Kalam Azad

• Doctor of Philosophy
• Lecturer at Central Queensland University

Prospective feedstock Heat release rate Biodiesel blends NO x emission A B S T R A C T The study conducted an experimental investigation of diesel engine performance, emissions, and combustion characteristics using Tucuma and Ungurahui biodiesel blends. Higher yield (greater than 99.4%), lower viscosity than diesel, and higher cetane number of thes...

The biodiesel production process is extensively studied in the literature, focusing on mechanisms, modeling, and economic aspects, yet plant design and fluid flow losses remain underexplored areas. The study addressed this gap by designing a biodiesel production plant, analyzing flow losses, and developing a pipe network and suitable pump models. I...

The increasing price of conventional fossil fuels and their harmful impacts on climate change have led to an interest in the production and utilization of electric vehicles in the transport sector. Hydrogen fuel cells (FCs) are extensively used as a power source for electric vehicles because they are cheap to produce, easy to transport, and leave b...

In diesel engines, emission formation inside the combustion chamber is a complex phenomenon. The combustion events inside the chamber occur in microseconds, affecting the overall engine performance and emissions characteristics. This study opted for using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) to investigate the combustion patterns and how these events...

Hydrogen is considered one of the most abundantly available elements all over the globe. It is available in the environment in most common substances like methane, water, and sugar. In the case of hydrogen, the energy density is almost three times more than gasoline, making it useful for energy storage and electricity production. Hydrogen is used i...

The increasing price of conventional fossil fuels and their harmful impacts on climate change have led to an interest in the production and utilization of electric vehicles in the transport sector. Hydrogen fuel cells (FCs) are extensively used as a power source for electric vehicles because they are cheap to produce, easy to transport, and leave b...

The School of Engineering and Technology of Central Queensland University focuses on the continuous development and innovation of best learning and teaching practices to increase student retention and improve their learning experiences. Face to face and distance learning (teaching delivery models) are fundamental aspects of providing quality suppor...

Hydrogen Energy Conversion and Management presents the challenges and solutions to the use of hydrogen as the significant energy source of the future. With a focus on the theory and recent technological developments, this book comprehensively addresses the production, storage, and real-world applications of hydrogen. Divided into four sections, Sec...

The growing interest in hydrogen production arises from its higher energy density, making it an attractive option for energy storage and fuel applications. However, hydrogen production relies heavily on fossil fuels, producing substantial CO2 emissions. Meanwhile, the organic fraction of municipal solid waste (OFMSW), which constitutes a significan...

The study presents an experimental investigation of two new ternary biodiesel blends, namely, ManCr_Pa (a mixture of Mandarin, Crambe biodiesel and paraffin as an additive) and AvBn_Pa (mix of Avocado, Bush nut biodiesel and paraffin) by modifying the critical fuel properties closer to the diesel fuel. Those ternary blends’ performance, emission an...

The study presents an experimental investigation of two new ternary biodiesel blends, namely, ManCr_Pa (a mixture of Mandarin, Crambe biodiesel and paraffin as an additive) and AvBn_Pa (mix of Avocado, Bush nut biodiesel and paraffin) by modifying the critical fuel properties closer to the diesel fuel. Those ternary blends' performance, emission an...

This study numerically analyses the effects of chamber modifications to investigate the improvement of in-cylinder combustion characteristics of the diesel engine using a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) approach. Five different modified chambers, namely, the double swirl combustion chamber (DSCC), bathtub combustion chamber (BTCC), double toroid...

Hydrogen is one of the prospective clean energies that could potentially address two pressing areas of global concern, namely energy crises and environmental issues. Nowadays, fossil-based technologies are widely used to produce hydrogen and release higher greenhouse gas emissions during the process. Decarbonizing the planet has been one of the maj...

Co/TiO2–MgAl2O4 was investigated in a fixed bed reactor for the dry reforming of methane (DRM) process. Co/TiO2–MgAl2O4 was prepared by modified co-precipitation, followed by the hydrothermal method. The active metal Co was loaded via the wetness impregnation method. The prepared catalyst was characterized by XRD, SEM, TGA, and FTIR. The performanc...

Citation: Mazhar, A.; Khoja, A.H.; Azad, A.K.; Mushtaq, F.; Naqvi, S.R.; Shakir, S.; Hassan, M.; Liaquat, R.; Anwar, M. Performance Analysis of TiO 2-Modified Co/MgAl 2 O 4 Catalyst for Dry Reforming of Methane in a Fixed Bed Reactor for Syngas (H 2 , CO) Production. Energies 2021, 14, 3347. https://doi. Abstract: Co/TiO 2-MgAl 2 O 4 was investigat...

