Kaja Damnjanović

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• PhD
• Associate Professor/Senior Research Associate at University of Belgrade – Faculty of Philosophy

Overcoming the COVID-19 pandemic, which resulted in great loss of life worldwide and shook the global economy, required individuals' willingness and ability to behave prosocially. To contribute to the understanding of predictors of prosociality, we used multilevel models to test three previously established pathways to prosocial behavior, which we...

Numerous psychological models of the rationality of human thinking have been developed since the middle of the last century within the line of research known as the heuristics and biases approach, descriptive theory of rationality or decision-making, complex cognition, or the psychology of rational thinking. The focal processes or phenomena are rea...

Foreign language effect (FLE) refers to the observed differences in responding to judgment and decision-making problems presented in native (L1) or foreign language (L2). The present research aimed to investigate whether L2 use could impact the judgment of bullshit, and, provided that the impact is observed, if the mechanisms behind the FLE could r...

Istraživanja i praksa pokazuju da je u našem zdravstvenom sistemu (ZS) pasivnost žene tokom porođaja normalizovana, te da reprezentaciju žene kao nužno pasivne imaju i zaposleni u ZS, ali i žene korisnice ZS. Cilj istraživanja je stoga bio da ispitamo koji činioci povezani sa iskustvom sa ZS oblikuju takvu normalizaciju pasivnosti žene. Ispitanice...

https://osf.io/preprints/psyarxiv/6s8ka - full text available Pseudo-profound bullshit refers to statements designed to impress but lacking in meaning. Due to the discrepancy between philosophical and psychological perspectives on bullshit, there is limited empirical evidence supporting its defining characteristics. This study aimed to test wheth...

The book is a collection of papers that provides a systematic account of a number of cognitive biases and fallacies identified by Kahneman and Tversky, as well as many subsequent researchers. 28 chapters and preface, index - all put together by 35 regional authors. In the collection, one chapter is dedicated to each individual cognitive phenomenon,...

classification of cognitive biases and fallacies

The risky-choice framing effect refers to the change in risk preference due to the emphasis on either positive or negative aspects of the options we choose from. It is one of the earliest described cognitive biases, grounded in Kahneman & Tversky’s Prospect Theory. The paper illustrates the classic “Asian Disease” problem, then explains the Prospec...

Game demo: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rjT0oq33msQ

Background Women’s role as patients is associated with power relationships embedded in society. Although trust in the health care system is a general prerequisite for positive health outcomes, practices regarding women’s agency in healthcare systems in Southeastern Europe reinforce women’s passivity. Most of the current psychological measures of tr...

The onset of the COVID-19 pandemic saw a shift toward a more traditional division of labor–one where women took greater responsibility for household tasks and childcare than men. We tested whether this regressive shift was more acutely perceived and experienced by women in countries with greater gender equality. Cross-cultural longitudinal survey d...

The pseudo-profound bullshit pertains to meaningless statements made to impress. Because of the disparity between philosophical and psychological approaches to bullshit, there is a lack of empirical proof supporting its features. The aim of the study was thus to test if those are indeed the distinctive characteristics of bullshit and if they influe...

The present study investigates the predictive contribution of generalized trust (in a relatively large circle of unfamiliar others, e.g., the authorities, healthcare system, alternative medicine) and particularized trust (in significant others, such as family members and friends) and vaccination knowledge in explaining the youth's vaccination inten...

This study evaluates the impact of experimental mediums, serious games and traditional online surveys, on decision-making processes, risk assessment, and the risky choice framing effect bias.

Virus mitigation behavior has been and still is a powerful means to fight the COVID-19 pandemic irrespective of the availability of pharmaceutical means (e.g., vaccines). We drew on health behavior theories to predict health-protective (coping-specific) responses and hope (coping non-specific response) from health-related cognitions (vulnerability,...

