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Introduction
Kamal H Karim currently works at the Department of Geology, University of Sulaimani. He works on sedimentology, stratigraphy and tectonics of the Zagros Orogenic belt. Their current projects are: 1-Updating geology of Iraqi Kurdistan and Critical review of published data. 2- Redefinition of tectonic Zones of Iraq and Iran , 3- changing the ideas of joints (fractures) from tectonic to non-tectonic origins. 4-Caliciturbidites of the Early Cretaceous Arabian Passive margin.
Current institution
Additional affiliations
April 2008 - present
Education
September 2004 - July 2020
Publications
Publications (157)
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.catena.2014.10.008.
The Mawat–Chwarta valley is located north of the Sulaimania City at Northern Iraq and is surrounded by high mountains on all sides. White laminated sediments with annual varves on a millimetre scale have been recorded at eight localities on the valley gentle slopes. Sedimentological, palaeontological...
Oligocene and Lower Miocene sediments from High Folded Zone of Iraqi Zagros have been studied paleontologically at south of Sulaimaniyah, Kurdistan Region, NE Iraq. The identified fauna are consisted of (25) genera and species of benthonic and (16) species of planktonic foraminifera. The fauna comprises relatively abundant foraminiferal assemblages...
Characeae, a family of calcifying green algae, are common in carbonate-rich freshwaters. The southwestern shoreline of Lake Ganau (Kurdistan Region, northeastern Iraq) harbors dense and thick mats of these algae (genus Chara). On the lake bottom and along the shore, carbonate sands and rocks rich in the remains of stems, branches, nodes, and whorls...
Many outcrops of crenulated limestones are observed in eastern of Sulaimaniyah city. These limestones are deformed into tight or open mesoscopic folds, which are superimposed on larger-scale synclines or anticlines. The outcrops are discussed and biostratigraphically analyzed. The identified planktoin foraminifera indicated that these limestones be...
In this study, two angular unconformities are found and analysed for the first time in the Mesozoic–Cenozoic succession in the northwestern segment of the Zagros fold–thrust belt (ZFTB) in the Kurdistan Region. The first unconformity exists between Lower Cretaceous and Paleocene– Eocene rocks and the second between the Campanian Shiranish Formation...
This study is concerned with a thick succession of polymictic conglomerates which is exposed in the Chwarta, Mawat and Qandil areas inside the Imbricated and Thrust Zone. It is about 1500 m thick and comprises pebbles of boulders of chert, limestone and metamorphic rocks which was previously considered as unit three of the Red Bed Series of the Eoc...
This research talks about the new idea of limestone dolomitization especially in Bekhma and Qamchuqa formations
This report refuse the idea of some researchers who claimed that they found fossils in Igneous rocks
The present study focuses on finding the relations between the Walash and Naopurdan formations in the thrust zone of the Soran area with the Kolosh and Khurmala Formations in High-Folded Zones of the Shaqlawa area. The study also tries to indicate the relation of these four units with the Iraqi ophiolite, volcanic rocks and Gimo sequence in the Sor...
In the Iraqi Zagros, there are ten ophiolites and basaltic bodies, the famous ones are Penjween, Mawat, Bulfat and Peshashan Ophiolite complexes in addition to basaltic bodies such as Kata Rash, Avroman, Gercus, Chalki, and Hamrin basaltic bodies. The present study describes more than 12 significant problems concerning the previous assigning of the...
The previous studies documented the tectonics setting, petrology, and geochemistry of the Penjween area (with Shalair Valley) before 70 years and considered it as an area of igneous rocks, and tectonically composed of three thrust sheets. According to these studies, the area includes two main igneous rock units: The Penjween Ophiolite Complex compr...
The oil companies worked in Iraq, drew and published the time-expanded chronostratigraphic column (Wheeler diagram) of Iraq in the fifties of the last century. During this long time, the column remained without significant changes. Therefore, the present study tries to modify and update the column according to the recent sedimentological developmen...
