Kamal Sadek

• Prof.Organic Chemistry
• Professor at Minia University

Among quinoline-fused heterocycles, tricyclic pyrimidoquinoline nuclei have received considerable attention from synthetic chemists and medicinal and materials scientists over many years because they occur commonly in various biologically important natural products and potent drugs that exhibit anticancer, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antilipi...

In this article, a new series of 2-((3,5-disubstituted-2-thioxo-imidazol-1-yl)imino)acenaphthylen-1(2H)-ones were synthesized. Imidazole-2-thione with acenaphthylen-one gave a hybrid scaffold that integrated key structural elements essential for DNA damage via direct DNA intercalation and inhibition of the topoisomerase II enzyme. All the synthesiz...

An efficient synthesis of novel benzo[f]Chromeno[2,3‐d]pyrimidine and unknown benzo[f]chromeno[2,3‐d][1,2,4]triazolopyrimidine derivatives is described utilizing ethyl‐2‐amino‐4‐phenyl‐4 H ‐benzo[f]chromene‐3‐carboxylate as precursor via aza‐Wittig reaction. The process proved to be simple, high‐yielding, and efficient.

The three-component reaction of enaminones, benzaldehyde and hydrazine-HCl or four-component reaction of enaminones, benzaldehyde, hydrazine–HCl and ethyl cyanoacetate in water in the presence of catalytic amount of ammonium acetate has been devised as a straightforward , sustainable approach for the synthesis of 1-H-pyrazole, N-aminopyridine and p...

The synthesis of cinnolines has found great interest due to their diverse biological and industrial potency. Yet, the reported synthetic protocols for their synthesis showed limitations that involve harsh reaction conditions such as strong acidic or basic medium, low reaction yields, and using expensive and high loading catalysts. The C–H functiona...

Both cinnolines and phthalazines are heterocyclic compounds which have a wide range of biological activities and pharmacological profiles. This work represents the recent advances in the green synthesis of cinnolines and phthalazines as 1,2 and 2,3-diazanaphalenes were cited. The docking studies and mode of action for key scaffolds were also report...

Brain tumors are stubborn cancers with poor prognosis and disappointing survival rates. Targeted cancer therapeutics with higher efficacy and lower resistance are highly demanded. An efficient one-pot synthesis of polyfunctionalized phthalazines derivatives was developed by reacting ethyl 1-aryl-5-cyano-1,6-dihydro-4-methyl-6-oxo-3-pyridazine-carbo...

Both cinnolines and phthalazines are heterocyclic compounds which have a wide range of biological activities and pharmacological profiles. This work represents the recent advances in the green synthesis of cinnolines and phthalazines as 1,2 and 2,3-diazanaphalenes were cited. The docking studies and mode of action for key scaffolds were also report...

A novel series of pyrimido[5,4-c]quinoline derivatives variously substituted at positions 2 and 5 have been synthesized, in good to excellent yields, via rapid base-catalyzed cyclization reaction of 2,4-dichloroquinoline-3-carbonitrile (5) with guanidine hydrochlorides 6a-c. All the synthesized compounds were screened for their in vitro antiprolife...

The development of efficient methods for the synthesis of polyfunctional N-heterocycles is an important area of research in organic and medicinal chemistry. Pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine derivatives are purine analogous of biomedical importance and have been extremely studied for their broad spectrum of biological activities. Recently, they have attrac...

A novel method for the synthesis of nitro fatty acids (NFAs), an intriguing class of endogenously occurring lipid mediators, is reported. This one‐pot procedure enables the controlled and stereoselective construction of nitro fatty acids from a simple set of common building blocks in a highly facile manner. Thereby, this methodology offers a stream...

We report herein a simple and efficient one-step synthesis of 8-substituted xanthines and substituted pyrimidopteridine-2,4,6,8-tetraones via reaction of 1,3-dimethyl-5,6-diaminouracil 1 with activated double bond systems 2 assisted by controlled microwave irradiation. The obtained heterocycles are privileged biologically relevant scaffolds.