Ljudsko mišljenje može se opisati kroz interakciju dva tipa kognitivne obrade-obrade tipa 1 koja je brza, intuitivna i nezavisna od radne memorije (RM) i obrade tipa 2 koja je spora, promišljena i ograničena kapacitetima RM. Na ovoj distinkciji počivaju teorije dualnih procesa koje su pristrasno rasuđivanje pripisivale sistematski pogrešnim, heuris...

The interrelatedness of social-structural aspects and psychological features with vaccination intention provides the context to explore personal psychological features related to vaccination. Specifically, we focused on general decision making and vaccine-related dispositions, and their contribution to the intention to vaccinate, within post-pandem...

The interrelatedness of social-structural aspects and psychological features with the vaccination intention provides the context to explore personal psychological fea-tures related to general decision-making and vaccine-related dispositions, and their contribution to the intention to vaccinate, within post-pandemic circumstances, after the imposed...

Kognitivni sistem; mišljenje, suđenje, zaključivanje, odlučivanje; normativne teorije odlučivanja, deskriptivne teorije odlučivanja; heuristike i kognitivne pristrasnosti; zadaci za kognitivne pristrasnosti; teorije dualnih procesa

Some public officials have expressed concern that policies mandating collective public health behaviors (e.g., national/regional “lockdown”) may result in behavioral fatigue that ultimately renders such policies ineffective. Boredom, specifically, has been singled out as one potential risk factor for noncompliance. We examined whether there was emp...

The present study investigates the predictive contribution of generalized and particularized trust and vaccination knowledge in explaining youth’s vaccination intention, as well as the moderating role of the vaccination status in the previously mentioned relationships. A total of 311 adolescents and emerging adults (aged 15 to 25, Mage = 21.19, SD...

Trust in the healthcare system is one of the prerequisites for positive treatment outcomes. Studies continuously show positive association between trust and patients’ desirable health behaviours, such as sticking to the recommended therapy. Being a quintessential social role, the role of women as patients is associated with other relations of power...

У раду су приказани развој и главни принципи теоријско-емпиријског приступа дуалности когнитивне обраде, области психологије мишљења у оквиру које се испитују систематска одступања људског мишљења од нормативно дефинисане рационалности. Приказана је кровна идеја психолошких приступа рационалности, која се односи на то да постоје два вида мишљења ко...

Modern physics encompasses theoretical and experimental research divided in subfields with specific features. For instance, high energy physics (HEP) attracts significant funding and has distinct organizational structures, i.e., large laboratories and cross-institutional collaborations. Expensive equipment and large experiments create a specific wo...

The COVID-19 pandemic (and its aftermath) highlights a critical need to communicate health information effectively to the global public. Given that subtle differences in information framing can have meaningful effects on behavior, behavioral science research highlights a pressing question: Is it more effective to frame COVID-19 health messages in t...

Are referendum campaigns involving issues about sovereignty more likely to succeed if framed in a positive rather than a negative way? We ran a survey on a hypothetical referendum on a peace agreement between Serbia and Kosovo to answer this question, and we experimentally simulated both positive and negative frames. We found that the positive camp...

The COVID-19 pandemic has increased negative emotions and decreased positive emotions globally. Left unchecked, these emotional changes might have a wide array of adverse impacts. To reduce negative emotions and increase positive emotions, we tested the effectiveness of reappraisal, an emotion-regulation strategy that modifies how one thinks about...

Economic inequality is associated with preferences for smaller, immediate gains over larger, delayed ones. Such temporal discounting may feed into rising global inequality, yet it is unclear whether it is a function of choice preferences or norms, or rather the absence of sufficient resources for immediate needs. It is also not clear whether these...

While the COVID-19 pandemic affected everyone, not everyone‘s experience of the pandemic is the same. Young people, for example, were not considered a risk group, but from a public health perspective, successful mitigation of the outbreak calls for coordinated effort across generations. The aim of the study was to explore the »generational view« of...

Vaccination has a significant impact on morbidity and mortality. High vaccination coverage rates are required to achieve herd protection against vaccine-preventable diseases. However, limited vaccine access and hesitancy among specific communities represent significant obstacles to this goal. This review provides an overview of critical factors ass...