Description of the stratigraphy, tectonics and boundary conditions of some Rock units in the Iraq Kurdistan during Cretaceous and Tertiary. Prepared as a course for third year geology, 2008 revised in 2023. The geology of Iraq and Kurdistan is a subject that try to describe and divide systematically the outcropped and subsurface rock column of the...
In the Iraqi Northern Iraq, the Mawat-Chwarta area is well known, for its Ophiolite Complex and igneous rocks. Tens of studies investigated its petrology, geochemistry and tectonics under the name of Mawat Ophiolite Complex (MOC). According to these studies, MOC is a large part of the oceanic crust which was thrusted hundreds of kilometers as alloc...
Tectonic models of the development of Sanandaj-Sirjan Zone as a remnant of Neo-Tethys Ocean. The accumulated sediments (greywackes, arenite and limestone) was more than 50 km thick were deformed and metamorphosed between Iranian Plate (Urumieh-Dokhtar Magmatic Arc)and Arabian plate. Now it constitutes main part of the Zagros Collisional Belt a) Jur...
The Poster shoes changing of the Penjween area from ophiolite and igneous rocks to sedimentary succession of mainly metamorphosed greywackes and fossiliferous limestones of Paleocene and Eocene
The range of planktonic foraminuiferida in the upper art of Kolosh Formation (Upper Paleocene-Lower Eocene) from Northeastern Iraq is discussed. based on the evidence of twenty seven planktonic foraminiferidal species and subspecies, the upper art of the Kolosh Formation from Sartaq-Bamo is subdivided into two biozones, these are from bottom to top...
Algal-rich limestones have been identified during fieldwork at Zawali (Shameran) Mountain, Darbandikhan, Iraq. The algae
occur within an 8-m thick interval of fine-grained gray limestone in the lower part of the Khurmala Formation (Upper Paleocene-
Lower Eocene). In this area, the Khurmala Formation is 170 m thick and consists mostly of poorly foss...
The range of planktonic foraminuiferida in the upper art of Kolosh Formation (Upper Paleocene-Lower Eocene) from Northeastern Iraq is discussed. based on the evidence of twenty seven planktonic foraminiferidal species and subspecies, the upper art of the Kolosh Formation from Sartaq-Bamo is subdivided into two biozones, these are from bottom to top...
Four tectonic and paleogeographic models of development of Zagros collisional belt and Sanandaj-Sirjan Zone during Jurassic -Early Cretaceous, Masstrichtian and Paleocene. these models introduce true and realistic changes to Present Zagros belt through its history
The paper is about the biostratigraphy of the kolosh Formation in Sartaq Bamo Northeastern Iraq
Previous studies modeled paleogeographic developments of the Zagros collisional belt from the Triassic to Eocene in which one or two well-developed island arcs surrounded the Sanandaj–Sirjan Zone (as part of the Neo-Tethys Basin). According to these studies, the survival of the arcs was more than 300 million years around and inside the basin, and h...
The boundary between the Kolosh and Sinjar Formations (BKS) studied along the northwestern side of Haibat Sultan Mountain near the village Kalka Simaq, Sulaimani area, Iraqi Kurdistan Region. Here, we reported, for the first time, on a new investigation of stratigraphy and calcareous nannofossils that dated the BKS back to the Thanetian Stage of th...
![Figure 1: Tectonic classification of north Iraq [1] shows the studied...](profile/Zardasht-Taha-2/publication/364153669/figure/fig3/AS:11431281087966492@1664911707230/Tectonic-classification-of-north-Iraq-1-shows-the-studied-area-b-A-Geological-map-of_Q320.jpg)
The sequence of the coastal siliciclastic facies of the Paleocene-Eocene Zagros Foreland Basin is well exposed in the Chwarta-Mawat area, north of Sulaimani Governorate, northeastern Iraq. According to previous studies, this sequence is designated as Red Beds Series (RBS), consisting of more than 2000 m of fine and coarse red and grey clastics. The...
Abstract
Northeastern Arabian Plate Margin is now part of the Zagros Collisional belt and extends nearly parallel to the Iraq-Iran border. The margin comprised, during the Early Cretaceous, of the Arabian Carbonate Platform which is poorly explored. This margin consists of thick carbonate succession and separates the Neo-Tethys Ocean (present Sana...