Noteworthy advancements are seen in developing the earth-air heat exchanger (EAHE) models in the past several decades to reduce building energy consumption. However, it is still an ongoing challenge in selecting and implementing the most suitable and appropriate EAHE modelling technique in buildings based on the climates, performance, and limitatio...

Combined track defects (multiple types of track defects occurring in the same vicinity of a track section) pose greater challenges and risks for train operational safety. This study proposed a method to identify severe track defect combinations that pose greater risks for vehicle derailments. The method includes three main stages. The first stage u...

In modern applications, wind turbines are gaining in height and becoming larger in size, as well as being installed in complex, mountainous, and hilly terrain to produce large amounts of energy for neighboring populations and industries. However, one must keep in mind that the efficiency of a wind farm is greatly affected by inaccurate wind resourc...

Hydroenergy is one of the cleanest and zero-emission renewable energy sources on the planet. This study presents a state-of-the-art review on efficient technologies for energy production from hydroenergy resources. The global renewable energy production scenario from 1990 to 2017 have been analyzed for the potential of hydroenergy throughout the wo...

Biodiesels are renewable fuel that may be produced from various feedstock using different techniques. It is endorsed in some countries of the world as a viable substitute to diesel fuel. While biodiesel possesses numerous benefits, the cold flow properties (CFP) of biodiesel in comparison with petro-diesel are significantly less satisfactory. This...

In this paper, a proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) is implemented as a grid-connected electrical generator that uses hydrogen gas as fuel and air as an oxidant to produce electricity through electrochemical reactions. Analysis demonstrated that the performance of the PEMFC greatly depends on the rate of fuel supply and air supply pressure....

To explore the effect of hybrid fuels containing microalgae, ethanol, methanol and diesel fuel (base fuel) were blends on combustion, performance and emission characteristics and compare with base fuel. The hybrid fuels were calculated using a single-cylinder, four-stroke, naturally aspirated engine, water-cooled, direct injection, diesel engine wa...

Biodiesel is an alternative, eco-friendly and renewable source of energy. It can be produced from a wide range of feedstocks which can be grown in marginal land use. It has drawn more attention to the researchers. In this study, the oil extraction, biodiesel conversion, and physiochemical properties of Macadamia (Macadamia integrifolia) and Grapese...

The study focused on the numerical investigation for predicting engine performance and emission for a diesel engine using different fuels. The study reviewed recent literature on the effect of biofuels blend for maximizing the emission reduction for a sustainable environment. The key issues with the existing fuels have been briefly discussed in thi...

This study presents computational fluid dynamics (CFD) modelling results obtained for the first cycle on a sensible thermal energy storage system based on rocks and pebbles freely poured into a mild steel tank. This study is primarily focused on proposing a plan to find an optimized particle size for the packed bed storage using various heat transf...

Non-edible Jojoba biodiesel blended with diesel was tested for use as a substitute fuel for diesel engines. The main objective of this study was to analyse the combustion and emission characteristics of Jojoba biodiesel blends (5%, 10% and 20%) and compare the results with that of standard diesel to identify suitable alternatives. Experiments were...

The study deals with the lubrication characteristics of ternary fuel mixture blends to assess diesel engine durability by using better performing fuels, namely Mandarin Crambe and Paraffin (ManCr_Pa) and Avocado Bush nut and Paraffin (AvBn_Pa). Tribological parameters of friction coefficient, wear, and lubrication stability were measured to assess...

Mandarin (Citrus reticulata) is one of the most popular fruits in tropical and sub-tropical countries around the world. It contains about 22–34 seeds per fruit. This study investigated the potential of non-edible mandarin seed oil as an alternative fuel in Australia. The seeds were prepared after drying in the oven for 20 h to attain an optimum moi...

This paper aims to investigate the effect of the addition of 5% alcohol (butanol) with biodiesel-diesel blends on the performance, emissions, and combustion of a naturally aspirated four stroke multi-cylinder diesel engine at different engine speeds (1200 to 2400 rpm) under full load conditions. Three types of local Australian biodiesel, namely mac...

The study investigated the prospect of Macadamia biodiesel as a sustainable and alternative fuel for diesel engine in the transport sector in Australia. The crude vegetable oil is converted to biodiesel by the transesterification reaction with potassium methoxide as a catalyst at 60 °C for one hour. The fatty acid composition and fuel properties of...

Macadamia, an oil-enriched Queensland bush nut, is one of the Australian native species. In this study, crude vegetable oil was extracted from Macadamia nuts by the n-hexane (98%) method and converted to biodiesel by a transesterification reaction. The reaction utilized potassium methoxide as a catalyst with a reaction temperature of 60°C for 60 mi...

