K. M. Singh

Dr Rajendra Prasad Central Agricultural University Pusa

During the mid-1990s, the Government of India and the World Bank began exploring new approaches to extension that would address these system problems and constraints. The result was a new, decentralized extension approach, which would focus more directly on agricultural diversification and increasing farm income and rural employment. The central in...

Rural Development forms an important agenda of the Government. However, the application of ICT in the Rural Development sector has been relatively slow. The main reasons for this are poor ICT infrastructure in rural areas, poor ICT awareness among agency officials working in rural areas and local language issues. Agriculture is an important sector...

South Asia is home to many rich, traditional systems of medicine (TSM). Ayurvedic system dates back to 5000 B.C. Along with the Unani, Siddha and Tibetan systems, these TSMs remain important source of everyday health and livelihood for tens of millions of people. Himalayan sage-scholars of Traditional Medicine have said “Nanaushadhi Bhootam Jagat K...

The application of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) in agriculture is increasingly important. E-Agriculture is an emerging field focusing on the enhancement of agricultural and rural development through improved information and communication processes. More specifically, e-Agriculture involves the conceptualization, design, developmen...

With the Green Revolution as the bedrock of Indian agriculture, India has increased food production and built adequate food grain stocks. Over the years, the Indian agricultural sector has undergone significant transformation owing to technological advancements, policy reforms, and shifting socio-economic dynamics. With increasing growth in populat...

India is no longer dependent on other land produce especially with respect to food grains, thanks goes to policy planner researcher and the most to our farmers who make this dream to happen in our life time. We have to have worked hard systematically to prove our credential with regards to oilseeds and pulses. India is the world leader in productio...

Climate change is a serious threat to the agrarian economy of Bihar due to persistent droughts, floods, irregular rainfall, etc. The present study was conducted during 2023-24 in Araria district of Bihar to analyze the socioeconomic vulnerability of farm households. In Araria two blocks were selected randomly and, in each blocks, clusters of villag...

Agrotourism, a unique form of tourism focusing on rural and agricultural experiences, has gained considerable attention in India over the past decade. According to the World Economic Forum, the Agrotourism market is expected to reach $62.98 billion by 2027, an increase of 13.4 per cent from its current value of $42.46 billion in 2019. the tourism s...

In this investigation, an attempt has been made to analyse the economic viability of poultry layer farms in the East Godavari district of Andhra Pradesh. The investigation is based on primary data collected from 90 poultry farmers from two randomly selected mandals of East Godavari district by interviewing the respondents during 2020-21. The result...

A sustainable cropping system is needed to ensure profitable, productive and less risky crop production, particularly when the agricultural sector is experiencing climatic uncertainty and price volatility. Hence, the study aims to identify paddy-based cropping systems and their sustainability in the Nellore district of Andhra Pradesh. The study is...

Fisheries and aquaculture are important sectors that provide nutritional security, contribute to agricultural exports, and provide livelihoods to about 28 million fishermen, fish farmers, and other value-chain actors. The study was conducted in two states of Eastern India, i.e. Odisha and Bihar, to estimate the comparative economics of freshwater f...

By 2030, population of India projected to reach 1.5 billion, feeding them to be a challenging task. India needs to produce more food from shrinking per capita arable land, depleting irrigation water and expanding environmental consequences. Since agricultural land is a shrinking resource, the only way left is to enhance productivity per unit of ar...

With India's immense lac resource potential, this diversified "low volume high value" crop serves as a sustainable source of income for the tribal community's existing livelihood options. Keeping this in view, the current study attempts to map the existing lac value chain of seedlac in the two major lac-producing districts of Jharkhand (Ranchi and...

This paper attempts to evaluate the price spread of apples in the Shimla district of Himachal Pradesh. The study is based on primary data collected from three blocks of Shimla district i.e., Jubbal-Kotkhai, Rohru, and Narkanda. A total of 75 farmers were selected from each block. For the marketing study, 10 respondents were selected randomly from e...

Globally, India is one of the leading producers and exportersof Natural Resins and Gums (NRGs),notably lac, guar and karayagums. Lac cultivation has long beenassociated with providing a sustainable source of income for rural peoplewho rely on forest resources for their livelihood and acting as a buffer againstcrop failure. The lac growing belt in I...

Digitalization has brought a revolutionary change in every walk of human life, giving the average person many digital options for payment and settlement. Information communication technology enabled the transformation of our banking system from paper to virtual mode, facilitating speedy and secure fund transfers. Post-demonetization (8 November 201...