Northeastern Arabian Plate Margin is now part of the Zagros Collisional belt and extends nearly parallel to the Iraq-Iran border. The margin comprised, during the Early Cretaceous, of the Arabian Carbonate Platform which is poorly explored. This margin consists of thick carbonate succession and separates the Neo-Tethys Ocean (present Sanandaj-Sirja...
About claimed volcanic intrusion of Hamrin hills (Hemrin mountain) at south of Kirkuk City
The present study focuses on the presentation of field and laboratory evidences for the first record of the Aqra Formation (Maastrichtian) outcrop at the top of the Tanjero Formation in the Soran area, Erbil Governorate. The previous studies indicated its outcrops as Middle Miocene Govanda Formation between Merga Red Bed Series and Tanjero Formatio...
The Bonnet et al. (2020) claimed record of a well-preserved seamount in the southeast Zagros in the Sanandaj-Sirjan Zone without single direct evidence and even their claimed proofs are far from circumstance ones. Their conclusion contradicts many previous studies, so here we provide many pieces of evidence from their published article about the in...
This study deals with the biostratigraphy of Shiranish Formation (Late Cretaceous), depending on the Ammonite and associated Foraminifera in four outcrop sections, three of which are located in Al-Sulaimaniya governorate (Dokan, Esewa and Kanny dirka sections) and one in Erbil governorate, northern Iraq (Hijran section). Fourteen species of Ammonit...
The Triassic carbonate rocks on the Avroman mountain, Halabja area, consist of massive gray-dark gray-colored detrital and biogenic limestones, that are stratigraphically represented by the Avroman formation in Iraq and Biston formation in Iran. This study focused on the tectonic setting and environmental conditions during the deposition of the for...
Carbonates and Evaporites (2021) 36:66
https://doi.org/10.1007/s13146-021-00733-6
ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Major, trace, rare earth element, and stable isotope analyses
of the Triassic carbonates along the northeastern Arabian Plate
margin: a key to understanding paleotectonics and paleoenvironment
of the Avroman (Biston) limestone formation from Kurdistan...
This preprint discusses two papers published international journals which clam presence of two main dykes in the Penjween Ophiolite Complex. The present paper refutes presence of dykes and consider them as sedimentary thick bed of felsic sediments derived from a volcanic arc and deposited inside greywackes (volcaniclastic sandstones and shales). No...
Mawat Ophiolite Complex is located about 36 km to the northeast of Sulaimani city and directly to the east-northeast of Mawat town near the border of Iran in the northeastern Iraq. The complex has about 600-km2 surface area and consists of high mountain terrains that subjected to intense geological investigations from the fiftieth of previous centu...
The Sarmord Formation is one of the overlooked formations that require more investigations than that achieved before. There are many problems in its definition, age, stratigraphy and aerial distribution. Previously in most parts of the Sulaymaniyah, it is not mapped and its outcrops combined with Balambo Formation while in the present study it is d...
Calciturbidites are similar to siliciclastic turbidites in structure, texture, basin physiography and processes of deposition; nevertheless, their clasts (grains) are carbonate minerals. Turbidity currents transport carbonate grains from carbonate source areas and coastal areas to the deep basins after passing the shelf (peri-platform). These curre...
The Mawat and Bulfat Igneous Complexes are two neighboring areas in the extreme northeastern Iraq near the border with Iran. Each complex has about 250 square kilometers in surface area and their stratigraphic and tectonic settings are nearly identical. These settings are established in the seventieth of the last century and since that time no sign...
The Mawat and Bulfat Igneous Complexes are two neighboring areas in the extreme northeastern Iraq near the border with Iran. Each complex has about 250 square kilometers in surface area and their stratigraphic and tectonic settings are nearly identical. These settings are established in the seventieth of the last century and since that time no sign...
Avroman Mountain has a northwest–southeast trend of Zagros Collisional Belt and elongates parallel to the Iranian border in Northeastern Iraq, Kurdistan Region. Previous studies found many volcanic bodies on the mountain and considered them either as Triassic and Cretaceous dismembered ophiolite fragments or as basaltic dykes. The present work focu...