An efficient one-pot synthesis of N ² -(tetrazol-5-yl)-6-aryl/heteroaryl-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine derivatives was developed by reacting 5-amino-1,2,3,4-tetrazole with aromatic aldehydes and cyanamide in pyridine under controlled microwave heating with high yields. X-ray crystallography confirmed the structure of the obtained products.

Fused tetracyclic systems containing a quinoline nucleus represent an important class of heterocyclic bioactive natural products and pharmaceuticals because of their significant and wide-spectrum biological properties. Several of these compounds have been obtained with diverse pharmacological and biological activities, such as antiplasmodial, antif...

There is an urging continuous need for novel anti-cancer agents due to persistent chemoresistance. Herein, newly synthesized cinnolines are evaluated for their possible anticancer activities and suggested mechanisms. In the current study, a simple and efficient synthesis of densely functionalized cinnolines has been developed that relied on multi-c...

An efficient one-pot synthesis of N² -(tetrazol-5-yl)-6-aryl/heteroaryl-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine derivatives was developed by reacting 5-amino-1,2,3,4-tetrazole with aromatic aldehydes and cyanamide in pyridine under controlled microwave heating with high yields. X-ray crystallography confirmed the structure of obtained products.

The coordination of Zn (II) with L‐proline as a choral ligand makes the initiated complex Zn(L‐proline)2 a moderately soft Lewis acid. Recently Zn(L‐proline)2 has emerged as a promising reusable chiral catalyst which could be utilized in a diversity of transformations. The present short review article focuses mainly on recent developments in utilit...

α-Cyanoketones represent a synthetically attractive scaffold possessing bifunctional reactivity which enabled synthesis of a diversity of products. This involves reaction of nucleophiles with electrophilic carbonyl carbon performing an efficient and regioselective way to acylation reaction, cycloaddition of activated cyano function with dipolarophi...

Glycerol is a non-toxic, recyclable and biodegradable organic waste produced as a byproduct in the production of biodiesel fuel. Recently, glycerol is considered a green solvent and catalyst for a large variety of applications. This work discusses the significance of glycerol for heterocyclic synthesis. All these reported works afford glycerol as a...

A simple green and efficient one‐pot multi‐component synthesis of 1H‐pyrozolo[1,2‐b]phthalazine‐5,10‐diones and 2H‐indazolo[2,1‐b]phthalazine‐triones has been developed utilizing one‐pot multi‐component reaction of aromatic aldehydes, active methylene reagents, phthalic anhydride, and hydrazine hydrate or alternatively phthalhydrazide in glycerol w...

Efficient synthesis of non-annulated 2-amino-4H-pyrans and 2-amino-8-oxo-4,8-dihydropyrano[3,2-b]pyran derivatives, which are biologically relevant heterocycles is achieved, utilizing a domino three-component reaction of ethyl acetoacetate or kojic acid with aromatic aldehydes and malononitrile catalyzed by Zn(L-proline)2 as reusable organometallic...

We herein describe the first review which aims to focus soberly the various synthetic methods and chemical reactions of chloroquinoline-3-carbonitrile derivatives. The reactions are subdivided in groups that cover reactions of chloro substituent at 2 or 4 and 2,4 positions, as well as cyano substituent at 3 position and reactions which involve both...

A variety of new polyfunctionally substituted benzo[d]pyrimido[2,1‐b][1,3]thiazole and benzo[4,5]imidazo[1,2‐a]pyrimidine derivatives have been synthesized. The general synthetic procedure used for this purpose involves the condensation of 2‐aminobenzothiazole and 2‐aminobenzimidazole with a variety of enaminonitriles, enaminones, and acrylaldehyde...