In this study, eight different numerical methods have been investigated to identify more effective methods for efficiently determining the value of Weibull factors (k and c) to estimate wind energy potential. To achieve the goal, the study used nine statistical test tools including relative percentage of error, root mean square error, mean percenta...

Clean Energy for Sustainable Development: Comparisons and Contrasts of New Approaches presents information on the fundamental challenge that the energy sector faces with regard to meeting the ever growing demand for sustainable, efficient, and cleaner energy. The book compares recent developments in the field of energy technology, clean and low emi...

This study critically reviewed the prospects, feedstocks and challenges of biodiesel production from two non-edible oil sources, namely Beauty leaf oil (BLT) (Calophyllum inophyllum) and Castor oil (Ricinus communis). The recent developments and the lifecycle assessment (LCA) of these species such as their habitat, growth, oil content, free fatty a...

The present study explored the effects of perforated double counter twisted tapes on heat transfer and fluid friction characteristics in a heat exchanger tube. The twisted tapes with four different porosities of Rp = 1.2, 4.6, 10.4 and 18.6% were used as counter-swirl flow generators in the test section. The experiments were conducted in a circular...

This chapter deals with the heat and mass transfer characteristics of petroleum fluid before decomposition into gasoline, kerosene, naphtha, diesel, etc. A convection–radiation heating furnace has been designed as a heating source of the petroleum fluid and different characteristics of the fluid in various processes of heating and cooling have been...

The study investigated the engine performance and emission using biodiesel from soybean oil and waste cooking oil. The fuel properties of these biodiesels were determined using ASTM D6751and EN 14214 standards. The fuels were tested in a multi-cylinder diesel engine with an electromagnetic dynamometer and a 5-gas analyser was used for emission anal...

Biofuels are renewable eco-fuel, produced from biological resources. They are classified into 1st, 2nd and 3rd generations based on their feedstocks. The 2nd and 3rd generation biofuels are called advanced and sustainable biofuel. The study reviewed and discussed about socioeconomic aspects of the sustainable biofuel in Australia because economy is...

The biodiesel is a potential source of alternative fuel which can be used at different proportions with diesel fuel. This study experimentally investigated the effect of blend percentage on diesel engine performance and emission using first generation (soybean) and second generation (waste cooking) biodiesel. The characterization of the biodiesel w...

Moringa oleifera is one of the most widely cultivated crops in tropical and subtropical areas in the world. The common name is drumstick which contains 6 to10 seeds. The matured seeds yield 38-40% of colourless and odorless vegetable oil. The oil contains concentrated oleic acid which has the potential to be used as a biodiesel. The study reviewed...

Increasing oil prices and global warming activates the research and development of substitute energy resources to maintain economic development. The methyl esters of vegetable oil, known as biodiesel are becoming popular because of their low ecological effect and potential as a green substitute for compression ignition engine. Diesel engines are mo...

This article deals with the Australian total energy consumption related to economic growth and carbon dioxide (CO2) emission in which total energy consumption is sub-divided into renewable and non-renewable energy consumption. The aim of this study is to determine the nexus between all energy elements with gross domestic product and CO2 emission us...

Wind energy is one of the fastest growing sectors in renewable energy. These energy resources are freely available throughout the world. It is one of the zero emission energy sources. The wind energy is used mainly for two purposes namely irrigation (water pumping) and electricity generation. The prospect of wind energy can be analyzed by different...

In this study, the oil extraction process from Australian native beauty leaf seed has been optimised in terms of seed preparation and cracking, seed kernel treatment, moisture content and oil extraction methods. Two methods: mechanical oil extraction using an electric powered screw press and chemical oil extraction using n-hexane as an oil solvent...

An experimental investigation was accomplished to evaluate the performance of heat transfer for turbulent flow through a tube with helical tape inserts. The mild steel helical tape inserts with different twist ratios of 1.88, 3.13, 4.69, 6.41 and 7.81 were used in the flow field. Heat transfer and pressure drop data were prompted for a wide range o...

Biofuel Energy scenario First generation biofuel Second generation biofuel World biofuel scenario Biofuel supply chain a b s t r a c t The prospect of biofuels as a transport alternative fuel in Australia is reviewed and discussed in this paper. The Australian transport sector is the second largest energy consuming sector which consumes about 24% o...

The extensive use of fossil fuels is depleting its reserve and produces harmful emission causing environmental issues. Hence, considerable attention has been given to alternative sources such as biodiesel. Currently, biodiesel is mainly produced from conventionally grown edible oil plants thus leading to a competition of usage of food versus fuel....

