Kamil E. Frankiewicz

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• PhD
• Adjunct professor at University of Silesia in Katowice

Cytoplasmic cell-to-cell connections are known primarily from plants. Analogical structures occur amongst algae and fungi, which have a cell wall in common. Last years brought some information about how archeal, bacterial and animals’ connections are built. There have been nanotubes discovered recently amongst bacteria, which allow intercellular tr...

Background and Aims Annuals produce little wood due to their short life cycle, while perennials can accumulate more, though not all do. Consequently, lifespan extension is a prerequisite for—but not synonymous with—secondary woodiness. Even if a shift to perenniality does not substantially increase wood production, it may still affect wood anatomy,...

Lobostemon (Boraginaceae) comprises 28 shrubby species closely related to the herbaceous genus Echios- tachys. Both are native to the Greater Cape Floristic Region of South Africa. Together, they form a sister clade to Echium, which is herbaceous except for 23 species that evolved into shrubs and rosette trees on the islands of Macaronesia. Loboste...

A recurring motif of Carlquist's work is the identification of traits typical for primary xylem of angiosperms as a whole, but found in the secondary xylem of certain species. These traits together make up the 'Carlquistian syndrome'. Convergent occurrence of the syndrome in plants with similar habits suggests its adaptive value. One of its compone...

Background Bark (all tissues outside of the vascular cambium) has been extensively studied in recent years, especially its anatomy and physiology. Macromorphological bark characters can be important taxonomically for many plant groups, including the genus Buddleja (Scrophulariaceae). However, the relationship between macroscopic bark appearance and...

Spanning the realms of structural, developmental, and evolutionary biology, raylessness was constantly in the spotlight of Sherwin Carlquist's works. He argued that together with traits like descending vessel element length-on-age curve, scalariform pitting, and a couple of others, it could indicate secondary woodiness. He also noticed that these t...

Zmiana form życiowej ze zdrewniałej na zielną była dominującym trendem w ewolucji roślin okrytonasiennych, a jej skutkiem jest obserwowane współcześnie bogactwo roślin zielnych. Odwrotność tego procesu, czyli ewolucja krzewów i drzew z zielnych przodków, jest zjawiskiem znacznie rzadszym i znanym jako wtórne zdrewnienie. Gatunki wtórnie zdrewniałe...

Apioideae is the biggest and the most diverse of four subfamilies recognised within Apiaceae. Except for a few, likely derived, woody clades, most representatives of this subfamily are herbaceous. In the present study, we assessed stem anatomy of 87, mostly therophytic and hemicryptophytic, species from at least 20 distinct lineages of Apioideae, a...

From herbs to trees and back again: changes in the degree of woodiness among carrots The most striking features of angiosperms is their wealth of growth forms: from herbaceous annuals to woody perennials with innumerable intermediates. In fact, it probably was the occurrence of short-lived, minimally woody herbs in the Cretaceous that spurred angio...

Rongorongo is a non-deciphered writing system from Rapa Nui (Easter Island). Because the island was isolated from the outside world until relatively recently, rongorongo has the potential of being one of only a few instances in human history of an independent invention of writing. However, no scientific consensus exists regarding the time span for...

Background One of the major trends in angiosperm evolution was the shift from woody to herbaceous habit. However, reversals known as derived woodiness have also been reported in numerous, distantly related clades. Among theories evoked to explain the factors promoting the evolution of derived woodiness are moderate climate theory and cavitation the...

Factors influencing diversification rates may be of intrinsic (e.g. morphological novelties) or extrinsic (e.g. long-distance dispersal, availability of ecological niches) nature. Growth habit may influence diversification rates because herbaceous plants often have shorter generation times and a more pronounced r reproductive strategy than their wo...

Wood anatomy of Buddleja is well-explored but not in many southern African members, which form a grade of species and small clades that form successive sister groups to the rest of the genus, and its bark structure has not been studied at all. We provide new descriptions of wood anatomy for twelve species, including nearly all Buddleja from souther...

Premise Despite intensive research, the pathways and driving forces behind the evolution of derived woodiness on oceanic islands remain obscure. The genus Daucus comprises mostly herbs (therophytes, hemicryptophytes) with few rosette treelets (chamaephytes) endemic to various Macaronesian archipelagos, suggesting their independent evolution. To el...

Apiaceae tribe Scandiceae includes species with diverse fruits that depending upon their morphology are dispersed by gravity, carried away by wind, or transported attached to animal fur or feathers. This diversity is particularly evident in Scandiceae subtribe Daucinae, a group encompassing species with wings or spines developing on fruit secondary...

Maize is a cold-sensitive species, but selective breeding programs have recently succeeded in producing materials strikingly well adapted to cold springs in the temperate climate, showing the potential of maize to improve its cold-tolerance. The aim of the present study was to determine whether the adaptation of some inbred lines to spring chills i...

Although the subfamily Apioideae (Apiaceae) comprises mostly herbaceous species, woody habit occurs in several clades. Character mapping on molecular tree suggests that all these woody taxa are derived from herbaceous ancestors, i.e., they represent secondary woodiness. According to Carlquist's theory of paedomorphosis, their mature wood should exh...

Common ancestor of angiosperms was most probably woody; therefore, extant woody species may have originated through the retention of woody habit (primary woodiness) or through its loss (herbaceous stage) and subsequent re-evolution (secondary woodiness). According to Dollo’s principle of irreversibility, a trait once lost cannot be regained in an u...

Umbellifer tribe Daucinae comprises mostly herbaceous species with the notable exception of few rosette treelets, recently transferred to the carrot genus (Daucus): Daucus decipiens (= Melanoselinum decipiens), D. edulis (= Monizia edulis), D. elegans (= Cryptotaenia elegans), and some species formerly placed in Tornabenea. Character mapping on mol...

Scandiceae subtribe Daucineae comprises mostly herbaceous species of umbellifers with the notable exception of two rosette treelets, Daucus decipiens (º Melanoselinum decipiens) and Daucus edulis (º Monizia edulis), endemic to Madeira. Molecular phylogenetic tree clearly shows that these species are sisters and represent secondary woodiness, i.e. t...

Secondary Woodiness in African Representatives of Tordylieae (Apioideae, Apiaceae): Paedomorphic Traits Are Confined to Rosette Shoots Tordylieae is mostly herbaceous clade of Apiaceae subfamily Apioideae. However, several species of its African lineage have stems with woody base while the genus Notobubon is shrubby. Character mapping on molecular...

Cold is one of the main problem for maize breeding in Central and Western Europe. This stress usually appears during seed germination in early spring. In recent years there was incredible progress in adaptation maize to chilling conditions. However, molecular mechanism underlying this phenomenon remains unknown.