A highly efficient multi-component one-pot synthesis of novel 1 H -imidazo[1,2- a ]imidazole-3-amine and imidazo[2,1- c ][1,2,4]triazole-5-amine derivatives has been developed through the reaction of easily available aromatic aldehydes, benzoyl cyanide and either 2-aminoimidazole-4,5-dicarbonitrile or 3-amino-1,2,4-triazole in pyridine under contro...

Crinnolines can serve as unique and versatile class of heterocycles especially in fields related to synthetic and pharmaceutical chemistry owing to their potent biological activities. They possess diversity of pharmaceutical activities as anticancer, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, anti-allergic as well as anti-hypertensive activities. Since the...

We present a green and efficient approach for the synthesis of novel cinnoline derivatives inside natural Lycopodium clavatum sporopollenin (LCS) microcapsules via a one-pot microwave (MW) assisted reaction for the first time. We also propose the concept that the robust micrometre-sized sporopollenin microcapsules can act as MW microreactors. We de...

A diversity of new 7‐substituted[1,2,4]triazolo[1,5‐a]pyrimidine and 6‐substituted[1,2,4]triazolo[1,5‐a]pyrimidine‐7‐amine derivatives has been synthesized via reaction of 3‐amino‐[1,2,4]triazole with enaminonitriles and enaminones. The regio orientation and the structure of the products were confirmed by spectral and analytical data and synthesis...

A simple and efficient synthesis of 6-amino-5-cyano-4-aryl-1,4-dihydropyrano[2, 3-c]pyrazoles and 2-amino-3-cyano-4-aryl-7,7-dimethyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrobenzo[b]pyrans has been developed that involves a four-component reaction of aromatic aldehydes, malononitrile, hydrazine hydrate or phenyl hydrazine and 1,3-dicarbonyl compounds using glycerol as b...

Recent developments in the synthesis of 4H- and 2H-pyrans as well as structurally related chromene derivatives that have enabled the enantioselective synthesis of these scaffolds have been surveyed. The role of chiral catalysts in orienting initial reactions of active methylenes, methines and methyl ketones, to unsaturated ketones and nitriles in m...

A convenient, simple and efficient synthesis of polyfunctionally substituted cinnolines has been developed that involves the reaction of ethyl 5-cyano-4-methyl-1-aryl-6-oxo-1,6-dihydropyridazine-3-carboxylate with nitroolefins in dioxane/piperidine under controlled microwave irradiation. The obtained heterocycles are a privileged scaffold in a few...

An efficient one-pot multicomponent reaction of 2-aminopyridine with aromatic aldehydes and either benzoyl cyanide or cyanamide in pyridine under controlled microwave heating afforded N-aryldene-2-arylimidazo[1,2-a]-pyridine-3-ylamine derivatives. The reaction is catalyst free and is of high atom economy.

The first example of 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reactions of C-aryl (or hetaryl)-N-phenylnitrones to monosubstituted ylidene malononitriles and 4-benzylidene-2-phenyl-oxazol-5(4H)-one is described. The reaction of C-(4-(dimethylamino)phenyl)-N-phenyl-nitrone (1a) with 2-(4-substituted-benzylidene)malononitriles 2a, b in dry toluene, in the absence o...

A novel multi-component reaction between arylhydrazonals, malononitrile and aromatic aldehydes under high pressure utilizing Q-tube was carried out. The reaction of arylhydrazonal (1j) with malononitrile and aromatic aldehydes afforded the corresponding biphenyl derivatives (4). However, compound 1h reacted with malononitrile and aromatic aldehydes...

Pyrazole molecules are in the forefront of organic chemistry due to their various encompass substituents, which have many biological activity sequence. The biological and medicinal activities of pyrazolo[1,5‐a]pyrimidines have received considerable interest in this regard. We reported here a comparison between reaction of 4‐phenylazo‐3,5‐diaminopyr...