Paper Presented in Bihar Agricultural Sciences Academy meeting held at Dr Rajendra Prasad Central Agricultural University, Pusa, India on 22.03.2024

Fishing is an age-old practice and the fisheries sector is vital to India’s economy, which contributes to the primary livelihoods of about 2.8 crores of fishers and many more along the fisheries value chain. Fish and fish products constitute about 17% of India’s total agricultural exports. The sector has been reckoned as a promising contributor to...

Vegetable crops are harder to forecast due to their highly perishable and seasonal nature. Madhya Pradesh recorded the maximum share of area and production under tomato in India at 12.14% and 13.33% respectively. This was followed by the share of Andhra Pradesh (6.79% and 11.13%) and Karnataka (8.31% and 10.17%). The analysis done in the Bhopal mar...

The study was conducted to estimate the cost of groundwater irrigation and the impact of groundwater over-exploitation on the irrigation cost of paddy and maize in the Anantapur district of Andhra Pradesh. Based on the stage of groundwater extraction, the Central Groundwater Board divided the study area into safe and exploited areas. Primary data w...

This article uses Kirkpatrick evaluation model to measure the effectiveness of online training programmes received by heterogeneous farmers for mushroom farming. The study is based on four levels-reaction, learning, behaviour, and result. The reasons for receiving training and barriers to receiving training are highlighted, computed with responses...

Bamboo has socioeconomic , cultural, and ecological significance in India. Approximately, 2 million traditional artisans rely on bamboo for their livelihood. This paper highlights the utilization pattern of bamboo and the economic potential of major bamboo products with special reference to Eastern India. The findings indicate that the products mad...

The present study aims to find out the role of infrastructure in agricultural development for 38 districts of Bihar. The physical, social, and institutional infrastructure index was constructed using the principal component analysis (PCA). The composite infrastructure index was developed by taking arithmetic mean of these three indexes. Agricultura...

Flood plains are frequently exposed to harsh climatic condition which affect agricultural production. This paper aims to investigate the exposure of major crops to extreme climatic events and fluctuation in their prices in Assam and Bihar. The rate of growth in area, production and yield are estimated using compound annual growth rate and Cuddy-Del...

Background: Dairy farming has emerged as an important profitable enterprise in India as it is a source of income, especially for small and marginal farmers;the study aims to understand the reasons for increased profit of dairy farmers of South Indian states. Methods: The present study was undertaken in Southern Indian states during 2020-21 to estim...

As the digital revolution sweeps the globe, each sector of the economy (financial services, taxation and governance, education, healthcare, agriculture, logistics) has witnessed a significant technological amendment. The digital economy creates flexible infrastructure for the demand market of new goods and services, manages price fluctuations, and...

India's development story is considered a conundrum. Recent economic developments have not matched the parallel development in the food security front of the nation. Agriculture and food security are interlinked. Without sustainable agriculture and allied sector development, zero hunger by 2030 can't be achieved. About 21.9% of the population is re...

In this investigation, an attempt has been made to analyze the marketing efficiency of different egg marketing channels and marketing constraints faced by producers and marketing intermediaries in the East Godavari district of Andhra Pradesh. The investigation is based on primary and secondary data collected from 90 poultry farmers and 30 marketing...

The present study was carried out in Chikkaballapur district of Karnataka to assess the marketing costs, value chain of cocoons and constraints faced by women in production and marketing of mulberry silk in the year 2021. The study adopted multistage random sampling for the selection of farmers and intermediaries, 90 and 50 respectively. The market...

Crop diversification in India is generally viewed as a shift from traditionally grown less remunerative crops to more remunerative crops. Bihar is blessed with natural resources, especially water and fertile soil which provide a diversified cropping system. The contribution of agriculture and allied sectors in State's Gross State Value Added (GSVA)...

This book entitled “Growth and Instability of Food Grain Production in Bihar” shall help researchers, academics, scientists and economists in studying growth & instability and cropping pattern of cereals and pulses which come under major crops in Bihar. It will also be helpful in measuring the contribution of different components in agricultural pr...

Women are considered the weaker section in most societies as compared to men. The existing gender inequality has attracted the world's attention, and 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) were set up in 2015. Among 17 SDGs, gender equality is the 5th important goal and is also considered in agriculture. Therefore, the present study aims to assess...

