Kalypso Nicolaidis

Kalypso Nicolaidis
University of Oxford | OX · DPIR

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133
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Publications

Publications (133)
Book
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From different perspectives and angles, contributors shed light and outline their thoughts on what are the current challenges facing European integration. Those feature both broader issues encompassing Europe’s identity and solidarity as well as more specific ones related to climate, economic, fiscal and monetary policy challenges, or EU trade, def...
Chapter
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What does it mean to say that the European Union has a constitution—theoretically, but more importantly, practically? What sort of possibilities such assertion opens for various actors—politicians, legal professionals, or the general public? And what is the role of constitutional thinkers in establishing constitutional discourse as the dominant way...
Article
Full-text available
What does it mean to say that the European Union has a constitution—theoretically, but more importantly, practically? What sort of possibilities such assertion opens for various actors—politicians, legal professionals, or the general public? And what is the role of constitutional thinkers in establishing constitutional discourse as the dominant way...
Article
How do we best defend the rule of law against its attackers, both within the European Union and outside of it? Often, the rule of law has been perceived as a domain belonging to jurists, lawyers, bureaucrats, or politicians. Yet at its most fundamental, the rule of law needs to be thought of from a citizen's perspective. When enforced, it guarantee...
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The COVID-19 pandemic has presented an important case study, on a global scale, of how democracy works - and fails to work - today. From leadership to citizenship, from due process to checks and balances, from globalization to misinformation, from solidarity within and across borders to the role of expertise, key democratic concepts both old and ne...
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The European Union of today cannot be studied as it once was. This original new textbook provides a much-needed update on how the EU's policies and institutions have changed in light of the multiple crises and transformations since 2010. An international team of leading scholars offer systematic accounts on the EU's institutional regime, policies,...
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The paper offers a defence of ambivalence as a response to the political polarisation of our era using multiple languages to present its case from psychology to sociology, political science, philosophy and critical theory. It suggests that the Brexit story can be told in a different key, whereby the politics that have led to entrenching ‘leave’ and...
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The paper critically appraises the idea, both descriptively and normatively, that the Euro-pean Union (EU) system can and should serve as a model for governance beyond its own borders. Engaging the postcolonial literature, it proposes a critical analysis of the idea, discourse and practice of Europe-as-a-model. We argue for a problematization of th...
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Polycentricity in the European Union - edited by Josephine van Zeben April 2019
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In this concluding chapter, the authors attempt to draw some lessons from the ‘affair’ while calling on each reader to draw their own. They ask, in particular, how we may learn to better live together in the EU and how an ethos of mutual recognition might be recovered from the wars of stereotypes and mutual ascription discussed in the book. They ar...
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Chapter 2 explores the multifaceted ways conjured up by Greeks and Germans to represent each other in the newspaper coverage of the Greek debt crisis. It is structured around five thematic patterns, each exhibiting a different kind of entanglement between the images of the Self and the Other: the emergence and contestation of the stereotypes of laz...
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This opening chapter introduces the object of the book’s empirical enquiry, referred to somewhat playfully as ‘the Greco-German affair’ during the Greek debt crisis. The authors discuss their methodology and the relevant literature and explain the import of the concept of mutual recognition for their study. Even after the devastating impact of the...
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Chapter 3 moves on from the book’s two central characters to the overall game in which their fraught relationship is embedded. How has the Greco-German saga affected the rest of the EU story? More specifically, how have the mutual ascriptions of Greeks and Germans affected their representations of the EU, and how has their perception of the EU game...
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This article reflects on the diagnosis proposed in 1998 by Moravcsik and Nicolaidis that the EU had reached an incipient constitutional settlement and makes two connected arguments. First, analytically, that contrary to the prevailing view, the EU's constitutional settlement is holding, although it has come under assault from federalists and sovere...
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This contribution argues that the European crisis in general and Brexit in particular, can be seen to reflect the partial loss of the ethos of a principle that has been at the heart of the EU, namely mutual recognition. While familiar to legal scholars as a norm governing the integration of markets and the management of conflicts of law, the essay...
Book
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This book focuses on one of the most highly charged relationships of the Euro crisis, that between Greece and Germany, from 2009 to 2015. Through a systematic and broad-ranging media analysis, it explores the many ways in which Greeks and Germans represented and often insulted one another in print, how their self-understanding shifted in the proces...
Book
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Joseph Weiler's The Transformation of Europe is one of the most influential works in the history of European studies. Twenty-five years after its original publication, this new collection of essays pays tribute to Weiler's legacy by discussing some of the most pressing issues in contemporary European Union law, policy and constitutionalism. The boo...
