Jyoti Kini

Kasturba Medical College MangaloreManipal Academy of Higher Education · Pathology

Background: Primary lymphomas of the female reproductive tract are rare and the ovarian extranodal presentation of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) accounts for only 0.5% of all NHLs and 1.5% of all ovarian malignancies. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed the institutional medical oncology database for newly diagnosed NHL cases between 1999 and 2017...

Recently, the automation of disease identification has been quite popular in the field of medical diagnosis. The rise of Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) for training and generalizing medical image data has proven to be quite efficient in detecting and identifying the types and sub-types of various diseases. Since the classification of large da...

Molecular subtyping has a significant role in cancer prognosis and targeted therapy. However, the prevalent manual procedure for this has disadvantages, such as deficit of medical experts, inter-observer variability, and high time consumption. This paper suggests a novel approach to automate molecular subtyping of breast cancer using an end-to-end...

Background: Urothelial carcinomas (UC) account for 6 and 2% of all cancers in men and women, respectively. Human papillomavirus (HPV) is one of the causative agents in cancers of the uterine cervix and head and neck. The role of HPV is also being studied in cancers of the urinary bladder, penis, and prostate. As p16‑INK4a is a surrogate marker fo...

Trends of kidney cancer cases worldwide are expected to increase persistently and this inspires the modification of the traditional diagnosis system to respond to future challenges. Renal Cell Carcinoma (RCC) is the most common kidney cancer and responsible for 80–85% of all renal tumors. This study proposed a robust and computationally efficient f...

Objective: Molecular subtyping is an important procedure for prognosis and targeted therapy of breast carcinoma, the most common type of malignancy affecting women. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) analysis is the widely accepted method for molecular subtyping. It involves the assessment of the four molecular biomarkers namely estrogen receptor (ER), pr...

Appendiceal neuroendocrine neoplasms (ANENs) are uncommon in children and adolescents and are incidentally diagnosed in 0.3% of appendicectomy specimens. Pediatric ANENs rarely metastasize and have excellent prognosis. We report two cases of ANENs in adolescents who presented clinically and radiologically with features of acute appendicitis for whi...

Sickle cell disease (SCD) is an autosomal recessive genetic condition characterized by the presence of a mutated form of haemoglobin (HbS). HbS polymerises into long needle-like fibres under low oxygen conditions, leading to the erythrocytes forming sickle shaped red blood cells. With repeated sickling, the red blood cells become irreversibly sickl...

Cancer grade is an indicator of the aggressiveness of cancer. It is used for prognosis and treatment decisions. Conventionally cancer grading is performed manually by experienced pathologists via microscopic examination of pathology slides. Among the three factors involved in breast cancer grading (mitosis count, nuclear atypia, and tubule formatio...

Breast carcinoma has various subtypes based on the genetic factors involved in the pathogenesis of the malignancy. Identifying the exact subtype and providing targeted treatment to the patient can improve the survival chances. Molecular subtyping through immunohistochemistry analysis is a pathology procedure to determine the subtype of breast cance...

Background: Kikuchi-Fujimoto disease (KFD) is a rare, benign condition of unknown etiology, presenting as cervical lymphadenitis. Lymphadenopathy is usually tender and maybe associated with systemic symptoms. Despite the extensive literature on this disease, it continues to be misdiagnosed owing to its misleading clinical presentation. Methods: A r...

Background: CT-guided percutaneous transthoracic fine needle aspiration (FNA) and core biopsy (CB) are commonly used to characterise lung lesions. There is conflicting information on which method is superior and wide variation in reported complication rates. Our objectives were to establish the efficacy and safety of percutaneous CT-guided FNA and...

Prostate cancer being the world's leading cause of cancer and also the second most common cancer in men is posing challenges in its diagnosis. Immunohistochemistry with markers like high molecular weight cytokeratin, p63 aid in the diagnosis. The absence of p63 and high molecular weight cytokeratin and presence of p504s in the biopsies indicate mal...