The Australian economy is dependent on energy use now and in the future because Australia is endowed with abundant, high quality and diverse energy resources, including both renewable and non-renewable resources. The major energy utilization sectors are electricity generation, transport sector and manufacturing which accounts in combination for mor...

Used plastic polymer is one of the major wastes in the developed countries like Australia. Australia is spending a lot of money each year to process solid wastes in land filling which are not biodegradable and can be a threat to the environment in the long run. About 19% of the overall plastic wastes are recycled every year in Australia. The incine...

In this paper, the optimum design, operation and control philosophy were studied to minimize the process losses in a condensate fractionation plant. Pinch analysis was done for optimum energy usage in the plant. Energy losses once identified can be reduced with little investment. Remarkable savings can be obtained through an energy saving program....

In this study, the wind speed data has been statistically analyzed using Weibull distribution to find out wind energy conversion characteristics of Hatiya Island in Bangladesh. Two important parameters like Weibull shape factor "k" and Weibull scale factor "c" have been calculated by four methods. The probability density function f(x), cumulative d...

Biomass is one of the prospective sources of renewable energy to produce electricity in different countries in the world. Bangladesh has more potential for biomass resources for electricity generation. For this reason, it can be considered as one of the prospective countries for bio-energy generation. The objective of this work is to analyze the fe...

The discovery of automobile vehicles is the blessing to human being from engineering and science. The uses of automobile are increasing day-by-day as a transport vehicle. The majority of the transport vehicles are powered by traditional petroleum fuel such as gasoline, octane, diesel etc. The price of these transport fuels are also increasing world...

In the study, the statistical fittings of wind speed distribution for isolated islands has been carried out. Ten years wind speed data has been collected from Bangladesh meteorological department. The data has been shorted in sequence of appropriate frequency like hourly, daily, monthly and annually mean wind speed. Two important parameters like We...

Microalgae are the photosynthetic single-celled microorganism with a microscopic diameter of only 3-8 microns. It has survived over 2.5 billion years due to its unique outer cell wall. The self-rejuvenation and rapid growth (4 new cells every 17 to 20 hours) helps to produce lipids, proteins and carbohydrates in large amounts over a short period of...

The second generation (2G) biofuels are produced from non-edible feedstocks such as waste vegetable oils and fats, non-food crops, forestry residues, various types of biomass sources. The 2G biofuels are not being produced commercially yet in Australia because it requires more sophisticated processing equipment, more investment per unit fuel produc...

The best Weibull distribution methods for the assessment of wind energy potential at different altitudes in desired locations are statistically diagnosed in this study. Seven different methods, namely graphical method (GM), method of moments (MOM), standard deviation method (STDM), maximum likelihood method (MLM), power density method (PDM), modifi...

The oil extraction and biodiesel preparation from Karanja oil have different available methods namely acid catalyzed trans-esterification, acid catalyzed two-step and three-step method etc. The available methods are studied for biodiesel preparation from Karanja oil. The biodiesel conversion by esterification reaction may contain some moisture whic...

Wind Energy Resource Mapping (WERM) project for Bangladesh was the first of its kind in the country to make a reliable wind energy database, on the basis of which future wind energy conversion systems (WECS) could be installed without failure. The initiative was taken as a part of fulfilling the objectives of our National Renewable Energy Policy to...

Australia is the world's 9 th largest energy producer, 17 th largest consumer of non-renewable energy resources and ranks 18 th on a per person energy consumption basis. Australia's energy consumption is primarily composed of non-renewable energy resources (coal, oil, gas and related products), which represent 96% of total energy consumption. Renew...

Energy disaster is one of the major obstacles in the progress of human society. There are some on-going researches to overcome this for a sustainable environment. Green roof system is one of them which assist to reduce energy consumption of the buildings. The green roof system for a building involves a green roof that is partially or completely cov...

Currently, Australia is consuming 1st generation feedstock as a k ey source for the production of biofuel, but progressively moving towards 2nd generation biofuels. The 1st generation biofuels are extracted from sugars and vegetable oils found in arable crops, like soybean oil, sunflower oil, olive oil, canola oil, etc. using conventional technolog...

Energy is indispensable for modern civilization. Fossil fuel is still the main source of energy but the huge consumption of fossil fuel has brought its reserve about to an end. As a result, fuel prices are gouging as a consequence of spiralling demand and diminishing supply. So, it's an important challenge to search alternative and cost effective f...

