Juris Draguns

• Pennsylvania State University

All human beings are products of the lifelong concurrent processes of socialization and individuation both of which are grounded in a genetic foundation. Together, these three components mold each person’s distinctive personality. In this chapter, our concern is with the contribution that culture makes to personality structure and functioning, its...

Presents an obituary for Paul B. Pedersen, who passed away on January 11, 2017, in a Minnetonka, Minnesota hospital. In 1973 Pedersen convened a pathfinding APA (Division 9) symposium in Montreal that resulted in the publication in 1976 of Counseling Across Cultures (Pedersen, Lonner, and Draguns, Eds.). The first book of its kind, it became the “G...

Shortly after the competitive Moon Race the United States and the Soviet Union joined together for the Apollo-Soyuz Test Project, an activity that drew attention to cross-cultural issues in space missions. In 1978, the Soviets began their Interkosmos, or “guest cosmonaut,” program, whereby non-Soviet cosmonauts joined Soviet crews on space stations...

Wolfgang M. Pfeiffer, one of the pioneers of transcultural psychiatry, was born in Plauen, Germany on October 23, 1919. He died on October 27, 2011. Pfeiffer completed his medical studies at the University of Munich with an M.D. degree in 1947, and proceeded to specialize in psychiatry. From 1951 to 1956, he was a staff psychiatrist at a hospital f...

H. B. M. Murphy was one of the founders of transcultural psychiatry as a distinct and cumulative subdiscipline. He was born on September 17, 1915 in Edinburgh, Scotland and graduated from the University of Edinburgh Medical School with M.B. and Ch.B degrees in 1938. Service in the Royal Army Medical Corps soon followed, and after World War II Murph...

Rogelio Diaz-Guerrero was born on August 3, 1918 in Guadalajara, Mexico. He died on December 8, 2004 in Cuernavaca, Mexico. Interested in the mainsprings of human behavior and conduct since adolescence, he became a medical student and obtained his M.D. degree at the National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM) in 1943. Concurrently, he embarked...

Assignment of a psychiatric diagnosis is based upon a complex interpersonal transaction in which a diagnostician's professional training, experience, and skill are applied to the detection of signs and indications of a specific mental disorder in a person who is typically experiencing distress, discomfort, and helplessness. In the ideal case, this...

Anu Realo was born in Estonia and received her Ph.D. degree in psychology at the University of Tartu in 1999, followed by a postdoctoral fellowship at the Research Group on Quantitative Psychology and Individual Differences at the University of Leuven in Belgium.

Wolfgang G. Jilek was born on November 25, 1930 in Tetschen, now Decin, in northern Czech Republic. His first language was German and his family's national identity Austrian. He is a Canadian citizen through immigration, and the Austrian government re-conferred Austrian citizenship on him due to scientific merit. Jilek studied medicine at the Unive...

Herbert Barry III, born on June 2, 1930 in New York City, graduated with a B.A. degree in social relations from Harvard University in 1952 and earned his Ph.D. in experimental psychology from Yale University in 1957. He has been on the faculty of the University of Pittsburgh since 1963. In 1970 he became Professor in the School of Pharmacy and Adju...

Juri Allik was born on March 3, 1949 in Tallinn, Estonia. He began his study of psychology at the University of Tartu in Estonia and received Ph.D. degrees from the University of Moscow in 1976 and the University of Tampere in Finland in 1991. He has taught at the University of Tartu throughout his career, and is now professor of psychology and cha...

Heidi Keller was born in Talling, Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany. She obtained her diploma in psychology at the Psychological Institute of the University of Mainz, Germany, received a Ph.D. at the Institute of Biology at the same university, and was granted habilitation in psychology in 1982 at the Technical University of Darmstadt, Germany. She hel...

Defined empathy as “an affective state that stems from the apprehension of another's emotional state or condition and that is congruent with it.” Affectively, empathy enables a person to feel what another person is feeling. Cognitively, empathy makes it possible to adopt another person's point of view or to share his or her perspective in experienc...

Eric Wittkower was born in Berlin on April 4, 1899 and died in Montreal on January 6, 1983.