Anxiety associated with the COVID-19 pandemic and home confinement has been associated with adverse health behaviors, such as unhealthy eating, smoking, and drinking. However, most studies have been limited by regional sampling, which precludes the examination of behavioral consequences associated with the pandemic at a global level. Further, few s...

Significance Communicating in ways that motivate engagement in social distancing remains a critical global public health priority during the COVID-19 pandemic. This study tested motivational qualities of messages about social distancing (those that promoted choice and agency vs. those that were forceful and shaming) in 25,718 people in 89 countries...

The present study is a conceptual replication of De Neys & Franssen's (2009) study about the role of belief inhibition in reasoning, operationalized as the change in reaction times to different categories of words presented after a syllogistic reasoning task. As in the original study, we examined the accessibility of cued beliefs after syllogistic...

metacognitive monitoring and syllogistic reasoning

The present paper examines longitudinally how subjective perceptions about COVID-19, one’s community, and the government predict adherence to public health measures to reduce the spread of the virus. Using an international survey ( N = 3040), we test how infection risk perception, trust in the governmental response and communications about COVID-19...

Before vaccines for COVID-19 became available, a set of infection prevention behaviors constituted the primary means to mitigate the virus spread. Our study aimed to identify important predictors of this set of behaviors. Whereas social and health psychological theories suggest a limited set of predictors, machine learning analyses can identify cor...

Anxiety associated with the COVID-19 pandemic and home confinement has been associated with adverse health behaviors, such as unhealthy eating, smoking, and drinking. However, most studies have been limited by regional sampling, which precludes the examination of behavioral consequences associated with the pandemic at a global level. Further, few s...

Understanding the determinants of COVID-19 vaccine uptake is important to inform policy decisions and plan vaccination campaigns. The aims of this research were to: (1) explore the individual- and country-level determinants of intentions to be vaccinated against SARS-CoV-2, and (2) examine worldwide variation in vaccination intentions. This cross-s...

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0256740.].

Pandemija COVID-19 je dugotrajan proces povezan sa dinamičnim promenama unutar društva, psihološkim reakcijama i ponašanjem ljudi. Pored zdravstvenog sistema i ponašanja ljudi, efikasna komunikacija i verodostojni izvori informisanja tokom svake faze epidemije ključni su faktori ublažavanja epidemije. Pozivi na pridržavanje zaštitnih mera i vakcini...

Kalendar vanrednog stanja Odgovor države Srbije na početak epidemije u martu je bio brz, a vanredno stanje u čitavoj zemlji je proglašeno 15. marta 2019. godine, devet dana nakon što je registrovan prvi slučaj zaraze korona-virusom. Kao i u mnogim zemljama sveta, više mera je stupilo na snagu od sredine marta, kada je i po prvi put uvedena zabran...

Tightening social norms is thought to be adaptive for dealing with collective threat yet it may have negative consequences for increasing prejudice. The present research investigated the role of desire for cultural tightness, triggered by the COVID-19 pandemic, in increasing negative attitudes towards immigrants. We used participant-level data from...

Economic inequality is associated with extreme preferences for smaller, immediate gains over larger, delayed ones. This pattern, known as temporal discounting, may feed into rising global inequality, yet it is unclear if it is a function of choice preferences or norms, or rather the absence of sufficient resources to meet immediate needs. It is als...

Results suggest that the two types of reasoning affect the subsequent LD task and that this effect is different for Type 1 and Type 2 processes, while correlations between analytical and heuristic reasoning with IQ, WM capacity and susceptibility to FE remain in the expected direction, but negligible in terms of prediction.

The results indicate that the people who have the tendency for open-minded and analytical thinking choose higher-quality responses on SB stimuli, while lower quality responses are related to heuristical thinking. Hence, it is possible to conclude that SB fits the broader context of cognitive styles, that reversibly can contribute to its manifestati...

