Kalim Siddiqui

• Doctor of Philosophy (PhD in economics)
• Economist at University of Huddersfield

The study of Germany’s economy is very important, as it has long been regarded as one of the most developed among advanced capitalist nations. Until recently, it was hailed as a successful export-led growth model and ranked as the fourth-largest economy globally and the largest in the European Union (EU) in terms of GDP. However, in recent years, G...

Dr. Kalim Siddiqui analyzes Donald Trump's aggressive trade strategies, exploring how the US's tariff policies are contributing to an emerging global trade war. The article highlights the geopolitical and economic consequences for the US, China, and the broader global landscape.

As geopolitical tensions rise, Dr. Kalim Siddiqui examines the shifting power dynamics between the United States and Europe, particularly in the context of the Ukraine conflict. This article explores how the U.S. might be abandoning Europe in favour of a multipolar world order, with significant implications for global security and cooperation.

In this article, I will discuss the economic changes that have shaped the Indian economy over the past seventy-five years since independence. Despite impressive growth rates, India’s economic progress has struggled to address persistent issues such as unemployment and the transition of labor from low-productivity sectors, like agriculture, to highe...

China has recently showed the world its DeepSeek technology that performs better than the U.S. AI Chat GPT and did so at a fraction of cost. An open-source artificial intelligence (AI) model developed by Chinese, offering similar performance to other leading models at a fraction of the cost. However, the breakthrough has not been without controvers...

Capitalism's relentless pursuit of profit has led to extreme wealth concentration, exacerbating global inequalities. The neoliberal model, with its emphasis on endless growth, has accelerated environmental degradation. To forge a sustainable path, we must transcend traditional growth-driven models, advocating for degrowth and equitable, eco-conscio...

Analysing China's social sector performance is crucial for several reasons. The remarkable achievements in poverty alleviation and healthcare improvements are often overlooked by mainstream economists, particularly the role played by the Communist Party of China (CPC) and its members, as well as the coordinated efforts of government and party offic...

This final part on the trends and prospects of de-dollarization in the global economy explores how international institutions aided the dollar in gaining global dominance, BRICS' successful initiatives for increased financial stability, the impact of de-dollarization, and finally, how to end financial hegemony.

The rise of the US dollar to become the globally preferred currency for trade and financial transactions was a carefully orchestrated game of chess. However, certain nations intent on achieving an equitable international monetary system are now attempting to contest the dollar's hegemony. This is the first part of a two-part series discussing the r...

The victory at Plassey in 1757 transformed the fortunes of the British East India Company and its managers and owners. This victory was followed by a continuous extraction of wealth through high taxation, corruption, and monopoly trade. After 1800, textile exports—an important commodity for tribute realization in the 18th century - fell dramaticall...

By the end of the Second World War, the limitations of free-market and non-interventionist economic policies had become apparent. In response, a Keynesian interventionist approach was adopted by major capitalist countries, ushering in a period of economic prosperity. Over the following quarter-century (i.e. 1945-1972), these policies spurred growth...

Over the past four decades, China has undergone a remarkable economic transformation, often called a "Growth Miracle." In less than two generations, it has evolved from a low-income, agrarian society into a productive, manufacturing-driven, middle-income nation. During this period, improvements in income, education, and healthcare have been substan...

China’s population peaked in 2022, earlier than expected. According to UN projections from 1999, China's population was expected to reach 1.5 billion by the end of 2022. However, the actual population was 100 million less than predicted. This shortfall suggests that China's working-age population may decline by 10% by 2035 and by nearly 30% by 2050...

The 16th BRICS Summit in Kazan, Russia, marks a pivotal moment for the group as it aims to make significant progress in cross-border payments, alternative payment systems, and dedollarization. Russia’s reliance on the US dollar for trade has shifted dramatically, with 90% of its trade with China now conducted in local currencies. This reflects a br...

The Bhartiya Janata Party (BJP) government, formed in 2014 with the support of Hindutva forces, enjoys backing from significant sections of the big bourgeoisie and the blessings of international finance capital (Siddiqui, 2017). As a result, the government aggressively pursues neo-liberal policies in line with the demands of global financial intere...