Louise Jilek-Aall was born on April 21, 1931 in Oslo, Norway. She studied philosophy at the University of Oslo and pursued medical studies at the University of Tubingen and University of Saarland in Germany and at the University of Zurich in Switzerland, where she defended her dissertation on epilepsy in East Africa under Professor Manfred Bleuler...

A brief overview is provided of the current state of the efforts to extend the relevance and application of Evidence-Based Treatments (EBT) beyond the Euro- American milieus in which EBTs originated. In the multicultural settings of North America, meta-analyses have demonstrated superior outcomes for culturally adapted psychotherapies as compared w...

Altruism is a complex, multifaceted concept that is difficult to define and challenging to investigate. At its core, it refers to intrinsically motivated action for the benefit of other human beings. Proponents of universal egoism attempt to reduce altruism to a surface manifestation of more fundamental, self-gratifying motives. Research over the l...

Personality theory and research is a global enterprise, yet its trends and findings have only been slowly incorporated into American personality curricula. This chapter attempts to accelerate this process. The very concept of personality, rooted in Euro-American thought, is critically examined and compared with non-Western conceptions. Empirical li...

The paper attempts to assess the present state of knowledge about the relationship of culture and abnormal behaviour. It is concluded that solid data now exist pointing to the presence of the two major varieties of psychopathology—schizophrenia and affective disorder—in very different cultural areas of the world. Moreover, a limited number of manif...

History of psychology in Latvia can be divided into three stages: (1) origin and early development during the period of independence between the two World Wars; (2) survival under rather difficult conditions under the Soviet rule; and (3) rapid growth after the reestablishment of independence in 1991. After a brief review of the first two stages, t...

Reviews the book, Neuropsychotherapie (Neuropsychotherapy) and its English translation, Neuropsychotherapy: How the Neurosciences Inform Effective Psychotherapy, by Klaus Grawe (2004). In the last two decades, momentous advances have occurred in neuroscientific knowledge of complex human behavior and experience. At the same time, there has been a s...

This article reviews worldwide comparisons of values and attitudes in corporate settings by Geert Hofstede and by Fons Trompenaars, Charles Hampden-Turner, and Peter Woolliams. Particular attention is paid to the five cultural dimensions that have been derived by means of multivariate statistical techniques in Hofstede's research. The applicability...

This chapter highlights the general theme of the book, including definitions of defense mechanisms within various theoretical frames of reference. After a period of exclusion from mainstream clinical psychology the concept of defense has now returned to center stage.

Among the more important contributions of psychoanalysis to personality theory and to the theory of psychological adaptation is the concept of ego defenses. The term “defense mechanism” first appeared in Anna Freud’s The Ego and the Mechanisms of Defense (1936). This work described 10 methods of functioning used by the ego to ward off dangerous dri...

Review of Clinical Interviewing (3rd ed.) by John Sommers-Flanagan and Rita Sommers-Flanagan (see record 2002-06633-000 ). It is apparent that the book is addressed to the beginning interviewers. The authors describe the rationale on which clinical interviewing rests and proceed to pinpoint the assumptions and practices of person-centered, psychoan...

Research based information on the impact of culture on psychopathology is reviewed, with particular reference to depression, somatization, schizophrenia, anxiety, and dissociation. A number of worldwide constants in the incidence and mode of expression of psychological disorders are identified, especially in relation to schizophrenia and depression...

It is contended that the development of a truly international psychology is obstructed at this point by the massive disregard of contributions that are published in languages other than English. The role of English as a mutually agreed-on principal medium of international communication in psychology is endorsed. At the same time, 11 suggestions are...

This study investigated the essential feature and concomitant experiences of anthropophobia, a culturally specific phobic disorder in China and Japan. One hundred and fifty subjects, including 50 anthropophobic, 50 neurasthenic and 50 normal subjects, were recruited from hospitals and downtown residential areas in Beijing. Measures of anthropophobi...