During the initial phase of the COVID-19 pandemic, U.S. conservative politicians and the media downplayed the risk of both contracting COVID-19 and the effectiveness of recommended health behaviors. Health behavior theories suggest perceived vulnerability to a health threat and perceived effectiveness of recommended health-protective behaviors dete...

During the initial phase of the COVID-19 pandemic, U.S. conservative politicians and the media downplayed the risk of both contracting COVID-19 and the effectiveness of recommended health behaviors. Health behavior theories suggest perceived vulnerability to a health threat and perceived effectiveness of recommended health-protective behaviors dete...

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has caused a global health crisis. Consequently, many countries have adopted restrictive measures that caused a substantial change in society. Within this framework, it is reasonable to suppose that a sentiment of societal discontent, defined as generalized concern about the precarious state of socie...

The COVID-19 pandemic has increased negative emotions and decreased positive emotions globally. Left unchecked, these emotional changes might have a wide array of adverse impacts. To reduce negative emotions and increase positive emotions, we tested the effectiveness of reappraisal, an emotion-regulation strategy that modifies how one thinks about...

The COVID-19 pandemic has increased negative emotions and decreased positive emotions globally. Left unchecked, these emotional changes might have a wide array of adverse impacts. To reduce negative emotions and increase positive emotions, we tested the effectiveness of reappraisal, an emotion-regulation strategy that modifies how one thinks about...

COVID-19 pandemic is a long-lasting process associated with dynamic changes within society and in individual psychological responses. Effective communication of measures by credible sources throughout the epidemic is one of the crucial factors for the containment of the disease, and the official communication about pandemics is straightforwardly di...

Pseudo-profound bullshit pertains to grammatically and syntactically correct but meaningless sentences, that, due to syntactical correctness appear as made to communicate something and research shows that people deem them profound. However, the effect of differing source credibility on bullshit profoundness evaluations has, to our knowledge, not ye...

Finding communication strategies that effectively motivate social distancing continues to be a global public health priority during the COVID-19 pandemic. This cross-country, preregistered experiment (n = 25,718 from 89 countries) tested hypotheses concerning generalizable positive and negative outcomes of social distancing messages that promoted p...

The parental decision to vaccinate children presents a specific cognitive and emotional challenge, which is further aggravated by the conditions of the Kovid-19 epidemic and the general discourse on vaccination. It is estimated that the first vaccines for children against Covid-19 will be available in early 2022. In this study, we examined whether...

IC is considerably high in the whole sample, though it differs for different examined procedures. IC is strongest when it comes to HIV analysis (69%), followed by DNA analysis (67%), mammography results (64%), and fingerprints (61%), while markedly fewer people believe that the polygraph is absolutely certain (29%).

The illusion of certainty (IC) is a descriptive phenomenon that indicates the tendency to assess the probability or outcomes of a process as completely (100%) certain, i.e. to completely ignore the existence of risk. The cognitive underpinnings of this bias are loss aversion and risk avoidance. In the medical and criminological domain, IC is regist...

The dual-process approach to reasoning postulates that human reasoning may appear in two distinct modes: heuristic, automatic and cognitively cheap (type 1), and analytical, deliberate, and cognitively expensive (type 2). Answers on Cognitive Reflection Test (CRT) cue three types of answers: correct, heuristic (or typical incorrect) and atypical in...

Sklonost ljudi da prilikom rasuđivanja preferiraju jednostavna naspram složenih objašnjenja, zanemarujući eksplanatornu moć takvog objašnjenja, naziva se pristrasnost pojednostaviljivanja (PP; engl. simplicity bias, SP). Ova pristrasnost je registrovana kako u naučnom, tako i u nenaučnom mišljenju. Pristrasnost pojednostavljivanja nalaže da ljudi p...

This paper examines whether compliance with COVID-19 mitigation measures is motivated by wanting to save lives or save the economy (or both), and which implications this carries to fight the pandemic. National representative samples were collected from 24 countries (N = 25,435). The main predictors were (1) perceived risk to contract coronavirus, (...