The Sarmord Formation is one of the overlooked formations that require more investigations than that achieved before. There are many problems in its definition, age, stratigraphy and aerial distribution. Previously in most parts of the Sulaymaniyah, it is not mapped and its outcrops combined with Balambo Formation while in the present study it is d...
Many outcrops of crenulated limestone are observed in the eastern part of Sulaimaniyah area. These limestones are deformed into tight and open, mesocopic folds, which are supercomposed on large scale synclines or anticline . The outcrops are discussed and biostratigraphically is analyzed. The identified planktonic foraminifera indicated that these...
In the northeast Iraq, the Maastrichtian turbidite deposits, as a Tanjero Formation, consist of very thick succession of sandstones, conglomerates, and calcareous shales. It deposited in a deep and coastal areas of the Early Zagros Foreland basin which is generated after the radiolarites and limestone obductions during Maastrichtian. The foreland b...
![Fig. 1: Geological and Location maps of the studied area modified from [9].](profile/Imad-Ghafor/publication/347890773/figure/fig1/AS:972643649994752@1608907725667/Geological-and-Location-maps-of-the-studied-area-modified-from-9_Q320.jpg)
The current work focuses to study the foraminifera assemblages within the
The contact between Bekhme and Shiranish Formations is studied paleontologically in Bekhme gorge and Rawanduz area. The nannofossils are used to prove that the age of the base of the Shiranish Formation is lower late Campanian and middle Campanian in Bekhme gorge and Rawanduz area respectively. The older age of the Rawanduz area is attributed to ea...
The Mukdadiya Formation (Late Miocene-Pliocene) consists of alternations of red to brown sandstone and claystone layers in the Zagros Mountains Belt, northeastern Iraq. Two track-sites preserving bird and mammal tracks were recorded from the base of the formation in the Chamchamal area of the Kurdistan region in northeast Iraq. Avian tracks are lar...
Recently, a basaltic body is described geochemically and mineralogically by previous authors within the Gercus Formation, in the Bekhair Anticline (Duhok Governorate, Northern Iraq). They indicated feldspar, anorthoclase, diopside, forsterite and olivine as main minerals of the body with many accessary ones. They added that the body is anorogenic (...
![Fig. (4) A map of the Cretaceous facies change (Dunnington, 1958) [17]...](profile/Kamal-Karim/publication/342563959/figure/fig5/AS:913260706529282@1594749728875/Fig-4-A-map-of-the-Cretaceous-facies-change-Dunnington-1958-17-on-which-the_Q320.jpg)
The Zagros Fold Thrust Belt extends for more than 1500 kms from Oman to Turkey and passes through Kurdistan Region, northern Iraq where the studied area is located. The belt is about 200 kilometers wide and the main anticlines axes have the trends of 300°-325° in the studied area. The present study focused on a local disturbance of the above trends...
A succession of highly fossiliferous limestone of Aqra Formation is studied geochemically and strati graphically. The outcrops of succession have the thickness, width and length of about 160, 1500 and 30000 meters respectively. The outcrops located in the Chwarta-Mawat area in the Kurdistan Region, northeastern Iraq. An exposed section is selected...
In the semi-arid region south of Sulaimani city, paleosols can be found. The genesis of these paleosols needs to be elucidated. Here, we investigated a section of an Oligocene paleosol from that region. The section is about 7m thick with lower, middle and upper horizons, which consisted of partially weathered dolomitic limestone; conglomerate or li...
Bulfat (Kele Mountain is located northeast of the Qala Diza town at the northeast of Iraq near the border with Iran. The mountain was previously considered as an igneous complex (Bulfat Igneous Complex) of extreme mineralogical, petrological, and structural heterogeneities at the outcrop, hand-specimen and microscopic scales. In previous studies, t...
Paleokarst features are rarely preserved in geologic history due to terrestrial erosion and later burial diagenetic changes. In rare cases, where karstification was intense it can be preserved by burial in areas where erosion was slow. In Iraq, one of the ages that preserved clear features of the paleokarsts is the Oligocene. During this age, a thi...