To improve the process of diagnosis and treatment of cancer disease, automatic segmentation of haematoxylin and eosin (H & E) stained cell nuclei from histopathology images is the first step in digital pathology. The proposed deep structured residual encoder-decoder network (DSREDN) focuses on two aspects: first, it effectively utilized residual co...

Primary splenic diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (PS-DLBCL) is a relatively rare malignancy, and there are no optimal approaches for diagnosis and management. There are less invasive splenic biopsies that effectively obviate diagnostic and elective splenectomies. We report a man in his 50s with 2-day history of pain in the abdomen and who was found to...

Extraovarian primary peritoneal carcinoma (EOPPC) is a rare tumour of the peritoneum that shares many features with serous ovarian carcinoma because of a common embryological origin. We report a case of EOPPC presenting with a malignant pleural effusion. https://bit.ly/3GMuKgL.

PurposeIncreasing cancer disease incidence worldwide has become a major public health issue. Manual histopathological analysis is a common diagnostic method for cancer detection. Due to the complex structure and wide variability in the texture of histopathology images, it has been challenging for pathologists to diagnose manually those images. Auto...

Image segmentation remains to be one of the most vital tasks in the area of computer vision and more so in the case of medical image processing. Image segmentation quality is the main metric that is often considered with memory and computation efficiency overlooked, limiting the use of power hungry models for practical use. In this paper, we propos...

Automatic detection and segmentation of histopathology images to diagnose and treatment of cancer disease are the demand of today’s time. A deep learning framework is very effective to do this task as much related research has revealed their outcomes. While going deeper into the network to extract more relevant features, the total number of trainab...

Objectives Neutrophil–lymphocyte ratio (NLR), as an indicator of heightened systemic inflammatory response, predicts increased disease burden and poor oncological outcomes in urothelial carcinoma (UC). The study was undertaken with an aim to evaluate the association of NLR with clinicopathological variables and survival outcomes. Methods A total o...

Image segmentation is consistently an important task for computer vision and the analysis of medical images. The analysis and diagnosis of histopathology images by using efficient algorithms that separate hematoxylin and eosin-stained nuclei was the purpose of our proposed method. In this paper, we propose a deep learning model that automatically s...

Purpose: Liver cancer is one of the most common types of cancers in Asia with a high mortality rate. A common method for liver cancer diagnosis is the manual examination of histopathology images. Due to its laborious nature, we focus on alternate deep learning methods for automatic diagnosis, providing significant advantages over manual methods. I...

In automatic cancer detection, nuclei segmentation is a very essential step which enables the classification task simpler and computationally more efficient. However, automatic nuclei detection is fraught with the problems of inter-class variability of nuclei size and shapes. In this research article, a novel unsupervised edge detection technique,...

The nuclei segmentation of hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) stained histopathology images is an important prerequisite in designing a computer-aided diagnostics (CAD) system for cancer diagnosis and prognosis. Automated nuclei segmentation methods enable the qualitative and quantitative analysis of tens of thousands of nuclei within H&E stained histopat...

With the advent of antenatal ultrasonography (USG), detection of neonatal intra-abdominal cystic lesions is on the rise. We present a neonate who was detected antenatally to have a cystic lesion per abdomen and presented with features of intestinal obstruction on first postnatal day. Emergency exploratory laparotomy revealed a left torsed ovarian c...

Mitosis detection is an important step in pathology procedures in the context of cancer diagnosis and prognosis. Prevalent process for this task is by manually observing Hematoxylin and Eosin (H & E) stained histopathology sections on glass slides through a microscope by trained pathologists. This conventional approach is tedious, error-prone, and...

Background Kikuchi-Fujimoto disease is a rare, benign condition, of unknown etiology, presenting as cervical lymphadenitis, usually tender and maybe associated with systemic symptoms. Despite the extensive literature on this disease, it continues to be misdiagnosed owing to its misleading clinical presentation. Results The mean age in our study was...