Anthropophobia, a subtype of social phobia, is prevalent in Chinese and Japanese societies. This study investigated sociocultural influences on the course of this culturally specific mental disorder. One hundred and fifty subjects, including 50 anthropophobic, 50 neurasthenic, and 50 community subjects, were interviewed in Beijing, China for the as...

Fifty female and 30 male students of Nenets ethnicity were compared with 46 female and 34 male students of Russian ethnicity by means of the Russian adaptations of the Revised NEO Personality Inventory (NEO-PI-R) and the Personal Orientation Inventory (POI). On the NEO-PI-R, there were 14 significant differences out of the 35 comparisons, and on th...

Reviews research on cultural differences between Mexico and the US. Issues addressed include (1) Mexican and North American values; (2) the sociocultural premises of Mexican culture; (3) the subjective world of Mexican and North Americans with regard to the domains of friendship, love, family, marriage, community, economics, and politics; and (4) t...

The results of epidemiological, clinical, and cross-cultural studies of psychopathology are reviewed. They point to a moderate, but not unlimited impact of cultural factors upon psychiatric symptoms and other related manifestations. These differences are principally quantitative and not qualitative. No support is provided for the extreme cultural r...

Cross-cultural psychologists aspire to scientific objectivity and cultural sensitivity. These two objectives are pursued simultaneously, yet they often exercise a pull in divergent directions. If the investigator's concepts, instruments, and procedures are designed to maximize cultural appropriateness, they may not be usable within other cultures....

The Sixth Edition of Counseling Across Cultures contains various perspectives on counseling individuals from a substantial number of diverse cultural contexts. The contributors examine the cultural context of accurate assessment and appropriate interventions in counseling, highlighting work with groups including African Americans, Asian Americans,...

Information on the role of cultural factors in abnormal behavior and experience is selectively reviewed, and several conclusions are drawn about the nature, extent, and impact of such influence. Although a number of demonstrated universals exist in the manifestations of schizophrenia and depression, the scope of cultural variation in all aspects of...

The reactive effects of concurrent verbalization (CV) on task performance in impression formation research have not been investigated, despite increasing use of this process tracing method. Since many person perception tasks involve multiple trials, assessment of reactivity should focus on carry-over and reactive-practice effects, as well as change...

Defense mechanisms were discovered in the clinic, tested in the experimental laboratory, and applied to the explanation of human conduct in all its ramifications. As yet, the three strands of clinical observation, research investigation, and conceptual formulation have not merged into an integrated whole. Hence the need for this volume. The contrib...

This chapter presents the preliminary account of a series of studies designed to test empirically the interplay of anxiety and defense in the process of gradual recognition of personally arousing or threatening stimuli. Even though all the findings from this research program are not yet available, the justification for this interim report lies in t...

What is the scientific status and the "truth value" of the concept of defense mechanisms? Among contemporary psychologists, three types of answers to this question may be expected. Some would wholeheartedly endorse the theoretical, clinical, and research value of this notion; others would reject it outright. Between these two extremes, a large numb...

Following Sander (1928/1962) and Froehlich (1983), microgenesisl is the process of percept formation that occurs in consciousness and is observable in its entirety, from beginning to end. Of the several developmental progressions, for example, ontogenesis and phylogenesis, microgenesis is the only one that lends itself to observation throughout all...

I. Introduction and Overview. II. Experiments on Preconscious Processing: Effects Related to Different Methods and Individual Differences. III. The Further Unfolding of the Perceptual Process: Threat and Defense in Percept-Genetic Procedures. IV. Relating Preconscious Processes to Cognitive and Semantic Structures: Subliminal Perception and Microge...

Focuses on the unique phenomenon of circulatory migration from Puerto Rico to the US mainland and its mental health related consequences. The sociopsychological situation of the typical Puerto Rican migrant is described, with emphasis upon ease of migration in either direction. This paper argues that the suddenness of migratory moves in both direct...

the objective of this chapter is to identify those findings of cross-cultural psychology that are of potential relevance for working clinicians . . . and to introduce a number of key ideas to students who may enter these professions / attempts to bring to bear insights and conclusions based on cross-cultural psychological research on these practica...