The study focuses on description, analysis and mapping of the thick succession of calciturbidites facies for the first time on the Early Cretaceous Arabian Platform Passive Margin from Western Zagros Fold–Thrust belt, Northeastern Iraq (Kurdistan Region). Along the margin, the study revealed active source of shedding voluminous calciturbidites sedi...
The previous studies referred to the Duhok area as a terrestrial uplift during Oligocene while the present study achieved completely different result by recording and mapping about 20-30 meters thick succession of the Oligocene Rocks (Kirkuk Group) for first time. The succession extends for about 20 kilometers in side High Folded Zone and the previ...
![Fig. (7) Distribution of Kirkuk Group, a) Jassim and Goff (2006) [4],...](profile/Kamal-Karim/publication/333533956/figure/fig7/AS:764998276087810@1559401210503/Fig-7-Distribution-of-Kirkuk-Group-a-Jassim-and-Goff-2006-4-b-Buday-1980-3_Q320.jpg)
The previous studies referred to the Duhok area as a terrestrial uplift during Oligocene while the present study achieved completely different result by recording and mapping about 20-30 meters thick succession of the Oligocene Rocks (Kirkuk Group) for first time. The succession extends for about 20 kilometers inside the High Folded Zone and the pr...
The present study is set out not only to discuss but also to propose possible new functions (origins) of Paleodictyon. This function is a kind of protection against predation and not related to food habit or burrowing as concluded in previous studies. The organism achieving this protection by making its shape and size resemble (mimic) hard corals t...
The Significance of Diachronous Age as an Indicator of the Southeast Advance of the Zagros Orogenic Belt During Campanian, NE. Iraq
The present study is set out not only to discuss but also to
propose possible new functions (origins) of Paleodictyon. This function is a kind of protection against predation and not related to food habit or burrowing as concluded in previous studies. The organism achieving this protection by making its shape and size resemble (mimic) hard corals t...
Iraqi National Journal of Earth Sciences (https://www.iasj.net/iasj?func=issueTOC&isId=9339&uiLanguage=en). A part of the Govanda Formation is studied from northeastern Iraq near the Iraqi-Iranian borders. It consists of polygenic conglomerates, detrital limestones (conglomeratic limestone), and highly fossiliferous limestones of reef-fore-reef fac...
The Azmir transporting Tunnel (or Azmr Tunnel) is underground excavation under the Azmir mountain use to for bypassing the mountain. It connects Sharbazher and Sulaimani areas. It has diameter of about 8 meters and length of 2,300 meters. The department of Geology, University of Sulaimani has main role in supervising and construction the Amir tunne...
The present study discusses and proposes possible new functions (origins) of Paleodictyon. This function intended protection from predation against invaders not planned for fooding habit or burrowing as previously discussed. The organism achieved this protection pretending its shape and size to decisive attacker organism by resembling (mimic) hard...
Algal-rich limestones have been identified during fieldwork at Zawali (Shameran) Mountain, Darbandikhan, Iraq. The algae occur within an 8-m thick interval of fine-grained gray limestone in the lower part of the Khurmala Formation (Upper Paleocene-Lower Eocene). In this area, the Khurmala Formation is 170 m thick and consists mostly of poorly fossi...
In Iraq, Gercus Formation (Middle Eocene) crops out now near boundary between Low and
High Folded Zone and generally consisted of red claystone and sandstone with occasional
beds of conglomerate. Lithologically, it changes toward the southwest to carbonatesiliclastics
of either Khurmala or Aliji Formations inside the Low Folded Zone. All
previous s...
The present study focuses on the field, petrography and stratigraphic analyses of a thick and sparsely fossiliferous dolomitic limestone succession in the west, north, and northwest of Darbandikhan town from Sulaimaniah governorate. The succession thins toward northwest and east and located in the stratigraphic position of and Khurmala (or Sinjar)...
The chapter of "Sedimentary Basins" is course (lectures) of the Professor Kamal Haji Karim given to the third class geology, University of Sulaimani. It aims giving both descriptive (non tectonic) and genetic (plate tectonic) classifications of the sedimentary basins to the students of Petroleum branch. The course includes present days and historic...