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This article asks what features should characterise the boundaries between the EU and the outside world from the standpoint of demoicracy. Section one summarises the normative core of that view and grounds it in the values of autonomy, equal recognition and non-domination. Section two categorises the issues that arise for the demoicrat when it come...
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Through an interdisciplinary analysis of the rulings of the Court of Justice of the European Union, this book offers 'thick' descriptions, contextual histories and critical narratives engaging with leading or minor personalities involved behind the scenes of each case. The contributions depart from the notion that EU law and its history should be n...
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This introduction provides a descriptive typology and normative analysis of the ways boundaries are being questioned in Europe. We distinguish between boundary-making (defining or redefining the territorial borders of a polity), boundary-crossing (determining the rules of access to territorial borders) and boundary-unbundling (allowing boundary-mak...
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This chapter examines the determinants of the European Union's trade power as well as the contribution of trade policy to the power of Europe in the international system. It first considers how the EU acquired and expanded competence to represent the member states in trade policy, from the Common Commercial Policy in the Treaty of Rome to trade pol...
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Once again at a time of transformation against the real or perceived threat of disintegration, the EU hovers dangerously between the perils of unity and the promise of union. The stakes may seem starker than two and a half decades ago, when Joseph Weiler published his path-breaking work, The Transformation of Europe but he helped define then the te...
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The chapter sets Brexit against the age-old trade-off between cooperation and control. As Nicolaïdis argues, the European order has undergone a number of important transformations -accentuated since Maastricht- which have increasingly altered the balance between these two poles, fostering greater calls to ‘take back control’-the political mantra of...
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The Eurozone crisis has brought the imperative of democratic autonomy within the EU to the forefront, a concern at the core of demoicratic theory. The article seeks to move the scholarship on demoicratic theory a step further by exploring what we call the social construction of demoicratic reality. While the EU’s legal-institutional infrastructure...
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Is R2P the most effective tool the international community has to prevent genocide, or the newest neo-imperial norm perpetuated by the most powerful states? In a dramatic performance of the key debates within R2P, each of these views is presented before Aristotlean and Tocquevillean insights are drawn upon to find a middle ground rooted in citizen...
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This volume argues that the crisis of the European Union is not merely a fiscal crisis but reveals and amplifies deeper flaws in the structure of the EU itself. It is a multidimensional crisis of the economic, legal and political cornerstones of European integration and marks the end of the technocratic mode of integration which has been dominant s...
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This paper considers what will be required to make Economic and Monetary Union (EMU) sustainable following the successive crises of recent years. It starts by laying out the policy benchmark, namely the successive ‘President Reports’ produced by EU institutions. It then suggests three dimensions of sustainable integration relevant to EMU, namely th...
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The conclusion to the collection draws out some of the insights from the contributions on the various challenges facing European demoi-cratization.
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A truly democratic European Union seems to have become the graal of European politics, the project's redemptive promise and unreachable horizon. Much has been written about the gap between promise and performance and about the obstacles to EU democratization. Here, we suggest that one way to apprehend the ‘democratic deficit’ debate as it has evolv...
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This contribution stands as a conclusion to this collection, drawing on its empirical contributions as well as other examples of European Union (EU) foreign policy. We take the pursuit of a single voice as a core goal of EU foreign policy and ask under what conditions unity pays and conversely under what conditions it may be counterproductive. On t...
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While some denounce the legacies of colonialism they discern in the EU's practices and discourse, others believe these accusations to be unfounded, raising the question: how apt is the analogy between the 19th-century standard of civilisation and the EU's narratives and modes of actions today? In this essay, we address the question by developing a...
Book
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What is Europe? What are the contents of the concept of Europe? And what defines European identity? Instead of only asking these classical questions, this volume also explores who asks these questions, and who is addressed with such questions. Who answers the questions, from which standpoints and for what reasons? Which philosophical, historical, r...
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The aim in this contribution is to amplify the call, articulated across a range of disciplines relevant to international politics, for a paradigm shift that decentres the study and practice of Europe’s international relations. Such a perspective is necessary both to make sense of our multipolar order and to reconstitute European agency in a non-Eur...
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This article offers an overview and reconsideration of the idea of European demoicracy in the context of the current crisis. It defines ‘demoicracy’ as ‘a Union of peoples, understood both as states and as citizens, who govern together but not as one’, and argues that the concept is best understood as a third way, distinct from both national and su...