Starting from readily available 2-naphthol, aldehydes, aryl and alkylamines a variety of Betti bases were efficiently synthesized utilizing a catalytic amount of Cerium (IV) ammonium nitrate (CAN) at room temperature. This protocol has advantages of high yield, mild reaction conditions, no environmental pollution, diversity of reactants and simple...

Aryl-hydrazononitriles 3a, 3b, 3c were prepared by coupling 3-ethylthio-5-cyanomethyl-4-phenyl-1,2,4-triazole (1) with diazonium salts 2a, 2b, 2c. Reacting 3a, 3b, 3c with both ethyl bromoacetate (4a) and 4-bromobenzyl bromide (4b) in DMF, in the presence of K2CO3, at 80 °C for 3–4 h, gave the corresponding 4-amino-pyrazoles 6a, 6b, 6c, 6d, 6e, 6f....

In the present study, we describe the synthesis of a new set of 1,2,4-triazolo[1,5-a]pyridines and their fused ring systems. The products were assayed for various types of biological activities like anti-inflammatory and antioxidative activity. Compounds 4c, 4f, 12a, 14, 16, and 19 were found to reduce carrageenan- and dextran-induced inflammation...

The synthesis and reactions of 5-aminouracil and its derivatives are comprehensively reviewed. A brief survey of biological activities, especially chemotherapeutic and pharmacological properties, is also reported.

Developments made since 2010 in the utilization of multi-component reactions as green efficient methodologies for the synthesis of polysubstituted pyrans, thiopyrans, pyridines, and pyrazoles are reviewed and the mechanisms of these processes are discussed. Reference is made to classical older synthetic methods developed earlier in our laboratories...

A regioselective multicomponent synthesis of pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimdines-7(4H)-ones 5 is reported. The reaction proceeded regioselectively via initial Michael addition of exocyclic amino function to the intermediately formed 5-ethoxymethylene Meldrum's acid followed by a ring opening of Meldrum's acid and subsequent ring closure with the ring nitroge...

A variety of thiazolo[2,3-a]pyridine and 3-(2-thiazolin-2-yl)pyridine derivatives were synthesised via the reaction of arylsubstituted cinnamonitrile derivatives with 2-functionally substituted 2-thiazolin-4-one derivatives. Thiazolo[2,3-a]pyridines were also obtained on reacting arylsubstituted cinnamonitriles with thioglycolic acid in ethanolic t...

The N-methylarylhydrazones of mesoxalodinitrile (3) and of ethyl cyanoglyoxalate (7) could be prepared via methylation of the corresponding phenylhydrazones 4 and 6 respectively. The hydrazones 3 and 8 reacted with hydrazine hydrate to yield the amidra-zone 1 and the hydrazide 2 b. The behavior of compounds 1 and 2 a, b towards a variety of reagent...

Diazotised 5-amino-3-hydroxy-4-phenylazopyrazole (1 a) and 3,5-diamino-4-phenylazo-pyrazole(1 b) coupled with active methylene reagents to yield the pyrazolo[1,5-c]-as-triazine derivatives (3a, b-5 a, b). On the other hand coupling of diazotised 1 a, with β-naphthal has afforded the acyclic azo derivative(6). Whereas diazotised 1 a underwent intram...

A novel synthesis of pyrazolo[4,3-c]pyrazoles via 1,5-dipolar cyclization of products of coupling of 2,3-dimethyl-1-phenyl-5-oxo-3-pyrazolin-4-diazonium chloride with active methylene reagents is reported.

3-Amino-5-phenyl-4-phenylazoisoxazole (1) reacts with ethyl acetoacetate to yield the corresponding ethyl isoxazolylaminocrotonate derivative (2) which could be thermally cyclized into the isoxazolopyrimidine derivative (4). On the other hand, condensation of 1 with ethoxymethylenemalononitrile has resulted in the formation of the aminoethylene der...