Tebeşirli kireçtaşları (Kometan Formasyonu) Geç Türoniyen – Orta Kampaniyen yaşlı olup, Kuzeydoğu Irak’ta, Süleymaniye bölgesindeki Yüksek, İmbrike ve Bindirme Zonlarında yüzeylemektedir. Bu kireçtaşları yanal olarak, Kuzeybatı ve Batı Irak’a doğru sırasıyla Bekhme ve Mushurah formasyonlarına geçmekte olup, resifal eşdeğerleri ise Orta Irak’taki pe...
The chalky limestone (Kometan
Formation) is aged Late Turonian–Middle Campanian and cropping out in the High,
Imbricate and Thrust Zones of northeastern Iraq, Sulaimani area. It laterally
changes to Bekhme and Mushurah formations toward northwest and west Iraq respectively
and its reefal equivalents occurs too in
subsurface of Central Iraq in the o...
The chalky limestone (Kometan Formation) is aged Late Turonian-Middle Campanian and cropping out in the High, Imbricate and Thrust Zones of northeastern Iraq, Sulaimani area. It laterally changes to Bekhme and Mushurah formations toward northwest and west Iraq respectively and its reefal equivalents occurs too in subsurface of Central Iraq in the o...
A part of the Govanda Formation is studied in five outcrops from northeastern Iraq near the Iraqi-Iranian borders. It consists of polygenic conglomerates, detrital limestones (conglomeratic limestone), and highly fossiliferous limestones of reef-fore-reef facies with occasional interbedding of terrigenous sediments. Tectonically, the formation is i...
The Piramagroon anticline (or Pira Magrun Mountain) elongates directly to the northwest of Sulaimani city, Northeast
Iraq and its southeastern part contains two other anticlines, named Harmetool and Yakhyian anticlines in addition to their
complementary synclines and many other smaller folds. The anticline has experienced intense search for oil in...
The current study focuses on roles of the synclines in building mountains of the Zagros Fold-Thrust Belt from Northeastern Iraq, Kurdistan Region. The studied area is located in the Imbricated Zone, which is a continuation of Simply Folded Zone of Iran. In some parts of this zone, the synclines contribute to building nearly half of the mountains an...
The Piramagroon anticline (or Pira Magrun Mountain) elongates directly to the northwest of Sulaimani city, Northeast
Iraq and its southeastern part contains two other anticlines, named Harmetool and Yakhyian anticlines in addition to their
complementary synclines and many other smaller folds. The anticline has experienced intense search for oil in...
Stratigraphic studies of Maastrichtian Tanjero and Aqra formations and compression of microtectonic faults in Khewata – Dolbeshk valley constrains new geological setting of the Mawat area northeast Iraq. During Middle – Late Maastrichtian a carbonate-siliciclastic succession deposited in front of the subducted ophiolite and accretionary prism. Thes...
http://dx.doi.org/10.19111/bulletinofmre.305987
The Piramagroon anticline (or Pira Magrun Mountain) elongates directly to the northwest of Sulaimani city, Northeast Iraq and its southeastern part contains two other anticlines, named Harmetool and Yakhyian anticlines in addition to their complementary synclines and many other smaller folds. The anti...
The Piramagroon anticline (or Pira Magrun Mountain) elongates directly to northwest of Sulaimani city, Northeast Iraq and its southeastern part contains two other anticlines, named Harmetool and Yakhyian anticlines in addition to their complementary synclines and many other smaller folds. The anticline has experienced intense search for oil in the...
Cenomanian-Turonian (C/T) boundary is globally foci of intense geological study in the most part of the world due its organic matter content. In Iraq, the representative of the boundary is defined previously as bituminous black shale and named “Gulneri Formation” which is about 2.5 meters thick. In the country, the boundary is controversial both st...
Cenomanian-Turonian (C/T boundary) is globally foci of intense geological study in the most part of the world due its organic matter content. In Iraq, the representative of the boundary is defined previously as bituminous black shale and named “Gulneri Formation” which is about 2.5 meters thick. In the country, the boundary is controversial both st...