Globalisation today refers to the increasing economic integration beyond national borders, driven by the processes of trade liberalisation and financial deregulation. Large corporations have long sought to dominate global markets, viewing access to international markets as a means to exert control over resources and expand their influence. In theor...

The exponential rise in external debts poses a significant threat to the prosperity and economies of developing countries. Nearly half of the world’s population lives in countries where foreign debt servicing exceeds government spending on education and health. For example, in 2023, global sovereign debt reached very high levels, i.e., US$92 trilli...

Part Two - India is primarily an agrarian economy, where agriculture and its allied fields serve as the main source of livelihood for nearly 70 percent of the population. It employs approximately 52 percent of the labour force and contributed 13.7 percent to the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in 2020. Over the past five decades, Indian agriculture h...

India is primarily an agrarian economy, where agriculture and its allied fields serve as the main source of livelihood for nearly 70 percent of the population. It employs approximately 52 percent of the labour force and contributed 13.7 percent to the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in 2020. Over the past five decades, Indian agriculture has seen stea...

The UK has been predicted by the OEDC to be the worst-performing economy of all advanced nations for 2025. Let us carefully examine the policies that led her there and consider the steps to turning things around.

Is the WTO´s global food liberalisation policy more harmful than good? How has relying on international trade for food supply led to food dumping? Dr Kalim Siddiqui makes a deep dive into how global policies shape the economy of developing nations and the very lives of farmers.

The aim of this chapter is to critically explore the issues and debates regarding global social policy reforms within the context of healthy ageing. The authors of this chapter examine the transformation of the healthy ageing agenda and investigate how this is encapsulated within a social policy setting and framed within the broader realm of climat...

This article is a deep dive into the evolution and expansion of big global corporations or Multinational Corporations, and especially the role capitalism, colonialism and imperialism played in that expansion, using the example of the British East India Company.

Climate scientists have warned that climate changes will have very severe consequences, as rising levels of greenhouse gas emissions continue to heat the planet. An important contributor to climate change is global energy infrastructure which is currently dominated by oil, natural gas, and coal. Producing and burning these fossil fuels to create en...

In recent years, long-term economic growth has fallen in all major advanced economies, which is referred as ‘secular stagnation’ by the mainstream economists. The 2008 financial crisis was largely due to the policy of new regime of accumulation such as neoliberalism, or globalisation, or financialisation. In fact, the main factors on deepening cris...

What is a true democracy? Should the military control politics and election outcomes? Dr Kalim Siddiqui analyses the recent fallout from the military intervention in Pakistan's election, the origin of the problem, and whether, this time, the military will cease to be tone-deaf and hands-off meddling with the democratic process, allowing Pakistan t...

Between 1950 and 1990, Japan witnessed a remarkable economic and trade expansion and economic modernisation that allowed its economy not only to recover from disastrous war but also to catch up with the per capita income levels and living standards in the industrially advanced economies. Japan had transformed itself from a largely agricultural nat...

Over time, cities across the world have grown in population size at rapid rates. This expansion has introduced a term: 'Megacities'. It is accepted that a megacity is an urban area that has a population of more than 10 million (UN, 2018). Mumbai is one such example. This study examines the huge expansion of illegal slum colonies in Mumbai in recent...

On 7 October 2023, Hamas militants broke out of the blockaded Gaza Strip, broke through the supposedly impregnable barriers, and attacked Israeli military bases and Jewish settlements, leading to the death of 1,200 people. This is what is now known about this horrific attack and massacre by Hamas militants. The Netanyahu government's reaction has...

Adam Smith’s Wealth of Nations (1776) emphasises that nations should, instead of pursuing the accumulation of trade surpluses and gold, engage in free trade. Through the division of labour, countries could specialise and focus on producing the goods in which they have absolute cost advantages and import the goods that would have been more expensive...

(Book Chapter) Halsall, J., P., Mei, L., Siddiqui, K. et al (2024) “Demographic Changes and Ageing in China and India: A Public Policy Perspective”, (Eds.) Asiamah, N., et al (2024) Sustainable Neighbourhoods for Ageing in Place: An Interdisciplinary Voice Against Global Crises. Springer. Abstract - Across the world there has been much interest in...