A novel synthesis of thiophene and furan β-enaminoamides via the reaction of halomethyl acet-p-toluidide with isothiocyanates and isocyanates were reported

An efficient and direct procedure for the synthesis of pyrimido[5,4-b]quinoline-2,4,9-trione and pyrimido[5,4-c]isoquinoline derivatives has been described. The products were characterized by elemental analyses, IR, ¹H NMR, ¹³C NMR and MS spectra.

An efficient and direct procedure for the synthesis of pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine-2,4-dione derivatives using controlled microwave heating has been described. The products were characterized by elemental analyses, IR, ¹H NMR, ¹³C NMR and MS spectra.

New 1,2,4-triazole colorants were obtained, in high yields, by coupling 3-ethylthio-5-cyanomethyl-4-phenyl-1,2,4-triazole (1) with diazotized aniline derivatives 2, 4 and 6. The azo dyes prepared in this work may exist in three tautomeric forms. We found that the tautomerism is influenced mainly by the nature of substituent at the para position of...

For over 50 years, we have continually searched achieving simple routes for syntheses of polyfunctional substituted heterocyclic compounds utilizing inexpensive readily obtainable starting materials. We had already achieved efficient syntheses of polyfunctional substituted pyrans, thiopyrans and their benzo, naphtho fused derivatives in high yields...

The results of the studies carried out in our laboratories during the last 15 years, aimed at developing green methodologies for the synthesis of polyfunctionalized heteroaromatic substances, are surveyed. The results of the investigations demonstrate that green methodologies are not only less hazard than classical preparative methods but they also...

A simple, green and highly efficient procedure for the Biginelli condensation reaction of aldehydes, β-ketoesters, urea or thiourea catalyzed by crushed garlic clove at ambient temperature is reported.

A one-pot and clean synthesis of 2-arylbenzothiazoles via the ambient temperature reaction of 2-aminothiophenols and aromatic aldehydes without catalyst in glycerol as a green solvent has been reported.

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An efficient and direct procedure for the synthesis of pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine-2,4-dione derivatives using controlled microwave heating has been described. The products were characterized by elemental analyses, IR

The multicomponent reaction of 5-aminopyrazole derivatives with cyclic 1,3-dicarbonyl compounds and dimethylformamide dimethylacetal (DMFDMA) in DMF at 150 °C under controlled microwave heating afforded regioselectively 8,9-dihydropyrazolo[1,5-a]quinazolin-6(7H)-ones 6 rather than the corresponding dihydropyrazolo[5,1-b]quinazolin-8(5H)-ones 4.

Green, highly efficient, three-component syntheses of thiazolo-[3,2-a]pyridine derivatives via reaction of malononitrile, aromatic aldehydes, and 2-mercaptoacetic acid with a catalytic amount of piperidine without solvent with molar ratios of 2:2:1.2 and 2:2.2:1, respectively, has been reported.

Efficient and direct protocols for the regioselective synthesis of the title compounds (IV) and (IX), resp., using multicomponent reactions of 5-aminouracil (II) are given.

The behaviour of cyanothioacetamide 1 and the acetonitrile derivatives 6 and 10, respectively, towards the nitrones 2a-i induced by free solar thermal energy is reported. Structures and reaction mechanisms are also discussed.

A green, simple and highly efficient synthesis of N,N-diarylsubstituted formamidines has been developed employs reaction of triethylorthoformate (TEO) with aromatic amines catalyzed by cerium (IV) ammonium nitrate (CAN) in water at ambient temperature. This method offers the advantages of proceeding under environmentally friendly technique with hig...

A novel, simple and efficient method for the synthesis of polysubstituted diaminobenzonitriles has been developed that involves reaction of 1,1,3-tricyano-2-aminopropionitrile with nitroolefins under controlled microwave irradiation conditions.

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.

A three component synthesis of 2-amino-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-4-H-chromen-3-carbonitriles using aldehydes, malononitrile, and dimedone in water at ambient temperature was reported.

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.