Published Facebook geological photos of Professor kamal Haji Karim during 5 years, the photos are concerned to structure, geomorphology and fossils of Iraqi Kurdistan . The photos are taken during geologic field trip in Western Zagros belt in Northern Iraq, Kutdistan Region. Each photo has accurate labeling and comments
![Fig. 3: Geological map Sissakian (2000) [17] and stratigraphical column...](profile/Polla-Khanaqa-2/publication/305979606/figure/fig3/AS:392946944888834@1470697260542/Geological-map-Sissakian-2000-17-and-stratigraphical-column-of-the-studied-area-It_Q320.jpg)
![Fig. 5: Location of the Khanaqin fault, A) Lawa et al (2013) [3] and B)...](profile/Polla-Khanaqa-2/publication/305979606/figure/fig5/AS:392946944888836@1470697260740/Location-of-the-Khanaqin-fault-A-Lawa-et-al-2013-3-and-B-Ibrahim-2009-2_Q320.jpg)
![Fig. 6: Sirwan Fault, A) by Jassim and Goff (2006) [1] and B)...](profile/Polla-Khanaqa-2/publication/305979606/figure/fig6/AS:392946944888837@1470697260795/Sirwan-Fault-A-by-Jassim-and-Goff-2006-1-and-B-depostional-model-of-Paleocene_Q320.jpg)
The Iraqi Zagros Mountain Belt has been deformed intensely by colliding of Arabian and Iranian plates and the resulted deformation, on all scales, have been analysed in the previous studies, includ- ing folding and faulting. One of these deformations is the Darbandikhan (or Khanaqin) fault which has nearly N20E tends. According to the previous stud...
The Balambo Formation (Garau Formation in Iran) and its equivalents such as Shuaiba, Qamchuqa and Mauddud are very significant formations since they occur nearly in all oil fields in Iraq and Iran. The first definition of its type section was carried out in 1947 in the Sirwan Valley on the southwestern limb of the Balambo Anticline, about 11 km to...
The present study is concerned with lateral and vertical facies changes between Kolosh (Paleocene) and Sinjar (or Khurmala) (Paleocene-Early Eocene) Formations in Sulaimani and Duhok area, Kurdistan Region, NE-Iraq. The latter and former formations are belonging to basinal clastic (turbidite) and reefal carbonate facies respectively. The facies cha...
The Asnawa iron ore is located near the Iran-Iraq border. Country rocks are traversed by a large number of fractures and veins. The fractures represent as pathways for the migration of hydrothermal solutions.Magnetite exists as dense massive aggregates.Magnetite accompanies by gangue minerals, which consists mainly of hornblende and clinopyroxene....
Joint research: University of Sulaimani & Kurdistan Institution for Strategic Studies and Scientific Research.
Piramagroon-Kani Khan (PK) valley runs parallel to Pira Magrun and Surdash anticlines almost in NW- SE trend and merges with the Lesser Zab River 9 kms southeast of Dokan town. The valley runs within the soft rocks of Shiranish, Tanjero an...
The Sagrma anticline is a name for two parallel series of mountain peaks that are separated by a deep, wide and elongate valley which has width and length of 2 and 40 km respectively. The valley is called Qopy Qaradagh and it is beautiful picnic area for the people of the nearby Qaradagh town and surrounding villages. The anticline is located 40 km...
![Fig.(1)Tectonic map of the Northern Iraq (Jassim and Goff, 2006)[3] on...](profile/Kamal-Karim/publication/282020144/figure/fig1/AS:613874545987586@1523370505122/Fig1Tectonic-map-of-the-Northern-Iraq-Jassim-and-Goff-20063-on-which-the-location_Q320.jpg)
Thick beds of detrital and stromatoliticlimestones are found for the firsttime inside Upper Bakhtiari Formation in two different localities in the Sulaimani Governorate, NE-Iraq. The first locality is Dokan area at the northwestern limb of Kosrat anticline while the second one is located in the Garmianarea betweenChamchamaland QadirKaram towns.The...