In this study, the performance of a direct injection diesel engine was investigated experimentally using 1st generation bio-fuel blends with fossil fuel like kerosene. The 1st generation bio-fuel (mustard oil) has been produced without trans-esterification reaction and blended with kerosene oil by volume in approximate percentages which have been n...

Natural gas (NG) is naturally generated gas mixture lying under the earth and collected from gas well directly. Natural gas emits little amount of pollutant when it burns and is buried around the world widely. Because of these properties, NG is receiving attention as low-carbon, eco-friendly alternative fuels. It is the major energy source of our c...

The steady state simulation of condensate fractionation plant was carried out using Hysys 3.2 Process Simulator. The condensate is the byproduct, produced by processing of natural gas which contains mostly C 2 to C 16 Varieties of products are obtained from fractionation of natural gas condensate. Heavy parts of it are used as diesel whereas the li...

The experimental investigation offers a comprehensive study of DI diesel engine performance using bio-diesel from mustard oil blends with kerosene. The vegetable oil without trans-esterification reaction have been blended with kerosene oil by volume in some percentage like 20%, 30%, 40% and 50% which have been named as M20 (20% mustard, 80% kerosen...

In the study, the statistical analysis of wind speed data has been carried out for different locations of Bangladesh over the period of ten years from 1998 to 2007. The hourly measured wind speed data above 30 m height has been collected from Bangladesh meteorological department and sorted in sequence of appropriate frequency like hourly, daily, mo...

The study presents the statistical analysis of wind data at different location of Bangladesh over a period of years. The data has been shorted in sequence of appropriate frequency as hourly, daily and monthly mean wind speed. Two important parameters like Weibull’s shape factor “k” and Weibul’sl scale factor “c” have been obtained from the data. We...

This study offers comprehensive details on the use of bio-fuel as a viable and alternative source of energy. The bio-fuel was prepared from vegetable oil, i.e., mustard oil and tested in a diesel engine in both pure form and as a diesel blend. The mustard oil blend proportions were 20%, 30%, 40% and 50% and named as bio-diesel blends B20, B30, B40...

This paper highlights research related to wind energy in Bangladesh which originated as early as in 1979 in collaboration with Free University of Brussels (FUB), Belgium through contacts with the ministry of Co-operation and Development, Government of Belgium and Bangladesh Embassy in Brussels. Some organizations like GTZ, LGED, BCAS, BUET, and BCS...

This paper presents an experimental investigates of the heat transfer performance of looped parallel thermosyphon which consists of two single tube thermosyphon connected by two U tubes of same diameter at the top and bottom ends. For this purpose, the copper tube of 5.78 mm ID used with ethanol, methanol, acetone and water as the working fluid. He...

An experimental study was made on bio-diesel prepared from vegetable oil i.e. mustard oil has been presented in this article. Without trans-esterification reaction, the mustard oil has been blended with diesel in different proportion of 20%, 30%, 40% and 50% and named as bio-diesel bland B20, B30, B40, and B50. During the fuel and bio-fuel have bee...

This paper presents an experimental investigates of the bio-diesel preparation from vegetable oil i.e. mustard oil. First time, the bio-diesel has been prerared by trans-esterification reaction or chemical process and blend in different proportion with diesel fuel. Again, without trans-esterification reaction, the mustard oil has been blended with...

In the study, the wind characteristics in the hilly or ridge areas of Bangladesh were made. The wind data have been collected from the SRE project/LGED, in collaboration with BUET, and it has been taken up a study entitled "Wind Energy Resource Mapping (WERM)". There are three sites have been chosen for this work because of their completeness and r...

The Preparation of bio-diesel from non-edible vegetable oil i.e. Jatropha Curcus oil is selected for the study. The fuel properties of diesel & different diesel bio-diesel blends were determined and compared to each other. The diesel & diesel-bio-diesel blends were used for engine performance study and emission test. BMEP, bsfc, and Brake thermal e...

Abstract—New and distinct characteristics of wind properties of different locations were discovered during the analyses of wind data available from the Wind Energy Resource Mapping project for Bangladesh. Several researches have been carried out with these data and from their results, some irregularities (due to the country's extreme features, such...

The study presents the statistical analysis of wind data at windy location of Bangladesh over a period of 20 years. The data has been shorted in sequence of appropriate frequency as hourly, daily and monthly mean wind speed. Two important parameters Weibull's shape factor "k" and Weibull's scale factor "c" have been obtained from the data. Weibull'...

The paper presents the analysis of wind speed data for five windy sites and appropriate wind turbine design for electricity generation in Bangladesh. The data has been collected from the Wind Energy Resource Mapping (WERM) project for Bangladesh. The wind speed data has been measured at 20 m height from ground level. The data have been shorted in t...