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This chapter analyzes the theory of "demoicracy" in the EU. It provides a historical account of federalism and "demoicracy.". It shows that the treaties seem to accept the fact that the European Union is based on the mutual recognition of identities and not their merger. Even though the balance between federal union and self-government need not alw...
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This volume assesses the viability of various theories of economic integration that take into account the legal, economic, political and social challenges of incorporating free trade with retaining the plurality of social welfare standards and consumer protection. Chapters cover the governance of trade in services at the European and global level;...
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While the European Union looms large in contemporary political science, intellectual debates across Europe on the normative foundations for integration have received less attention. This book focuses in on the visions and interpretations of European integration proposed since the early 1990s by "public intellectuals", i.e. political philosophers, s...
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Janie Pélabay, Kalypso Nicolaïdis and Justine Lacroix conversely argue that it is neither desirable nor possible to promote a homogenised and official vision of what it means to be European. As evidenced by the essays in this book, the EU polity is significantly supported or challenged by a great variety of diverging and competing stories about Eur...
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The editors provide a brief overview of debates over Europe and the European Union in the longue durée, and set the use of the term "intellectual" in historical context. They then question the (near) absence of intellectual debates on European integration during the Cold War, suggesting explanations for the paradox of an apparent loss of interest i...
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The article investigates the institutional and policy choices regarding the EU's relations with the countries and regions covered by the European Neighbourhood Policy (ENP). It juxtaposes the notion of special relationship inaugurated by the Lisbon Treaty to three models for organizing relations with proximate countries: pre-accession, the European...
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This book chapter (co-authored by Phil Clark, Zachary D. Kaufman, & Kalypso Nicolaidis) is the final chapter in the book After Genocide: Transitional Justice, Post-Conflict Reconstruction, and Reconciliation in Rwanda (co-edited by Phil Clark & Zachary D. Kaufman and co-published by Columbia University Press & C. Hurst & Co.). This concluding chapt...
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"Mode IV" is a technical term but one which evokes big issues: the freedom of global movement of people to match the free movement of capital across borders. In other words, an issue especially dear to countries in the "South" whose citizens often, too often, see their salvation in going to work in the "North." More specifically, these people come...
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Birthdays! The EU’s fiftieth was a particularly paradoxical one. It was celebrated with a general lack of enthusiasm in an end-of-crisis atmosphere, albeit a crisis about which the citizens of Europe did not seem particularly concerned. And yet, the occasion inspired a new flurry of speeches on the ‘European story’ and rekindled appetites for some...
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The new French scheme for a Union for the Mediterranean (UfM), officially inaugurated on 13 July, has stirred up a great deal of controversy inside the EU. Even in its watered-down form, the initiative promises to relaunch the stalled relations between the two sides of the Mediterranean in the context of the Barcelona Process. Though vulnerable to...
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The need to redefine the European Union’s relations with neighbouring countries in the southern Mediterranean and Eastern Europe has become critical in light of the EU’s most recent enlargement and the institutional reform process now underway. This paper explores the main instruments of the EU’s external policy: the “integration without accession”...
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European integration has been and will continue to be flawed with conflicts, conflicts of interests embedded in broader conflicts of identity. I argue that these conflicts and the bargains they require exhibit similar patterns across a wide array of issues, as struggaes around 'mutual' recognition where mutuality plays a crucial role. Indeed, the c...
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In his 1986 White Paper on completing the single market, Lord Cockfield hailed mutual recognition as the miracle formula for the much needed liberalization of services markets. Twenty years later, the European Union is passing a services directive where the principle of mutual recognition is conspicuously absent, at a time when effective liberaliza...
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The Mediterranean is both Europe’s mirror and its extension, too close to ignore, too far to embrace. It is the cradle of its ‘civilisation’ and its demographic future, but also its poor southern neighbour and the source of its discontents. It is One with it and yet the Other — Arab, Muslim — at its doorstep. The Mediterranean is a space of intertw...
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The EU is a formidable power in trade. Structurally, the sheer size of its market and its more than forty-year experience of negotiating international trade agreements have made it the most powerful trading bloc in the world. Much more problematically, the EU is also becoming a power through trade. Increasingly, it uses market access as a bargainin...
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Cet article cherche à poser les bases conceptuelles d’un élargissement de la pensée post-nationale pour sortir le libéralisme politique européen de son ghetto intellectuel. Il part de l’idée selon laquelle l’érosion progressive du consensus permissif (permissive consensus) auquel nous assistons aujourd’hui rend d’autant plus nécessaire mais aussi p...