Introduction: Dedifferentiated liposarcoma (DDLPS) is defined as a progression of well-differentiated liposarcoma (WDLPS) to another nonlipogenic sarcoma. Since a variety of heterologous sarcomas can be encountered in dedifferentiation, clinical dilemmas arise. The present study analyzed the role of clinicopathologic and immunohistochemical (IHC) f...

Introduction: Thyroid nodule is the prime indication for FNA, which is also a cheap and effective investigation. The current study seeks an association between benign goiter and aberrant thyroid function tests (TFTs). Can thyroid FNA anticipate overt morbidity resulting from thyroid function abnormalities? Materials and Methods: FNA records of 173...

With the advent of Computer Assisted Diagnosis (CAD), accuracy of cancer detection from histopathology images is significantly increased. However, color variation in CAD system is inevitable due to variability of stain concentration and manual tissue sectioning. Small variation in color may lead to misclassification of cancer cells. Therefore, colo...

Background: India, being a developing country, harbors the third largest human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected population in the world, and HIV-associated lymphadenopathy is commonly encountered. HIV lymphadenopathy is more commonly generalized and pathology ranges from reactive lymphoid hyperplasia to infections like tuberculosis to neoplas...

Malaria is a sterning public health concern in India and contribute to a major part of malaria burden in Southeast Asia. Being more populated and diverse geographic conditions makes more suitable place for sustaining malaria parasite in India. Anti-malarial resistance is a major concern in the battle against malaria, and the identified molecular ma...

Background: The highly prevalent cervical cancer can be prevented through a vaccine. However, the uptake of the Human Papillomavirus vaccine in the general population continues to be low. Medical students, as healthcare providers in the future, would be influential in affecting the community's views and thereby the uptake of the Human Papillomavir...

Introduction: Prostatic biopsies more often, present diagnostic dilemma raising the suspicion of malignancy. Small acinar pattern, limited atypical glands and benign mimickers are few pitfalls. Markers like p63, High Molecular Weight Cytokeratin (HMWCK) detect presence/absence of basal cells and p504s, malignant epithelial cells. This study highlig...

Introduction Neoplastic involvement of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) secondary to known or unknown primaries elsewhere is a poor prognostic factor and is equivalent to stage IV disease. Aim The aim of the study is to analyse the cytological features of neoplastic meningitis in a tertiary care center. Materials and Methods A retrospective study of 400...

Histopathology images are used for the diagnosis of the cancerous disease by the examination of tissue with the help of Whole Slide Imaging (WSI) scanner. A decision support system works well by the analysis of the histopathology images but a lot of problems arise in its decision. Color variation in the histopathology images is occurring due to use...

Objective: To study the efficacy of colonoscopic crush cytology as a convenient and near-accurate method to evaluate colonic neoplasms. Study design: Retrospective and cross-sectional. The original cytologic diagnoses were correlated with a histology report on 100 cases sent to the cytology laboratory over 2 years. Results: Of the 100 cases, 2...

Background: Loss of heterozygosity of p53 along with aneuploidy is deemed to be the early molecular steps in Barrett metaplasia-dysplasia-adenocarcinoma sequence. Objective biomarkers need to be used along with microscopy for risk stratification to predict the progression of Barrett esophagus (BE) to carcinoma. Aim: This study aims to study p53...

Background: Monosodium glutamate (MSG) is a widely used flavor enhancer has been linked to obesity and metabolic syndrome, including progressive liver disease. Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD) is the most common hepatic disorder with an etiology related to changes in diet and lifestyle. Prenatal and postnatal exposure to MSG been shown to a...

Introduction: Acute Lymphoblastic Leukaemia (ALL) is the most common childhood malignancy accounting for approximately 30% of childhood malignancies. The incidence rate of leukaemia in various parts of India varies from 0.3-1.2%. Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH) is a pyridine-linked enzyme which is involved in metabolism of glucose in normal tissue. In...