"Abnormal Psychology: Patterns, Issues, Interventions" introduces the classification of mental disorders earlier than other texts. It integrates historical information and research methods throughout, rather than in separate chapters, so that one doesn't have to read through a large portion of text before fining out what "abnormal psychology" is re...

This paper explores the possibility that chronic exposure in childhood to parental suicidal ideation and/or behavior places an individual at significant risk of suicide later in life. Two case studies that provide the basis for this formulation are presented. Possible mechanisms that may account for the development of this syndrome are explored. Th...

In person perception, the interpersonal dimension is useful, as is implicated in communicating personal contents. The problem of consciousness is intimately connected with that of knowledge based on subjective experience and perception by means of which it is mediated. This chapter presents the theories that incorporate the subject–object relations...

Microgenesis and subliminal perception investigate perception in process. Both of them are concerned with the presentation of suboptimal information and both of them deal with fragments of stimuli that may in some way be registered or reported. Subliminal perception deals, by definition, with data below the absolute threshold for the verbal report...

We tested the hypothesis that types of counseling intervention may be differentially effective depending on the client's cultural background. A total of 84 female community college students of black American, Puerto Rican, or Anglo-American backgrounds received either affective responses or closed questions from a counselor in an analogue counselin...

Tested the hypothesis that types of counseling intervention may be differentially effective depending on the client's cultural background using 28 Black American (BAM), 27 Puerto Rican, and 28 Anglo American (AA) female community college students. Ss received either affective responses or closed questions from a 23-yr-old female BAM clinical psycho...

There has been an upsurge of interest in the problems encountered when attempting counseling and psychotherapy across cultural and ethnic barriers. Differences between therapist and client in nationality, race, and socioeconomic background have been widely discussed. Protestant evangelicals have not received much attention in this literature, yet t...

The MMPI was translated into Puerto Rican Spanish, adapted on the basis of back-translation and judgment of local experts, anld applied to three groups of adolescents in Puerto Rico between the ages of 15 and 18: 321 female and 194 male normal high-school students; 18 female and 104 male clients at several Mental hlealth Centers; and 90 female and...

One hundred and sixteen undergraduates were randomly assigned to same-sex and mixed-sex dyads. They interacted face-to-face in four different role-playing situations, half of which were female linked and half male linked. These situations were structured to give the participants mixed motives toward each other. Results indicate that sex composition...

counseling practices for different ethnic populations

Assertive and aggressive behavior were assessed by role-playing and self-report techniques in groups of convicted offenders and demographically similar participants in a publicly supported vocational retraining program. Results revealed significantly higher aggression among offenders on role-playing measures. Although there was no significant univa...

The topic of psychiatric classification has generated more interest and controversy in the last decade than for a long time. Several trends have coalesced to foster its resurgence as a subject of debate. First, a sociological perspective on psychopathology has gained widespread attention (Becker, 1963; Matza, 1969; Scheff, 1966). The exponents of t...

Presents 4 criteria for the evaluation of psychiatric classification systems; reliability, coverage, descriptive validity, and predictive validity. The criteria of coverage and reliability stand in a necessarily inverse relation to each other and are difficult to meet simultaneously. Descriptive validity refers to the relative homogeneity of catego...

Presents 4 criteria for the evaluation of psychiatric classification systems; reliability, coverage, descriptive validity, and predictive validity. The criteria of coverage and reliability stand in a necessarily inverse relation to each other and are difficult to meet simultaneously. Descriptive validity refers to the relative homogeneity of catego...

Comparative cross-cultural studies of psychopathology were reviewed in relation to the parameters of incidence, mode of manifestation, patterning, response to treatment, and outcome. A general model was proposed of regarding such differences as the joint function of subject, observer, setting, community, and instrument factors. The findings surveye...

Within a pool of Israeli child guidance clinic cases, discrete psychiatric symptoms and more inclusive symptom groupings were investigated in subgroups based on children's and their parents' birthplaces. In particular, Israeli children born in Europe were compared with their peers of the same sex and parentage born in Israel. A set of analogous com...