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The European Union (EU) is a strange mix. A political construct conceived as a guard against the temptation of hegemony by any member state against any other(s), it relies most fundamentally on the ideal of shared leadership. In the EU, therefore, the principle of equality between states is not mainly grounded in the sovereignty norm as in classic...
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It is telling that the war in Iraq has changed the very way the transatlantic question is habitually posed in Europe from ‘how to resolve US-EU conflicts’ to ‘how should we deal with American power’? Differences that were simply taken as factors in the global and regional orders are now exposed as our central concern: the overwhelming asymmetry of...
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Kalypso Nicolaïdis, professeur invitée à l'Institut d'études politiques de Paris, enseigne les relations internationales à l'Université d'Oxford et a participé aux travaux de la Convention comme conseillère de George Papandreou, alors ministre grec des Affaires étrangères. La voie constitutionnelle choisie a échoué parce qu'elle n'a pas pris la vra...
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Mutual recognition regimes set the conditions governing the recognition of the validity of foreign laws, regulations, standards, and certification procedures among states in order to assure host country regulatory officials and citizens that the application of foreign rules within their borders is "compatible" with their own. They thus are always "...
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The European Union must showcase its democracy-building skills while avoiding moral grandstanding and its own version of unilateralism. The recent American charm offensive in Europe—capped by President George W. Bush's visit in February and the subsequent agreement on a joint strategy for Iran—shows that there is some hope for warmer trans-Atlantic...
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It is telling that the war in Iraq has changed the very way the transatlantic question is habitually posed in Europe from 'how to resolve US-EU conflicts?' to 'how should we deal with American power?' Differences that were simply taken as factors in the global and regional orders are now exposed as our central concern: the overwhelming asymmetry of...
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[Summary]. The EU is a formidable trade power. While trade liberalization internally and externally have always been the essence of European integration, successive enlargements and the creation of the European Single Market have turned the EU into the world’s largest trade power. The EU is responsible for making trade policy through a complex deci...
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While short-term capital flows and foreign direct investment have never moved across borders so freely, neither has the international movement of people been so ‘managed’. This is one of the apparent paradoxes at the heart of today’s pattern of globalization. In an era of much-proclaimed liberalism, rules at the national level governing conditions...
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Why did the Brussels summit on the European Constitution collapse? Perhaps because it deserved to. The EU must move from government by elites who seek to manage, to one grounded on citizens' support. Who did it? Who is responsible for the failure of European heads of states and governments to agree to a proposed new Constitution at their inter-gove...
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The EU's constitutional convention has revived the old cleavage between those who fear the union will trample the rights of member states and those who think it is not enough of a superstate. Both camps miss the point. Despite some serious flaws, the draft constitution does much to advance the EU's core project: to create a federal union that celeb...
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Like all former treaty reforms, the Convention ran into deep divisions between large and small states – read more or less populated states – when it discussed institutional issues. This paper examines the impact of this cleavage on the process and outcome of the Convention. First, we recall how the tension was managed under the founding model, and...
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The European Convention on the Future of Europe was initially presented as a turning point in the history of European integration. This article argues that, although its composition was broader, its process more transparent and its rules more flexible than classic intergovernmental conferences, the Convention was not Europe's Philadelphia. Since it...
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L’existence de differentes cultures psychanalytiques, chacune avec ses theories et son langage particulier, pose des problemes serieux au debat entre psychanalystes. Dans les cas extremes, on arrive a ce que les philosophes des sciences ont appele des situations d’« incommensurabilite ». Ces situations sont caracterisees par le fait que les diverse...
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How should we assess the project for a Constitution presented by the Convention on the Future of Europe? This paper argues that in order to succeed, an EU Constitution would need to present a positive vision of what democracy in Europe is about. While the draft Constitution fails in finding the right language in this regard, it does nevertheless co...
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How should we assess the project for a Constitution presented by the Convention on the Future of Europe? This paper argues that in order to succeed, an EU Constitution would need to present a positive vision of what democracy in Europe is about. While the draft Constitution fails in finding the right language in this regard, it does nevertheless co...
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The authors focus on the European Union both as a regional organization with distinctive norms and practices, and as a grouping of states that reflect specific individual traditions and views. The chapter describes two core paradigms: the national and the post-national. The national paradigm is recognizably realist and state-centric in approach. It...
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Increasingly, scholars have articulated the challenge of global economic governance in constitutional terms. The World Trade Organization (WTO) is often painted as an incipient global economic constitution. Its legitimacy would be enhanced, some contend, by transforming the WTO treaty system into a federal construct. But the application of the lang...

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