Pervading global narratives suggest that political polarization is increasing, yet the accuracy of such group meta-perceptions has been drawn into question. A recent US study suggests that these beliefs are inaccurate and drive polarized beliefs about out-groups. However, it also found that informing people of inaccuracies reduces those negative be...

apstrakt: U radu je dat pregled filozofskih razmatranja verbalizama i psiholoških empirijskih istraživanja o istom fenomenu. Prilikom preuzimanja ovog koncepta iz filozofije, psihološka empirija je u prvom talasu istraživanja implicitno promenila i sadržaj i definiciju koncepta, usmeravajući se na aspekte verbalizama, poput indivi-dualnih razlika u...

Abstract The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic is not only a threat to physical health but is also having severe impacts on mental health. Although increases in stress-related symptomatology and other adverse psycho-social outcomes, as well as their most important risk factors have been described, hardly anything is known about potential protective factors. Resi...

Knjiga koja je pred vama rezultat je istraživačke studije u kojoj smo istraživali fenomene vezane za život u uslovima pandemije novog koronavirusa, i to prvenstveno sa psihološke strane. Tema kojom se bavimo nije u potpunosti nova, jer se psiholozi bave društvenim životom ljudi u različitim uslovima još od nastanka psihologije kao nauke. Ipak, kont...

The Coronavirus is highly infectious and potentially deadly. In the absence of a cure or a vaccine, the infection prevention behaviors recommended by the World Health Organization constitute the only measure that is presently available to combat the pandemic. The unprecedented impact of this pandemic calls for swift identification of factors most i...

In this work, we study how social contacts and feelings of solidarity shape experiences of loneliness during the COVID-19 lockdown in early 2020. We draw on cross-national data, collected across four time points between mid-March until early May 2020. We situate our work within the public debate on these issues and discuss to what extent the public...

According to health behavior theories, perceived vulnerability to a health threat and perceived effectiveness of recommended health-protective behaviors determine motivation to follow these recommendations. Because the U.S. President Trump and U.S. conservative politicians downplayed the risk and seriousness of contracting COVID-19 and the effectiv...

The PsyCorona collaboration is a research project to examine processes involved in the COVID-19 pandemic, such as behavior that curbs virus transmission, which may implicate social norms, cooperation, and self-regulation. The study also examines psychosocial consequences of physical distancing strategies and societal lockdown, such as frustration o...

COVID-19 je dugotrajan proces povezan sa dinamičnim promenama unutar društva, psihološkim reakcijama i ponašanjem ljudi. Pored zdravstvenog sistema i ponašanja ljudi, efikasna komunikacija i verodostojni izvori informisanja tokom svake faze epidemije ključni su faktori ublažavanja epidemije. Pozivi na pridržavanje zaštitnih mera usmereni su ka celo...

Numerous studies show that civic education (CE) courses can be successful in increasing students’ political knowledge, but that their effects in changing students’ values are rather limited, reasonably because values do not change as a result of mere “exposure” to CE “messages”. It is noted that only specific “messages”, related to the context (ope...

Campaigns shape one's political decision; it is presumed that the wording of the referendum question can influence the voters' choice trough psychological mechanisms underpinning the attribute framing effect (AFE). We tested this notion in an experimental poll about potential referendum and campaign on the Agreement on the future status of Kosovo a...

The aim of this paper is to analyse the relevance of participatory class climate for the acceptance of democratic values among Serbian students who attend the civic education courses and to analyse the moderating role of students' socioeconomic status. The data collected in the CE evaluation study (N = 1073, 42% of boys) were used. Multiple regress...

A pervading global narrative suggests that political polarisation is increasing in the US and around the world. Beliefs in increased polarisation impact individual and group behaviours regardless of whether they are accurate or not. One driver of polarisation are beliefs about how members of the out-group perceive us, known as group meta-perception...

The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic is not only a threat to physical health but is also having severe impacts on mental health. While increases in stress-related symptomatology and other adverse psycho-social outcomes as well as their most important risk factors have been described, hardly anything is known about potential protective factors. Resilience refers...