Can former colonies truly get out from under the grip of developed countries? How has the economic, technological, and military advantage of powerful countries influenced the long-term development of weaker countries? These and more are the topics explored in this article. This article demonstrates that neo-colonialism is inevitable, given the str...

Abstract The study attempts to examine the relationship between private capital and the government in India, especially under a neoliberal economic policy regime. The purpose of this paper is to investigate whether there exists a business nexus in India under a pro-market reform policy where the exercising of public authority is often subservient t...

The subject of economics, which was once famous for several views and schools of thought, has been limited to just one school neoclassical: where markets usually find equilibrium, meaning government intervention is not needed, and any such intervention could hinder the economic growth process and smooth functioning of the economy. The neoclassical...

(Book Chapter) Halsall, J. P., Cook, I., Siddiqui, K. et al (2023) “Global Public Policy Shifts: Comparative Thoughts on Aging and Social Care”. It is well known that people are living longer. Better medicine and health care systems are two of the main factors behind this. In recent times there has been a real focus on global public policy whereby...

There is no doubt that COVID-19 has been one of the key challenges of our time. In a geographical context, COVID-19 has impacted countries differently, whether from a developed or developing perspective. Using a country case study approach, the authors of this paper critically explore the economic problems that COVID-19 has caused in India. Economi...

This chapter discusses about WTO's policy and its impact of developing economies.

During the first half of the twentieth century, after the two world wars and the long Great Depression, the European powers were economically weakened and were unable to keep tight control over their colonies. There was also a rise of anti-colonial movements against European rule in the colonies. And by the end of the war, European powers became fr...

Balancing long-term economic growth and carbon neutrality has become a major global challenge. Stepping up the efforts to realize net zero emission and carbon neutrality will eliminate greenhouse emissions and reduce long term economic losses. Therefore, exploring the pathways to zero-carbon economies is important. Both developed and developing cou...

(PART II) This study aims to examine the growing rivalry between the US, China, and Russia. In recent years, the Chinese economy has expanded and not only increased its share in international trade but is able to acquire advanced technology in communication and manufacturing and as a result, the US feels threatened. This article attempts to analy...

Since the Ukraine and Russian wars, trade and financial relations are being reorganised. The US (United States) has disconnected Russian banks from SWIFT (Society for Worldwide Interbank Financial Telecommunications), and many US and EU (European Union) firms withdrew from Russia. Russia has been excluded from the Western global financial system. H...

(PART 1) This study aims to examine the growing rivalry between the US, China, and Russia. In recent years, the Chinese economy has expanded and not only increased its share in international trade but is able to acquire advanced technology in communication and manufacturing and as a result, the US feels threatened. This article attempts to analys...

The Political Economy of Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO) and the Growing Regional Multilateral Ties. Kalim Siddiqui Abstracts - Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO) was founded in 1996 by the People’s Republic of China, Russia, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, and Kazakhstan in order to build mutual trust among member states and to encourage re...

The current study investigates issues related to the Commercialization of Agriculture in Saudi Arabia in the light of various theories of sustainable agriculture. The rationale for this study is needed to investigate the importance of a Commercialization of the agriculture sector as the country diversifies its sources of revenue. The aim of the gov...

Presentation topic: “Food Security, Food Sovereignty Policy in the Developing Countries”, at SAIELN’s Conference on Food Security in the and International Law: Critical and Interdisciplinary Perspectives” in association with National University of Advanced Legal Studies, Kochi, Kerala, India Conference - South Asia International Economic Law Netwo...

The current study investigates issues related to sustainable agriculture in Libya in the light of various theories of sustainable agriculture. The rationale for this study is the need to investigate the importance of a sustainable agriculture sector as the country diversifies its sources of revenue. The aim of the government is to reinvigorate the...

The Ukraine-Russia War and Its Impact on the Global Economy Kalim Siddiqui The impact of the war in Ukraine cannot be limited to Europe; it has implications for the global economy. The question is what will its global economic consequences be? And what will be the result of the unprecedented sanctions imposed on Russia? Here, I will focus on the i...