A simple and highly efficient procedure for the Biginelli condensation reaction of aldehydes, beta-ketoesters, urea, or thiourea catalyzed by Ceric ammonium nitrate (CAN) as a Lewis-acid at ambient temperature is described. The procedure proved to be simple and of high yield.

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.

This chapter discusses the chemistry of pyrazoles condensed to heteroaromatic five- and six-membered ring structures, and the synthesis of pyrazoloazines and its related compound. The synthesis of pyrazoles condensed to five-membered rings is analyzed along with the synthetic routes to ring systems. There exist three systems where pyrazoles are con...

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.

4-Alkylamino-2-chloroquinoline-3-carbonitriles 4a-c react with NaN(3) to give the corresponding tetrazolo[1,5-a]quinoline-4-carbonitriles 5a-c which are converted into 2-amino-quinoline-3-carbonitriles 8a-c by reaction with PPh(3) via an iminophosphorane and Subsequent hydrolysis. On the other hand, the new 3,4-diamino-1H-pyrazolo[4,3-c]quinoline (...

The reaction of o-phenylenediamine with aromatic aldehydes in MeOH at room temperature catalyzed by cerium (IV) ammonium nitrate (CAN) afforded either 2-aryl-1-arylmethyl-1H-benz-imidazoles and/or 2-aryl-substituted benzimidazoles.

A simple, convenient and efficient method for the synthesis of 1,2,4,5-tetrasubstituted imidazole derivatives using benzoin, an aromatic aldehyde, an aromatic amine in the presence of ammonium acetate catalyzed by high surface area SiO2 and induced by free solar thermal energy was reported.

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.

Ethyl 3-amino-4-chlorothieno[3,2-c]quinoline-2-carboxylate (4) is a versatile synthon, prepared by reacting an equimolar amount of 2,4-dichloroquinoline-3-carbonitrile (1) with ethyl mercaptoacetate (2). Ethyl 5-alkyl-5H-1-thia-3,5,6-triazaaceanfhrylene-2-carboxylates 9a-c, novel perianellated tetracyclic heteroaro-matics, were prepared by refluxin...

magnified image A simple and efficient three component process for the synthesis of 2‐amino‐2‐chromenes utilizing the reaction of aryl aldehydes 1a , 1b , 1c , 1d , 1e , 1f , 1g , 1h with active methylenes 2a,b and 1‐naphthol 3 in refluxing ethanol/piperidine under microwave‐heating is described. J. Heterocyclic Chem., (2009).

2-Amino-2-chromenes are class of heterocycles that posses considerable interest as pigments, cosmetics, potential agro-chemicals and being the main constituents of many natural products. Although, they are generally prepared either under conventional heating, benign reagents or very recently, a three component condensation in poly-ethylene glycol–w...

4-Alkylamino-2-chloroquinoline-3-carbonitriles 4a - c react with NaN3 to give the corresponding tetrazolo[1, 5-a]quinoline-4-carbonitriles 5a - c which are converted into 2-amino-quinoline-3-carbonitriles 8a - c by reaction with PPh3 via an iminophosphorane and subsequent hydrolysis. On the other hand, the new 3, 4-diamino-1H-pyrazolo[4, 3-c]quinol...

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.

Reaction of 2,4-dichloroquinoline-3-carbonitrile (1) with 4-methylpiperidine gave 2-chloro-4-(4-methylpiperidin-1-yl)quinoline-3-carbonitrile (2). Acid hydrolysis of 2 afforded the corresponding 2-quinolinones 3, which were N-alkylated in DMF to form the 1-methyl, -ethyl and -phenacyl quinolinones 6a–c. Fusion of 6a–c with hydrazine hydrate gave th...

A one-pot synthesis of 2-arylbenzothiazoles from the reaction of 2-amino-thiophenol and aromatic aldehydes catalysed by cerium (IV) ammonium nitrate (CAN) is reported.

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.