Sudden outbreak of COVID-19 forced the government to announce country wide lockdown and the migrant workers in urban area found themselves jobless. With no source of income, the urban cost of living could not be afforded. This triggered the mass exodus also termed as, reverse migration. Migrants returned back to their native villages only to face h...

An investigation was conducted to study the economic analysis of milk production in Southern India. A total of 240 dairy farmers were selected comprising 80 each from the states of Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka and Tamil Nadu. The study revealed that the average gross maintenance cost of milk production per milch animal per day was higher in crossbred...

As the digital revolution sweeps the globe, each sector of the economy (financial services, taxation and governance, education, healthcare, agriculture, logistics) has witnessed a significant technological amendment. The digital economy creates flexible infrastructure for the demand market of new goods and services, manages price fluctuations, and...

The major global challenges are climate change, environmental problems, and food and nutritional security. The world is eying the bioeconomy as a promising approach to address these problems. Because of a rapidly growing population, urbanization is creating environmental concerns like pollution, climate change, global warming, waste disposal, and n...

The state of Bihar witnessed the ‘Maize revolution’ courtesy the introduction of rabi maize. Being prominently a kharif crop, the production system of maize was constrained by heavy rainfall and the incidence of insects, pests and diseases during kharif months. As Northern Bihar is highly prone to floods and crop losses, the state introduced hybri...

This study reviews groundwater status and management based on the existing literature regarding its resource endowment, hydrogeology, challenges and issues of management and policy suggestions for India. Efficient management requires decoupling groundwater rights from land-ownership rights, changes in electricity pricing and metering, aquifer-based...

There are numerous economic and non-economic factors behind migration. Migrants are pushed out from their native place due to socioeconomic condition. Adversely migrants are pulled into the destinations that offer comparatively high wages and employment opportunities and better living standard, health and educational facilities. Bihar stands next t...

The crop productivity in calcareous soils is low due to their low organic matter content, high pH levels and improper nutrient management without considering the indigenous nutrient supplying capacity and crop yield potential; therefore, this study was conducted for a quantitative assessment of the nutrient supplying capacity of a calcareous soil o...

Trade is the growth engine of any economy. The global trade balances are itself on David Ricardo’s theory of Comparative Advantage, which suggests that a country shall export the commodity in which it can combine its resources efficiently. However, in different stages of food systems, natural resources like water and fossil fuel energy have a criti...

The whole food systems comprising of pre-production, production, and post-production activities. consume a lot more energy and also emits Greenhouse gases. Therefore, energy and food systems have a complex nexus that needs to be interrogated and appropriate sustainable solutions must be aimed at from the perspective of current and future generation...

Market Intelligence for Strengthening Market-led Extension

Background: In India dairy farming is a significant part of the rural population, providing not only supplementary income and nutritional standards but also organic manures and draught power. Andhra Pradesh ranks 5th in total milk production in India with an output of 15.04 million metric tonnes and Chittoor district is one of the leading districts...

The present investigation was conducted to identify value chain actors and assessed the value addition by each actor of chickpea in Kurnool district of Andhra Pradesh. The primary data was collected from 200 respondents in two blocks of Kurnool having higher area under chickpea. The study identified village traders, commission agents, dal millers,...

Cotton (Gossypium spp.), also known as the "white gold" or "king of fibres," is inextricably linked to human civilisation. It has a significant impact on India's economy. In the years 2019-2020, an investigation was conducted in the Bhadradri kothagudem area of Telangana. Inputs, cost and returns, and production data were collected from 120 cotton...

The comparative performance of vegetables and fruits during pre (1991-92 to 2005-06) and post (2006-07 to 2018-19) National Horticultural Mission (NHM) based on secondary data was assessed. The study revealed that the growth rates of area and production of vegetables increased during the post-NHM period, but the productivity marginally declined d...

India is the fourth largest producer of oilseeds and accounts for about 15-20 percent of global oilseeds area, 6-7 percent vegetable oil production and 9-10 percent of total edible oils consumption. Among different oilseeds, groundnut, rapeseed-mustard and soyabean accounts for about 80 percent of area and 87 percent of production of oilseed in the...

India is the fourth largest producer of oilseeds and accounts for about 15-20 percent of global oilseeds area, 6-7 percent vegetable oil production and 9-10 percent of total edible oils consumption. Among different oilseeds, groundnut, rapeseed-mustard and soyabean accounts for about 80 percent of area and 87 percent of production of oilseed in the...