• Conference: 6th International Conference on Urban and Regional Planning. • Date - 18-19 November 2022. • Presentation Title: “Economic Reforms, Urbanisation and the Poor in India”, NED University, Karachi, Pakistan. • Dr Kalim Siddiqui

Is a Global Economic Recession Looming? Kalim Siddiqui I. Introduction The International Monetary Fund (IMF) in its latest assessment of the world economy has downgraded prospects for economic growth and also expects higher inflation. The IMF Report (2022) notes: “Global growth is projected to slow from an estimated 6.1 percent in 2021 to 3.6 perce...

This study explored the role of government policies to support entrepreneurship and the growth of Small - Medium Enterprises (SMEs) in the Libyan economy. Due to the current situation of the business in Libya, urgent policies need from the Libyan government to focus on several aspects of SMEs for entrepreneurship and economic growth. Because of the...

• Conference: International Conference on Megacities, Projecting Megacities of the Global South in the 2020s. • Date - 16-18 July 2022 • Presentation Title: • “The Transformation of Mumbai as Mega City: A Case Study of Slums and Environmental Degradation” • Kalim Siddiqui and Jamie Halsall, Venue: Bangladesh University of Engineering and Techno...

Capitalism may be defined as an economic system based on the private ownership of the means of production, and the owners of capital aim to maximise their profits. Mainstream economists believe that capitalism is the most efficient and productive system, and private property promotes efficiency by giving the owner of resources an incentive to maxim...

In the United States, the consumer price index rose 8 percent over the year in February 2022, ahead of a surge in energy prices following the war in Ukraine, raising pressure on the Federal Reserve to tighten monetary policy more substantively. The index increased another 0.8 percent between January and February, following a 0.6 percent monthly inc...

British Imperialism, Religion, and the Politics of ‘Divide and Rule’ in the Indian-Subcontinent Dr Kalim Siddiqui Recently India’s Prime Minister Mr Narendra Modi again brought the issues of India’s partition and tried to blame it on Muslim League’s leader Muhammad Ali Jinnah and the Indian National Congress (hereafter Congress Party), especially...

Post-colonial countries are those who were former colonies, and most of them, except Chinaand those in East Asia, remain in poverty.All their economic development indicators are on the wrong side of progress and prosperity, such as rising inequality, high unemployment, and low productivity, alongside corruption, capital flight, and failure of insti...

I examine here the role of China’s bilateral swap agreements (BSAs) and the internationalization of its currency Renminbi (RMB). A bilateral swap agreement, or cross-currency swap agreement, gives a recipient party the right to exchange their currencies at a fixed interest rate. A currency swap involves the exchange of interest and principal from o...

The study of the international political economy refers to an interdisciplinary academic subject area of study that analyses economics, politics, and international relations. International Political Economy helps us to understand the global structures and power dynamics that regulate finance and trade, which have a large impact on the distribution...

This article critically analyses the theoretical and empirical basis of trade liberalisation and finds that the arguments of many mainstream economists concerning the static and dynamic gains from free trade are based on weak theoretical grounds. I will also discuss here the historical experience of trade liberalised regimes. It also discusses the...

This article aims to discuss industrial policy by focusing on a number of theoretical issues, in particular in relation to manufacturing and the different rationales for industrial policy making. The paper highlights industries by looking into the importance of industrial policy to build and modernise manufacturing and focus the need for rethinking...

Can 21st Century be an Asian Century? Kalim Siddiqui * *Teaches international political economy at the Department of Accounting, Finance and Economics, Business School, The University of Huddersfield, Queensgate, Huddersfield, HD1 3DH, UK. Email: k.u.siddiqui@hud.ac.uk. ORCID - https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7952-4573 Abstract This study intends to di...

This article also draws upon the East Asian economies’ abilities to allocate resources to stimulate industries and technological development. Despite differences in economic performance, East Asia including China has hugely transformed in the last mere four decades from being very poor, to achieving higher economic growth and incomes, and most of a...

Bandung Conference (1955) in Indonesia was the first large meeting of leaders from newly independent countries from Asia and Africa, where a declaration was submitted, which included opposing colonial and neo-colonial policies, to improve cooperation among the newly independent countries. It was also said to improve the living conditions of their p...

