The inherent technical, economic, and environmental benefits of hydroelectric power make it an important contributor to the future world energy mix, particularly in the developing countries. Technically feasible hydropower estimated at nearly 15,000 TWh/yr still exists in the world today, mostly in countries where increased power supplies from clea...

The present study aims to prepare novel shape-stabilized phase change materials (PCMs) by using fatty acids [(lauric acid (LA), myristic acid (MA), palmitic acid (PA) and stearic acid (SA)] as PCM and poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) as supporting material, and to determine their thermal properties such as melting temperature and the latent heat storage...

Stearic acid (67.83°C) and myristic acid (52.32°C) have high melting temperatures that can limit their use as phase change material (PCM) in low temperature solar heating applications such as solar space and greenhouse heating in regard to climatic requirements. However, their melting temperatures can be adjusted to a suitable value by preparing a...

Thermal energy storage performance of fatty acids and a eutectic mixture as phase change materials (PCMs) has been investigated experimentally The selected PCMs for this study, were palmitic acid, myristic acid, stearic acid, and a mixture of stearic and myristic acids in eutectic combination ratio of 65.7 wt% myristic acid and 34.3 wt% stearic aci...

Wind energy is the fastest-growing electricity-generating technology. The wind energy targets set during the last decade have all been surpassed. New targets are proposed for 2010 and 2020, since the existing European Commission and European Wind Energy Association targets do not reflect the trends in the market. Climate change is a major challenge...

Renewable energy is proving to be commercially viable for a growing list of consumers and uses. Renewable energy technologies provide many benefits that go well beyond energy alone. More and more, renewable energies are contributing to the three pillars of sustainable development not only in IEA countries, but globally. Turkey is an energy-importin...

The objective of this study was to experimentally establish thermal energy storage (TES) performance using a technical grade paraffin wax as a phase change material (PCM) in a vertical concentric pipe-in-pipe latent heat storage system. The melting and solidification temperature range of the paraffin was found as 38°C–43°C and 36°C–42°C, respective...

Lauric acid (m.p.: 42.6°C) and myristic acid (m.p.: 52.2°C) are phase change materials (PCM) having quite high melting points which can limit their use in low-temperature solar applications such as solar space heating and greenhouse heating. However, their melting temperatures can be tailored to appropriate value by preparing a eutectic mixture of...

Palmitic acid (PA, 59.8 °C) and lauric acid (LA, 42.6 °C) are phase change materials (PCM) having quite high melting temperatures which can limit their use in low temperature solar applications such as solar space heating and greenhouse heating. However, their melting temperatures can be tailored to appropriate value by preparing a eutectic mixture...

Turkey is an energy importing nation with more than half of our energy requirements met by imported fuels. Air pollution is becoming a significant environmental concern in the country. In this regard, geothermal energy and other renewable energy sources are becoming attractive solution for clean and sustainable energy future for Turkey. Turkey is t...

This article discusses the growing need of energy in both developed and developing countries, and the acute population growth, which will exceed 10 billion by the year 2050. How can a world of 10 billion people be provided with adequate supplies of energy, cleanly, safely and substantially? There is a growing consensus that renewable energy sources...

Turkey is an energy importing country; more than half of the energy requirement has been supplied by imports. Domestic oil and lignite reserves are limited and lignites are characterized by high ash, sulfur and moisture content. In this regard, renewable energy resources appear to be the one of the most efficient and effective solutions for sustain...

This article presents a first and second law, or exergy and energy analysis, of various types of wood and coal samples with Turkish origins. The projected increase in coal utilization in power plants and wood utilization in domestic heating makes it desirable to evaluate the energy content of coal and wood both quantitatively and qualitatively, whi...