The study was conducted during 2018-2019 to explore the impact of male migration in north-Bihar in empowering women in different domain of household decisions. Five domains namely agricultural production, asset creation, health care, educational decision of children and leadership were considered and women empowerment indices were computed for each...

Cotton (Gossypium spp.), also known as the "white gold" or "king of fibres," is inextricably linked to human civilization. It has a significant impact on India's economy. In the years 2019-2020, an investigation was conducted in the Bhadradri ,Kothagudem area of Telangana. The research identified the socioeconomic characteristics of the cotton grow...

The present investigation is mainly based on secondary data of area, production and productivity of oilseeds retrieved from different published sources covering a period of 30 years from 1990-91 to 2019-20. The period was subdivided into three sub-periods i.e. 1990-91 to 1999-2000, 2000-01 to 2009-10 and 2010-11 to 2019-20 to have an understanding...

Maize is grown in all the three season i.e., kharif, rabi and summer, but the highest productivity is achieved during the rabi season. The compound annual growth rate of area, production and productivity is positive. It is very much evident that the productivity is increasing over the years and the effect of technology on this increase was captured...

Movement from one place to another in search of gainful employment is termed as migration. People with poor socio-economic conditions usually migrate to secure their livelihood. Migration takes place for a certain period or permanently including different types of voluntary movements. Migration has positive impact on human development and poverty r...

The present study was undertaken in 45 villages spread across 45 sub-divisions in 33 districts of Bihar following a descriptive & diagnostic research design. 10 respondents were randomly selected from 45 villages comprising a sample size of 450 respondents. Analysis of field level data revealed that daily wage of the migrant workers at their native...

Paper presented at the "National workshop on Innovations under ATMA for enhancing Farmers Income" during 15-16, December 2021 at MANAGE, Hyderabad

The nexus between energy and food systems

The poster presents an Overview of Farm Power Availability and Agricultural Productivity in Bihar

Extent of Farm Mechanization in Bihar- Evidences from Unit Level Cost of Cultivation Data

This study assessed the growth trends and instability in area, production and productivity of rice in major rice growing states during the period 2001-02 to 2018-19. The study revealed that compound growth rate of area under rice was almost constant in the country during last two decades, while it was fluctuating across the states. However, growth...

The present study aims at assessing the share of women in cost and return involved in production of mulberry silk and women empowerment achieved in Chikkaballapur district of Karnataka. The primary data was obtained from 90 sericulture farmers from six randomly selected villages and 50 intermediaries like silk reelers, silk twisters, weavers and co...

An assessment of changes in the area, production, and productivity of the pulse crops is considered helpful for their management and policy-making to ensure the nutritional security of the ever-growing population. The results revealed that the annual growth rates of production and productivity of lentils were comparatively high to other pulses. Ins...

Sugarcane (Saccharum spp.) is one of the most important industrial crops in Bihar.Sugarcane is used as raw materials for sugar mills and main product is white sugar. Itgenerates employment opportunities for over six lakh families and fifty thousand skilled and unskilled workers. The cane growers of the Bihar in getting more than 600 crore as priceo...

Pulse crops are important for providing healthy diets to human being and protein-rich feed and fodder to animals. Bihar is one of the major states for pulses production in the country. The study was carried out at Patna during 2017–19 and based on secondary data for the last 37 years period obtained from published documents and reports of Governmen...

Rice Research and Development for Achieving Sustainable Development Goals

The plant derived feedstuffs of poultry contains non-starch polysaccharide (NSP) include Non Starch Polysaccharides (NSPs), Broiler; Enzyme, Cocktail, Phytase, Supplemen-tation, Performance celluloses, xylans, mannans, glucans and pectins etc., which are not well digested by the broiler because of their chemical structure and endogenous enzymes ins...

The study is based on the longitudinal information collected under Village Dynamics of South Asia (VDSA) project supported by the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation (BMGF) in the selected villages of Bihar. An attempt has been made to explore the incidence of poverty and livelihood status of farm households between 2010-11 an d 2014-15 using descripti...

Pulse crops are important for providing healthy diets to human being and protein-rich feed and fodder to animals. Bihar is one of the major states for pulses production in the country. The study is based on secondary data for the last 37 years period obtained from published documents and reports of Government of Bihar. Despite the institutional sup...

The present study aims at analyzing economic aspects related to production and marketing of cluster bean in Hanumangarh district of Rajasthan. The study is based on primary data collected from 100 cluster bean growers spread over four randomly selected villages of two random blocks of Hanumangarh district of Rajasthan by interviewing individual res...