Gaucher Disease is an autosomal recessive disease caused by the accumulation of glucocerebrosidase due to deficiency in lysosomal glucocerebrosidase. Thalassaemia trait is asymptomatic and is usually an incidental diagnosis. Both thalassaemia and Gaucher disease can have similar haematologic manifestations and hence, their coexistence causes diagno...

Introduction: Most important differential diagnosis for microcytosis and hypochromia is beta thalassemia trait (BTT) and iron deficiency anemia. Aim: To study the utility of discriminant functions (DFs) and red cell indices in distinguishing BTT and iron deficiency anemia. Methods: The study is observational (cross sectional). A total of 350 patien...

Synchronous primary tumours of the aerodigestive tract presenting with different histologies is a very rare event. A case with such an association is presented here. A 50-year-old lady presented with symptoms of abdominal obstruction like abdominal pain, distention and vomiting since one month. Her radiological imaging and biopsies revealed a prima...

Background: Contaminants from various sources are curious findings in cervicovaginal smears and pose diagnostic challenges especially when they need to be distinguished from pathogens. Candidiasis is the most frequently encountered fungal infection but fungal contaminants are relatively common. Detection of fruiting bodies and spores of Aspergillu...

Introduction: Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) are the most common mesenchymal tumors of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) but have a low incidence. Arising from the interstitial cells of Cajal, GISTs occur at different sites in the GIT with stomach being the most common. They can rarely be seen at sites outside the GIT such as omentum, retro...

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the major causes of morbidity and mortality world over. The aim of the present study was to analyse CRC according to age, sex, site, grade, stage and other important parameters and to determine the association of anatomical distribution, grade, stage of the tumor with the age of the patient. A cross sectional study...

Background: Pancreas, a relatively inaccessible organ, poses diagnostic difficulties with overlapping presentation among benign and malignant tumors. In the present study, pancreatic aspirates obtained by computed tomography (CT) guided procedures were used for cytodiagnosis. Our study aims at correlating clinical, cytological, biochemical, and hi...

Introduction: Both, the renal pelvis and the ureter, are affected by developmental, reactive and neoplastic disorders, though rare in incidence. Aim: This series of cases were analysed to study the clinicopathological characteristics of the common and comparatively rare lesions involving the renal pelvis and pelviureteric junction. Materials and Me...

Uterine cervix carcinoma is one of the main causes of cancer death in women worldwide. The use of the cervical (PAP) smear as a screening tool has significantly reduced the incidence of cervical cancer. Cytohistopathologic correlation of Pap smears is a widely accepted method of internal quality assurance of laboratories and to assess its utility a...

The erythrocyte sedimentation rate, ESR is one of the most frequently used laboratory investigations. The usefulness of the erythrocyte sedimentation rate is becoming limited as a result of low sensitivity and specificity and emergence of new methods of evaluating disease. The aim of the current study was to assess the clinical relevance of a simpl...

Fanconi anaemia is a rare autosomal recessive disorder (birth incidence of 1 per 350000), characterized by chromosome instability that presents with a variety of congenital anomalies, progressive cytopenia, and susceptibility to the development of several malignancies. The study included cases that were diagnosed and treated at a tertiary care cent...

The aim of the study was to evaluate urinary bladder biopsies showing papillary urothelial neoplastic lesions based on the 2004 WHO/ISUP classification of Urothelial Neoplasms of the Urinary Bladder, to assess the reproducibility of the bladder carcinoma grade. Fifty consecutive transurethral tumor resection biopsies were evaluated by four patholog...

This study aims at determining the dose of X-ray delivered through linear accelerator (LINIAC) that results in the 50 % survival of animals after an observation period of 30 days, following exposure to whole body irradiation in rat model. Animals were exposed to several doses of radiation (2, 4, 6, 8, 10 Gy) after which they were monitored for surv...

Introduction: In India, approximately 6 million populations are affected by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Anemia and leukopenia, especially thrombocytopenia is seen commonly in HIV infections. Low CD4+ count and increased viral load are some of the factors associated with increased risk of thrombocytopenia. We analyzed the hematological profi...