Mapping the Moods of COVID-19: Global Study Uses Data Visualization to Track Psychological Responses, Identify Targets for Intervention

This paper examines whether compliance with COVID-19 mitigation measures is motivated by wanting to save lives or save the economy (or both), and which implications this carries to fight the pandemic. National representative samples were collected from 24 countries (N=25,435). The main predictors were (i) perceived risk to contract coronavirus, (ii...

Previous studies suggested that public trust in government is vital for implementations of social policies that rely on public's behavioural responses. This study examined associations of trust in government regarding COVID-19 control with recommended health behaviours and prosocial behaviours. Data from an international survey with representative...

Predmet ovog istraživanja je evaluacija statusa predmeta građansko vaspitanje (GV) i sticanje uvida u eventualne promene statusa kroz poređenje sa rezultatima slične studije sprovedene deset godina ranije (2009. godine). U istraživanju je učestvovalo 1073 učenika/ca, 36 nastavnika/ca i 20 direkto-ra/ki iz 20 srednjih škola sa cele teritorije Srbije...

Nacionalna evaluativna studija o predmetu Gradjansko vaspitanje

In order to create evidence-based policy for fighting homophobia a set of studies was conducted based on and shaped by the Moral Foundations Theory. This theory posits that a set of opinions and attitudes, such as homophobia, can be changed if the message we try to pass on is in line with individual's moral reasoning foundations. Main goal of this...

Prospect theory (PT), conceptualized by Kahneman and Tversky, the first descriptive model of risky decision-making, posits that people make decisions based on the subjective value (and probability) of a certain outcome: the decision maker (DM) will percieve the same "objective" value differently depending on his or hers reference point; which resul...

Biased reasoning can be induced by many variations in JDM tasks. Framing effect (FE) occurs when different descriptions of one situation cause preference reversal, and the outcome bias (OB) denotes a proneness to evaluate a decision based on its outcome. In our study, in order to analyze the relation between two phenomena, we transformed classical...

Pseudo-profound bullshit (PPB) pertains to gramatically and syntactically correct sentences comprised of randomly selected words, designed to impress and not to inform. Research shows that participants deem PPB as profound, and it is assumed that there are two underlying mechanisms: response bias and lesser pronneness to cognitive reflection. Howev...

The dual process framework posits that we reason using the quick System 1, and the deliberate System 2, both of which are part of our “adaptive toolbox”. The Cognitive Reflection Test (CRT) estimates which system was used to solve a reasoning problem. Usually, the CRT tasks are solved incorrectly by using System 1, and correctly through System 2. W...

The aim of this study was twofold: one was to test the impact of the involvement on the parental outcome bias, and the second was to refine the measurement of outcome bias, normally reported as the difference between evaluations of a single decision, with different outcomes assigned to it. We introduced the evaluation of a decision without an outco...

Evaluating logical validity of the deductive syllogisms requires certain amount of cognitive effort, which is a challenge for cognitive miserliness. The question is what happens with cognitive resources, e.g. working memory, after engaging in task of higher cognition. For that purpose, we employed a procedure that consisted of 4 syllogistic reasoni...

Decisions about one's own health range from everyday easy ones, such as taking a vitamin pill, to those made in the situations of life-threatening diseases. When it comes to choosing treatments, patients have difficulty understanding statistical information about the possible outcomes of alternative treatments, such as probabilities and risks. Thes...

Decisions about one's own health range from everyday easy ones, such as taking a vitamin pill, to those made in the situations of life-threatening diseases. When it comes to choosing treatments, patients have difficulty understanding statistical information about the possible outcomes of alternative treatments, such as probabilities and risks. Thes...

Background: The risky choice framing effect pertains to the systematic preference reversal because different aspects, usually gains and losses, of formally identical situations were emphasized. In the domain of health, the effect of framing of choice between alternative treatments might be influenced by pre-existing beliefs about treatments held by...