This study makes a contribution to the literature on failures of global governance by exploring in historical context interconnections between current account imbalances and the processes underlying allocative inefficiency, financialisation and austerity politics. We aim to encourage further research into unacknowledged but evident links between os...

At present, academic economics in the West (i.e. developed countries) are in a state of confusion, as their dominant economic thought and policy i.e. neo-classical is under attack, not least since the 2008 financial crisis but most recently after the Covid-19 crisis. The 2008 economic crisis posed challenges, not just deepening the economic and fin...

When we look at economic data on trade and output growth, there seems to be an economic shift gradually taking place from a US-led unipolar world towards a multipolar world. We analyse the long-term trends of capitalist globalisation and the recent globalisation which began in the early 1990s under neoliberal economic policies. It seems that in thi...

Adopting building information modelling in small and medium enterprises of Iraq's construction industry.

The article will discuss the recent attacks against Muslims in Delhi and try to examine the ‘Hindutva’ (defined as extreme Hindu nationalism) organisation, mainly the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS), whose leaders and members not only participated in building a hateful environment, but were also found to be taking part in attacks against Muslims...

The article discusses recent global economic changes and will largely focus on two of the worlds’ largest economies, namely China and the United States. The present superpower i.e. the United States has failed to come up with a solution to the challenges posed by the last four decades of rapid expansion of the Chinese economy. The Chinese populatio...

This article will focus on globalisation and international trade and also briefly analyse its impact on Covid-19. Globalisation simply means economic and trade openness (defined trade as a percentage of GDP) and close integration with the global economy. Globalization is seen as a key driver of unprecedented economic growth, and as a result, the pr...

Abstract The study focuses on Britain’s trade with China in the 18th and 19th centuries. Cotton textiles, spices, tea, silk and porcelain were imported to Europe from India and China by European traders. This is important to examine because not only did Britain’s trade with China during this period provide huge profits to the East India Company, bu...

Abstract This study examines the nature of famines during the British Raj in India, in the light of a number of perspectives. In recent years, there have been a number of studies regarding this subject area; therefore, there is a need to revisit the causes and impact of famines in India. Moreover, there is also the severity of these famines, which...

The Covid-19 pandemic has triggered the sharpest and deepest contraction of GDP (Gross Domestic Product) in the history of capitalism as globalisation has gone into reverse. International supply chains, which were once the exemplars of organised production and the backbone of trade, have collapsed; an emphasis on the national economy is back. Overs...

This study argues, contrary to the projection by the international financial institutions India as one of the ‘success stories’ of pro-market reforms and is likely to emerge as a giant economy in the twenty-first century, the economic transformations of India and China needs to be examined more carefully. Such perceptions have been boosted by its h...

Conference Paper (2020) Title- Investigating the barriers of Building Information Modelling (BIM) implementation in the higher education in Morocco. Shibani, A., Awwad, K.A., Ghostin, M., and Siddiqui, K.

Introduction The question about the forces that shaped the slave trade in the pre-industrial Europe is still not settled. The overwhelming number of slaves originated from Africa and the mass shipping of African people from their countries to the Americas was exclusively done by European, including Britain, who was both leading forces in transporti...

The aim of this paper is to evaluate how the economic gulf between advanced and less-developed countries might be narrowed by analysing the progress of their economies in historical perspective. It is an important question for the 21st century whether countries in Asia, Africa and Latin America are capable of economic convergence with the West. To...

The UK's low levels of output per hour of labour and their productivity relative to other advanced economies is a matter for concern. The UK's productivity is a little over three-quarters that of Germany, the US, and France, and the about same as Italy. Furthermore, according to the OECD, it has been stagnant since 2007. Productivity is an importan...

The relative decline of the U.S. as a global economic power is clear, and can be seen in the statistics. However, the U.S. decline is nevertheless a slow one, and carries all sorts of unprecedented dangers for the world. The U.S. is definitely in a less powerful position than previously with respect to production, but it is still successfully sipho...

Objective: This study investigates the issue of global imbalances by exploring, in a historical context, the interconnections between the United States current account imbalances and the processes underlying allocative inefficiency, financialisation and austerity politics.Research Design & Methods: A comprehensive review of published studies is the...