Lobular capillary hemangioma is a benign, rapidly growing lesion of the skin and mucous membranes. It may rarely present as a mass that entirely fill the nasal cavity with an unknown etiology. Although it has no predilection for age, it is more common in the third decade and in females. Lobular capillary hemangioma usually involves the gingiva, lip...

Lipofibromatous hamartoma is a rare tumour-like condition involving the peripheral nerves, particularly the median nerve. It commonly affects the volar aspect of the hands, wrists and forearms of young adults. Most patients present either early with macrodactyly or later with a forearm mass lesion or symptoms consistent with compressive neuropathy...

Subcutaneous panniculitis-like T-cell lymphoma is a distinct variant of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma, characterized by primary involvement of the subcutaneous fat in a manner mimicking panniculitis. It accounts for less than one percent of all non Hodgkin lymphoma. We describe two such patients who presented with cutaneous nodules. A 28 year old male...

Cystic lesions of the adrenal gland are uncommon and mostly asymptomatic. They demonstrate a spectrum of histological changes and may vary from pseudocysts to malignant cystic neoplasms. Adrenal pseudocysts are rare cystic lesions surrounded by a layer of fi brous tissue that lack a recognizable lining layer. They are most often discovered incident...

Paragangliomas are rare with multicentricity being more common in patients with familial history. Early recognition of the characteristic symptoms of headache, palpitations, and diaphoresis in a patient with hypertension and prompt appropriate intervention can minimize the morbidity associated with such tumors and prevent a potentially fatal outcom...

Bone marrow involvement by Hodgkin lymphoma is rare with an average incidence of 10%. However, the incidence of bone marrow involvement has been shown to be less than 1% in patients with clinical stage IA or IIA disease. The involvement of the marrow in a patient with Hodgkin lymphoma represents stage IV disease. We report our experience wherein th...

Fungal infections of the nose and paranasal sinuses are uncommon, and the disease they cause can be identified from their histopathologic appearance. The aim of this study was to assess the incidence of fungal infection and histopathologic changes in specimens sent for evaluation of chronic sinusitis and correlate with culture findings wherever pos...

We report a case of disseminated histoplasmosis in a 37-year-old male acquired immunodeficiency syndrome patient from south India. The patient presented with high-grade fever, cough, conjunctival nodule and papulonodular hyperpigmented skin lesions. Histology of skin lesions and conjunctival nodule showed numerous intracellular Periodic Acid Schiff...

Malignant proliferating trichilemmal tumor is a rare cutaneous neoplasm derived from the outer root sheath of the hair follicle. Fine-needle aspiration cytology is being increasingly used in the investigation of primary and metastatic cutaneous tumors. However, there are few reports on the cytology of trichilemmal tumors in the literature. We descr...

Intraoperative smear cytology provides a rapid and reliable intraoperative diagnosis and guidance to the neurosurgeon during surgical resection and lesion targeting. It also helps the surgeon to monitor and modify the approach at surgery. 1) To assess the utility of intraoperative smear cytology and correlate with the final histopathological diagno...

Pancreatoblastoma is a rare tumor with approximately 60 cases described in the English literature and only five case reports illustrating the cytologic findings, four by fine-needle aspiration cytology and one by imprint cytology. We herein report the sixth case diagnosed by imprint cytology. Both the cytologic and histopathologic literatures are r...

Carcinoma arising in the apocrine sweat glands is rare and there are few reports describing the cytological features of this neoplasm. We describe the cytological features of a histologically confirmed apocrine carcinoma occurring in a 55-year-old man who presented with an ulcerated mass in the right axilla. Fine-needle aspiration cytology revealed...

To report a case of intermediate grade meningeal melanocytoma presenting as a recurrent orbital mass. Melanocytomas are rare, primary, pigmented tumors of the central nervous system, usually presenting as well-circumscribed, encapsulated, solid masses in the posterior cranial fossa and at the spinal region, often attached to the underlying dura. Or...