In Mawat area, the Late Maastrichtian Aqra Formation (or lens) is located in the upper part of the Tanjero Formation (Lower–Middle Maastrichtian) and overlain by Red Bed Series (Paleocene–Eocene). This lens consists of about 10–100 m of massive biogenic and well-bedded detrital limestone with rich fossil content such as rudists, large forams (luftu...
The present study is focused on origin of fossiliferous limestone beds the Chaqchaq Valley at 10 kms to northwest of Sulaimani city. These beds are exposed inside upper part of the Tanjero Formation (Upper part of Gurpi Formation in Iran) and, in this study, they are call Chaqchaq limestone. The petrograph proved that they aged Late Maastrichtian a...
Questions
Questions (11)
Nearly 99% of the discussions in the international journals are subjective, since the researchers discuss the problems with his selves and citing intellectually compatible persons and avoiding opposing persons or ideas avoiding s
Ophiolite rocks are heaviest rock in the crust but they are found on the high mountain due to obduction. Their heaviness is against isostatic theories because these theories clearly indicate that high mountain must be comprised of light rocks. Therefore the ophiolite obduction and its occurrence on high mountain is strongly suspicious. My recent researches, in Iraqi Zagros, proved that what are called ophiolite rocks are metamorphosed greywackes ( impure sandstones)
This question is very important because its answer is “ don’t and impossible to contain Fossils. This is true and universally 100% accepted, but a new paper published in High Impact Factor (6.5) claims that fossils exist in Igneous rocks. The paper was written by six professors from very reputable universities.
Unfortunately when geologists read their papers realize that these authors don’t differentiate between “On, in, and Off” in their paper. They found all fossils on the surface blocks of deformed igneous rocks (fractured and jointed deep igneous rocks). instead of “on the surface locks of the igneous rocks” they used “in the igneous rocks” and they divided their paper into two four main sections which are titled :
Fossil record in igneous crust. Fossil record in igneous oceanic crust, Fossil record in continental igneous crust, A morphological atlas of fossils in igneous rock. These titles are all wrong because their discussion denotes that they found the fossils on the surface of igneous rocks not inside them. Therefore their paper is unacceptable and terrible for the academic community. Because fossils can exist on the surface of all types of rocks and man-made materials. Moreover, they did not find fossils between the crystals of igneous rocks, but on the surface deep blocks of broken igneous rocks.
The claimed igneous rocks that located inside clastic sedimentary rocks are:
1-Chalki volcanics, located with and inside Perispiki Red Bed in the Khabour valley , Dohuk area( see Bellen et al,1959)
2- Gercus Basalt , located inside Gercus Red Bed at about 10 km northwest of Dohuk area (see Karim et al.2020) and Kettanah (2019).
3- Hamrin Basalt, located inside Injana (Upper Fars)Formation (sandstone and claystone) (see Kettanah et al. (2021), located inside Red Bed Series.
4- Mawat Ophiolite (see Buday and Jassim, 1987), located inside Red Bed Series.
5-Bultat (Qaladiza) Ophiolite (see Buday and Jassim, 1987), located inside Red Bed Series.
6-Penjween Ophiolite (see Buday and Jassim, 1987), located inside Red Bed Series.
7-Peshashan (Qandil mountain)Ophiolite (see Buday and Jassim, 1987), located inside Red Bed Series.
8-Hassan Bag ophiolite (see Ali ea al. 2012), located inside Red Bed Series.
9- Avroman basaltic body (Biara Basaltic body) (see Sasvari et al. (2015) and Karim and Abioui, 2020), located above Conglomerate of Tanjero Formation ( Kato Conglomerate).
Although ancient ophiolites extend thousands of Kilometers across the World but recent ones are not present either in the condition of complete obduction or partial obduction (partial uplift). Even, there is documentation of expectation of occurring of this process in any where in the world in the future.
In the internet there is a website named " SCi-HUB" from which all articles in International Journals can be downloaded free of charge,, i ask If it is the pro- or anti-science? although many researchers and student benefited from this website but i think is harmful for the future of science due to its hacking and illegal activities in addition, to violation of intellectual property laws which will discourage future inventions.