The United States has been running deficits on current accounts since the early 1990s. The current account deficits and surplus have caused dislocations in both developing and advanced economies. A recent study by Bullard et al. (2017) noted that the US economy is still the world’s largest economy and, according to the authors, between 2008-15 ther...

Although we acknowledge that, throughout history, commodities have been used as money "things" or money "signifiers", commodities have never been money itself. We believe that the conflation of money with money "things" (commodities) in this way constitutes an ontological or category error. Austrian School economists and their Anglo-American neo-cl...

Alongside the human costs, cuts have hurt our economy, and we've now reached a dangerous tipping point, say Joseph Stiglitz, Ha-Joon Chang and 111 others Letters, Sunday 19 Nov 2017, The Guardian Public sector workers protest against cuts. Photograph: Oli Scarff/Getty Images Seven years of austerity has destroyed lives. An estimated 30,000 excess d...

The notable economists argue that after "ten years of near zero productivity growth" and "public services under intolerable strain" which a "hard Brexit would only make worse," Britain needs the "serious injection of public investment that the Labour Party manifesto promises. It's a more political headline than you might expect to see in the Financ...

The notable economists argue that after "ten years of near zero productivity growth" and "public services under intolerable strain" which a "hard Brexit would only make worse," Britain needs the "serious injection of public investment that the Labour Party manifesto promises. It's a more political headline than you might expect to see in the Financ...

The purpose of this study is to analyse the transformation of the Chinese and Indian economies since pro-market reforms were undertaken in 1978 in China and in 1991 in India. India is being projected amongst international financial institutions as one of the 'success stories' of pro-market reforms and is likely to emerge as a giant economy in the 2...

Why do some countries grow faster than others? In this article the author discusses issues related to the economic growth and the 'catching-up' of developing with developed countries.

Financialisation means a relative shift of the economy from one of being production-based to financial-based. In other words, financialisation can be characterised as shift in the centre of gravity of the economy from production to finance. This is resulting in a huge change in economics, trade and society in the advanced economies. Despite the fac...

I think institutions are very important in the building of a democratic and economically prosperous country. All the current developed countries have very efficient and transparent institutions to promote growth and prosperity within them, and it is for this reason the developing countries should learn from developed countries regarding the importa...

For a heavily populated country such as India, the manufacturing sector still seems to be the only path which the traditional economy can take in order to secure better living conditions for the people. Therefore, industrialisation is seen as being crucial to transforming a backward economy with low productivity. By this, we do not mean to suggest...

The relative decline of the U.S. as a global economic power is clear, and can be seen in the statistics. However, the U.S. decline is nevertheless a slow one, and carries all sorts of unprecedented dangers for the world. The U.S. is definitely in a less powerful position than previously with respect to production, but it is still successfully sipho...

The BJP came to power in 2014 because it projected an image of a party that would address the economic difficulties of the people, such as the rising unemployment, the severe problems in the agricultural sector, and rising inequality. However, in the subsequent five years, these problems remained; the promise of creating jobs remains unfulfilled, a...

The objective of this study is to examine India's transformation from a colonial to a modern economy on the basis of the macroeconomic level changes that have occurred over the last century. This is important because it will help us to understand the associated growth performance and its impact on sectoral changes and employment in the wider contex...

One Belt and One Road, China’s Massive Infrastructure Project to Boost Trade and Economy: An Overview by Kalim Siddiqui International critical thought, 2019. pp.1-23 Abstract The ‘One Belt One Road’ is essentially a transport route, but as a trade corridor it also incorporates industrial zones, gas pipelines, power plants, seaports and airports...

Agriculture, WTO, Trade liberalisation, and Food Security Challenges in the Developing Countries Kalim Siddiqui I will discuss herein the impact of trade liberalization (i.e., free trade) on the agricultural sector and also food security in the developing countries. The WTO (World Tarde Organisation) entered into force in 1995 as the most powerful...

This article intends to examine the issues of public debt and austerity policy in the United Kingdom. It attempts to provide an evaluation of fiscal policy under neoliberalism and to consider the relationship between this policy and the macroeconomic performance of the United Kingdom economy. There also seem to be ambiguities among the policy maker...